Bryan Cardella
Animals, Part II
Slide Duration:Table of Contents
Section 1: Introduction to Biology
Scientific Method
26m 23s
- Intro0:00
- Origins of the Scientific Method0:04
- Steps of the Scientific Method3:08
- Observe3:21
- Ask a Question4:00
- State a Hypothesis4:08
- Obtain Data (Experiment)4:25
- Interpret Data (Result)5:01
- Analysis (Form Conclusions)5:38
- Scientific Method in Action6:16
- Control vs. Experimental Groups7:24
- Independent vs. Dependent Variables9:51
- Other Factors Remain Constant11:03
- Scientific Method Example13:58
- Scientific Method Illustration17:35
- More on the Scientific Method22:16
- Experiments Need to Duplicate24:07
- Peer Review24:46
- New Discoveries25:23
Molecular Basis of Biology
46m 22s
- Intro0:00
- Building Blocks of Matter0:06
- Matter0:32
- Mass1:10
- Atom1:48
- Ions5:50
- Bonds8:29
- Molecules9:55
- Ionic Bonds9:57
- Covalent Bonds11:10
- Water12:30
- Organic Compounds17:48
- Carbohydrates18:04
- Lipids19:43
- Proteins20:42
- Nucleic Acids22:21
- Carbohydrates22:54
- Sugars22:56
- Functions23:42
- Molecular Representation Formula26:34
- Examples27:15
- Lipids28:44
- Fats28:46
- Triglycerides29:04
- Functions32:10
- Steroids33:43
- Saturated Fats34:18
- Unsaturated Fats36:08
- Proteins37:26
- Amino Acids37:58
- 3D Structure Relates to Their Function38:54
- Structural Proteins vs Globular Proteins39:41
- Functions40:41
- Nucleic Acids42:53
- Nucleotides43:04
- DNA and RNA44:34
- Functions45:07
Section 2: Cells: Structure & Function
Cells: Parts & Characteristics
1h 12m 12s
- Intro0:00
- Microscopes0:06
- Anton Van Leeuwenhoek0:58
- Robert Hooke1:36
- Matthias Schleiden2:52
- Theodor Schwann3:19
- Electron Microscopes4:16
- SEM and TEM4:54
- The Cell Theory5:21
- 3 Tenets5:24
- All Organisms Are Composed of One Or More Cells5:46
- The Cell is the Basic Unit of Structure and Function for Organisms6:01
- All Cells Comes from Preexisting Cells6:34
- The Characteristics of Life8:09
- Display Organization8:18
- Grow and Develop9:12
- Reproduce9:33
- Respond to Stimuli9:55
- Maintain Homeostasis10:23
- Can Evolve11:37
- Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote11:53
- Prokaryote12:13
- Eukaryote14:00
- Cell Parts16:53
- Plasma Membrane18:27
- Cell Membrane18:29
- Protective and Regulatory18:52
- Semi-Permeable19:18
- Polar Heads with Non-Polar Tails20:52
- Proteins are Imbedded in the Layer22:46
- Nucleus25:53
- Contains the DNA in Nuclear Envelope26:31
- Brain on the Cell28:12
- Nucleolus28:26
- Ribosome29:02
- Protein Synthesis Sites29:25
- Made of RNA and Protein29:29
- Found in Cytoplasm30:24
- Endoplasmic Reticulum31:49
- Adjacent to Nucleus32:07
- Site of Numerous Chemical Reactions32:37
- Rough32:56
- Smooth33:48
- Golgi Apparatus34:54
- Flattened Membranous Sacs35:10
- Function35:45
- Cell Parts Review37:06
- Mitochondrion39:45
- Mitochondria39:50
- Membrane-Bound Organelles40:07
- Outer Double Membrane40:57
- Produces Energy-Storing Molecules41:46
- Chloroplast43:45
- In Plant Cells43:47
- Membrane-Bound Organelles with Their Own DNA and Ribosomes44:20
- Thylakoids44:59
- Produces Sugars Through Photosynthesis45:46
- Vacuoles/ Vesicles46:44
- Vacuoles47:03
- Vesicles47:59
- Lysosome50:21
- Membranous Sac for Breakdown of Molecules50:34
- Contains Digestive Enzymes51:55
- Centrioles53:15
- Found in Pairs53:18
- Made of Cylindrical Ring of Microtubules53:22
- Contained Within Centrosomes53:51
- Functions as Anchors for Spindle Apparatus in Cell Division54:06
- Spindle Apparatus55:27
- Cytoskeleton55:55
- Forms Framework or Scaffolding for Cell56:05
- Provides Network of Protein Fibers for Travel56:24
- Made of Microtubules, Microfilaments, and Intermediate Filaments57:18
- Cilia59:21
- Cilium59:27
- Made of Ring of Microtubules1:00:00
- How They Move1:00:35
- Flagellum1:02:42
- Flagella1:02:51
- Long, Tail-Like Projection from a Cell1:02:59
- How They Move1:03:27
- Cell Wall1:05:21
- Outside of Plasma Membrane1:05:25
- Extra Protection and Rigidity for a Cell1:05:52
- In Plants1:07:19
- In Bacteria1:07:25
- In Fungi1:07:41
- Cytoplasm1:08:07
- Fluid-Filled Region of a Cell1:08:24
- Sight for Majority of the Cellular Reactions1:08:47
- Cytosol1:09:29
- Animal Cell vs. Plant Cell1:09:10
Cellular Transport
32m 1s
- Intro0:00
- Passive Transport0:05
- Movement of Substances in Nature Without the Input of Energy0:14
- High Concentration to Low Concentration0:36
- Opposite of Active Transport1:41
- No Net Movement3:20
- Diffusion3:55
- Definition of Diffusion3:58
- Examples4:07
- Facilitated Diffusion7:32
- Definition of Facilitated Diffusion7:49
- Osmosis9:34
- Definition of Osmosis9:42
- Examples10:50
- Concentration Gradient15:55
- Definition of Concentration Gradient16:01
- Relative Concentrations17:32
- Hypertonic Solution17:48
- Hypotonic Solution20:07
- Isotonic Solution21:27
- Active Transport22:49
- Movement of Molecules Across a Membrane with the Use Energy22:51
- Example23:30
- Endocytosis25:53
- Wrapping Around of Part of the Plasma26:13
- Examples26:26
- Phagocytosis28:54
- Pinocytosis29:02
- Exocytosis29:40
- Releasing Material From Inside of a Cell29:43
- Opposite of Endocytosis29:50
Cellular Energy, Part I
52m 11s
- Intro0:00
- Energy Facts0:05
- Law of Thermodynamics0:16
- Potential Energy2:27
- Kinetic Energy2:50
- Chemical Energy3:01
- Mechanical Energy3:20
- Solar Energy3:41
- ATP Structure4:07
- Adenosine Triphosphate4:12
- Common Energy Source4:25
- ATP Function6:13
- How It Works7:18
- What It Is Used For7:43
- GTP9:36
- ATP Cycle10:35
- ATP Formation10:49
- ATP Use12:12
- Enzyme Basics13:51
- Catalysts13:59
- Protein-Based14:39
- Reaction Occurs14:51
- Enzyme Structure19:14
- Active Site19:23
- Induced Fit20:15
- Enzyme Function21:22
- What Enzymes Help With21:31
- Inhibition21:57
- Ideal Environment to Function Properly22:57
- Enzyme Examples25:26
- Amylase25:34
- Catalase26:03
- DNA Polymerase26:21
- Rubisco27:06
- Photosynthesis28:19
- Process To Make Glucose28:27
- Photoauthotrophs28:34
- Endergonic30:08
- Reaction30:22
- Chloroplast Structure31:55
- Photosynthesis Factories Found in Plant Cells32:26
- Thylakoids32:29
- Stroma33:18
- Chloroplast Micrograph34:14
- Photosystems34:46
- Thylakoid Membranes Are Filled with These Reaction Centers34:58
- Photosystem II and Photosystem I35:47
- Light Reactions37:09
- Light-Dependent Reactions37:24
- Step 137:35
- Step 238:31
- Step 339:33
- Step 440:33
- Step 540:51
- Step 641:30
- Dark Reactions43:15
- Light-Independent Reactions or Calvin Cycle43:19
- Calvin Cycle44:54
Cellular Energy, Part II
40m 50s
- Intro0:00
- Aerobic Respiration0:05
- Process of Breaking Down Carbohydrates to Make ATP0:45
- Glycolysis1:44
- Krebs Cycle1:48
- Oxidative Phosphorylation2:06
- Produces About 36 ATP2:24
- Glycolysis3:35
- Breakdown of Sugar Into Pyruvates4:16
- Occurs in the Cytoplasm4:30
- Krebs Cycle11:40
- Citric Acid Cycle11:42
- Acetyl-CoA12:04
- How Pyruvate Gets Modified into acetyl-CoA12:35
- Oxidative Phosphorylation22:45
- Anaerobic Respiration29:44
- Lactic Acid Fermentation31:06
- Alcohol Fermentation31:51
- Produces Only the ATP From Glycolysis32:09
- Aerobic Respiration vs. Photosynthesis36:43
Cell Division
1h 9m 12s
- Intro0:00
- Purposes of Cell Division0:05
- Growth and Development0:17
- Tissue Regeneration0:51
- Reproduction1:51
- Cell Size Limitations4:01
- Surface-to-Volume Ratio5:33
- Genome-to-Volume Ratio10:29
- The Cell Cycle12:20
- Interphase13:23
- Mitosis14:08
- Cytokinesis14:21
- Chromosome Structure16:08
- Sister Chromatids19:00
- Centromere19:22
- Chromatin19:48
- Interphase21:38
- Growth Phase #122:25
- Synthesis of DNA23:09
- Growth Phase #223:52
- Mitosis25:13
- 4 Main Phases25:21
- Purpose of Mitosis26:40
- Prophase28:46
- Condense DNA28:56
- Nuclear Envelope Breaks Down29:44
- Nucleolus Disappears30:04
- Centriole Pairs Move to Poles30:31
- Spindle Apparatus Forms31:22
- Metaphase32:36
- Chromosomes Line Up Along Equator32:43
- Metaphase Plate33:29
- Anaphase34:21
- Sister Chromatids are Separated34:26
- Sister Chromatids Migrate Towards Poles36:59
- Telophase37:17
- Chromatids Become De-Condensed37:31
- Nuclear Envelope Reforms37:59
- Nucleoli Reappears38:22
- Spindle Apparatus Breaks Down38:32
- Cytokinesis39:01
- In Animal Cells39:31
- In Plant Cells40:38
- Cancer in Relation to Mitosis41:59
- Cancer Can Occur in Multicellular Organism42:31
- Particular Genes Control the Pace43:11
- Benign vs. Malignant45:13
- Metastasis46:45
- Natural Killer Cells47:33
- Meiosis48:17
- Produces 4 Cells with Half the Number of Chromosomes49:02
- Produces Genetically Unique Daughter Cells51:56
- Meiosis I52:39
- Prophase I53:14
- Metaphase I57:44
- Anaphase I59:10
- Telophase I1:00:00
- Meiosis II1:01:04
- Prophase II1:01:08
- Metaphase II1:01:32
- Anaphase II1:02:08
- Telophase II1:02:43
- Meiosis Overview1:03:39
- Products of Meiosis1:06:00
- Gametes1:06:10
- Sperm and Egg1:06:17
- Different Process for Spermatogenesis vs. Oogenesis1:06:27
Section 3: From DNA to Protein
DNA
51m 42s
- Intro0:00
- DNA: Its Role and Characteristics0:05
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid0:17
- Double Helix1:28
- Nucleotides2:31
- Anti-parallel2:46
- Self-Replicating3:36
- Codons, Genes, Chromosomes3:56
- DNA: The Discovery5:13
- DNA First Mentioned5:50
- Bacterial Transformation with DNA6:32
- Base Pairing Rule8:06
- DNA is Hereditary Material9:44
- X-Ray Crystallography Images10:46
- DNA Structure11:49
- Nucleotides12:54
- The Double Helix16:34
- Hydrogen Bonding16:40
- Backbone of Phosphates and Sugars19:25
- Strands are Anti-Parallel19:37
- Nitrogenous Bases20:52
- Purines21:38
- Pyrimidines22:46
- DNA Replication Overview24:33
- DNA Must Duplicate Every Time a Cell is Going to Divide24:34
- Semiconservative Replication24:49
- How Does it Occur?27:34
- DNA Replication Steps28:39
- DNA Helicase Unzips Double Stranded DNA28:49
- RNA Primer is Laid Down29:10
- DNA Polymerase Attaches Complementary Bases in Continuous Manner30:07
- DNA Polymerase Attaches Complementary Bases in Fragments31:06
- DNA Polymerase Replaces RNA Primers31:22
- DNA Ligase Connects Fragments Together31:44
- DNA Replication Illustration32:25
- 'Junk' DNA45:02
- Only 2% of the Human Genome Codes for Protein45:11
- What Does Junk DNA Mean to Us?46:52
- DNA Technology Uses These Sequences49:20
RNA
51m 59s
- Intro0:00
- The Central Dogma0:04
- Transcription0:57
- Translation1:11
- RNA: Its Role and Characteristics2:02
- Ribonucleic Acid2:06
- How It Is Different From DNA2:59
- DNA and RNA Differences5:00
- Types of RNA6:01
- Messenger RNA6:15
- Ribosomal RNA6:49
- Transfer RNA7:52
- Others8:54
- Transcription9:26
- Process in Which RNA is Made From a Gene in DNA9:30
- How It's Done9:55
- Summary of Steps10:35
- Transcription Steps11:54
- Initiation11:57
- Elongation15:57
- Termination18:10
- RNA Processing21:35
- Pre-mRNA21:37
- Modifications21:53
- Translation27:01
- Process in Which mRNA Binds with a Ribosome and tRNA and rRNA Assist27:03
- Summary of Steps28:39
- Translation the mRNA Code28:59
- Every Codon in mRNA Gets Translated to an Amino Acid29:14
- Chart Providing the Resulting Translation29:19
- Translation Steps32:20
- Initiation32:23
- Elongation35:31
- Termination38:43
- Mutations40:22
- Code in DNA is Subject to Change41:00
- Why Mutations Happen41:23
- Point Mutation43:16
- Insertion / Deletion47:58
- Duplications50:03
Genetics, Part I
1h 15m 17s
- Intro0:00
- Gregor Mendel0:05
- Father of Genetics0:39
- Experimented with Crossing Peas1:02
- Discovered Consistent Patterns2:37
- Mendel's Laws of Genetics3:10
- Law of Segregation3:20
- Law of Independent Assortment5:07
- Genetics Vocabulary #16:28
- Gene6:42
- Allele7:18
- Homozygous8:25
- Heterozygous9:39
- Genotype10:15
- Phenotype11:01
- Hybrid11:53
- Pure Breeding12:28
- Generation Vocabulary13:03
- Parental Generation13:25
- 1st Filial13:58
- 2nd Filial14:06
- Punnett Squares15:07
- Monohybrid Cross18:52
- Mating Pure-Breeding Peas in the P Generation19:09
- F1 Cross21:31
- Dihybrid Cross Introduction23:42
- Traced Inheritance of 2 Genes in Pea Plants23:50
- Dihybrid Cross Example26:07
- Phenotypic Ratio31:34
- Incomplete Dominance32:02
- Blended Inheritance32:27
- Example32:35
- Epistasis35:05
- Occurs When a Gene Has the Ability to Completely Cancel Out the Expression of Another Gene35:10
- Example35:30
- Multiple Alleles40:12
- More Than Two Forms of Alleles40:23
- Example41:06
- Polygenic Inheritance46:50
- Many Traits Get Phenotype From the Inheritance of Numerous Genes46:58
- Example47:26
- Test Cross51:53
- In Cases of Complete Dominance52:03
- Test Cross Demonstrates Which Genotype They Have52:52
- Sex-Linked Traits53:56
- Autosomes54:21
- Sex Chromosomes54:57
- Genetic Disorders59:31
- Autosomal Recessive1:00:00
- Autosomal Dominant1:06:17
- Sex-Linked Recessive1:09:19
- Sex-Linked Dominant1:13:41
Genetics, Part II
49m 57s
- Intro0:00
- Karotyping0:04
- Process to Check Chromosomes for Abnormal Characteristics0:08
- Done with Cells From a Fetus0:58
- Amniocentesis1:02
- Normal Karotype2:43
- Abnormal Karotype4:20
- Nondisjunction5:14
- Failure of Chromosomes to Properly Separate During Meiosis5:16
- Nondisjunction5:45
- Typically Causes Chromosomal Disorders Upon Fertilization6:33
- Chromosomal Disorders10:52
- Autosome Disorders11:01
- Sex Chromosome Disorders14:06
- Pedigrees20:29
- Visual Depiction of an Inheritance Pattern for One Gene in a Family's History20:30
- Symbols20:46
- Trait Being Traced is Depicted by Coloring in the Individual21:58
- Pedigree Example #122:26
- Pedigree Example #225:02
- Pedigree Example #327:23
- Environmental Impact30:24
- Gene Expression Is Often Influenced by Environment30:25
- Twin Studies30:35
- Examples31:45
- Genetic Engineering36:03
- Genetic Transformation36:17
- Restriction Enzymes39:09
- Recombinant DNA40:37
- Gene Cloning41:58
- Polymerase Chain Reaction43:13
- Gel Electrophoresis44:37
- Transgenic Organisms48:03
Section 4: History of Life
Evolution
1h 47m 19s
- Intro0:00
- The Scientists Behind the Theory0:04
- Fossil Study and Catastrophism0:18
- Gradualism1:13
- Population Growth2:00
- Early Evolution Thought2:37
- Natural Selection As a Sound Theory8:05
- Darwin's Voyage8:59
- Galapagos Islands Stop9:15
- Theory of Natural Selection11:24
- Natural Selection Summary12:37
- Populations have Enormous Reproductive Potential13:45
- Population Sizes Tend to Remain Relatively Stable14:55
- Resources Are Limited16:51
- Individuals Compete for Survival17:16
- There is Much Variation Among Individuals in a Population17:36
- Much Variation is Heritable18:06
- Only the Most Fit Individuals Survive18:27
- Evolution Occurs As Advantageous Traits Accumulate19:23
- Evidence for Evolution19:47
- Molecular Biology19:53
- Homologous Structures22:55
- Analogous Structures26:20
- Embryology29:36
- Paleontology34:54
- Patterns of Evolution40:14
- Divergent Evolution40:37
- Convergent Evolution43:15
- Co-Evolution46:07
- Gradualism vs. Punctuated Equilibrium49:56
- Modes of Selection52:25
- Directional Selection54:40
- Disruptive Selection56:38
- Stabilizing Selection58:07
- Artificial Selection59:56
- Sexual Selection1:02:13
- More on Sexual Selection1:03:00
- Sexual Dimorphism1:03:26
- Examples1:04:50
- Notes on Natural Selection1:09:41
- Phenotype1:10:01
- Only Heritable Traits1:11:00
- Mutations Fuel Natural Selection11:39
- Reproductive Isolation1:12:00
- Temporal Isolation1:12:59
- Behavioral Isolation1:14:17
- Mechanical Isolation1:15:13
- Gametic Isolation1:16:21
- Geographic Isolation1:16:51
- Reproductive Isolation (Post-Zygotic)1:18:37
- Hybrid Sterility1:18:57
- Hybrid Inviability1:20:08
- Hybrid Breakdown1:20:31
- Speciation1:21:02
- Process in Which New Species Forms From an Ancestral Form1:21:13
- Factors That Can Lead to Development of a New Species1:21:19
- Adaptive Radiation1:24:26
- Radiating of Various New Species1:24:28
- Changes in Appearance1:24:56
- Examples1:24:14
- Hardy-Weinberg Theorem1:27:35
- Five Conditions1:28:15
- Equations1:33:55
- Microevolution1:36:59
- Natural Selection1:37:11
- Genetic Drift1:37:34
- Gene Flow1:40:54
- Nonrandom Mating1:41:06
- Clarifications About Evolution1:41:24
- A Single Organism Cannot Evolve1:41:34
- No Single Missing Link with Human Evolution1:43:01
- Humans Did Not Evolve from Chimpanzees1:46:13
Human Evolution
47m 31s
- Intro0:00
- Primates0:04
- Typical Primate Characteristics1:12
- Strepsirrhines3:26
- Haplorhines4:08
- Anthropoids5:03
- New World Monkeys5:15
- Old World Moneys6:20
- Hominoids6:51
- Hominins7:51
- Hominins8:46
- Larger Brains8:53
- Thinner, Flatter Face9:02
- High Manual Dexterity9:30
- Bipedal9:41
- Australopithecines12:11
- Earliest Fossil Evidence for Bipedalism12:24
- Earliest Australopithecines13:06
- Lucy13:35
- The Genus 'Homo'15:20
- Living and Extinct Humans16:46
- Features16:52
- Tool Use17:09
- Homo Habilis17:38
- 2.4 - 1.4 mya18:38
- Handy Human19:19
- Found In Africa19:33
- Homo Ergaster20:11
- 1.8 - 1.2 mya20:14
- Features20:25
- Found In and Outside of Africa20:41
- Most Likely Hunted21:03
- Homo Erectus21:32
- 1.8 - 0.4 mya22:04
- Upright Human22:49
- Found in Africa, Asia, and Europe22:52
- Features22:57
- Used Fire23:07
- Homo Heidelbergensis23:45
- 1.3 - 0.2 mya23:50
- Transitional Form24:22
- Features24:36
- Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis24:56
- 0.3 - 0.2 mya25:23
- Neander Valley25:31
- Found in Europe and Asia21:53
- Constructed Complex Structures27:50
- Modern Human and Neanderthal28:50
- Homo Sapiens Sapiens29:34
- 195,000 Years Ago - Present29:37
- Humans Most Likely Evolved Once29:50
- Features30:26
- Creative and More Control Over the Environment30:37
- Homo Floresiensis31:36
- 18,000 Years Old31:40
- The Hobbit32:09
- Brain and Body Proportions are Similar to Australopithecines32:16
- Human Migration Summary32:49
Origins of Life
40m 58s
- Intro0:00
- Brief History of Earth0:05
- About 4.5 Billion Years Old0:13
- Started Off as a Fiery Ball of Hot Volcanic Activity1:12
- Atmospheric Gas of Early Earth2:20
- Gases Expelled Out of Volcanic Vents3:10
- Building Blocks to Organic Compounds4:47
- Miller-Urey Experiment (1953)5:41
- Stanley Miller and Harold Urey5:48
- Amino Acids Were Found in the Sterile Water Beneath7:27
- Protobionts8:07
- Ancestors of Cells as We Know Them8:19
- Lipid Bubbles with Organic Compounds Inside8:32
- Origin of DNA12:07
- First Cells12:12
- RNA Originally Coded for Protein12:44
- DNA Allows for Retention and a Checking for Errors12:55
- Oxygen Surge14:57
- Photosynthesis Changes Oxygen Gas in Atmosphere16:36
- Cells Absorb Solar Energy with Pigment and Could Make Sugars and Release Oxygen17:05
- Endosymbiotic Theory18:22
- First Eukaryote was Born19:54
- First Proposed by Lynn Margulis22:43
- Multicellular Origins23:08
- Cells That Kept Close Quarters and Stayed Attached Had Safety in Numbers23:28
- Hypothesis23:45
- Cambrian Explosion26:22
- Explosion of Species27:10
- Theory and Snowball Earth28:24
- Timeline of Major Events32:00
Biogenesis
27m 25s
- Intro0:00
- Spontaneous Generation0:04
- Spontaneous Generation0:14
- Pseudoscience1:45
- Individuals Who Sought to Disprove This Theory2:49
- Francesco Redi's Experiment3:33
- 17th Century Italian Scientist3:36
- Wanted to Debunk the Theory That Maggots Emerge From Rotting Raw Meat3:48
- Lazzaro Spallanzani's Experiment6:33
- 18th Century Italian Scientist6:36
- Wanted to Demonstrate That Microbes Could Be Airborne6:58
- Louis Pasteur's Experiment9:47
- 19th Century French Scientist9:51
- Disprove Spontaneous Generation11:17
- Pasteur's Vaccine Discovery13:47
- Motivation to Discover a Way to Immunize People Against Disease14:00
- Cholera Bacteria14:42
- Vaccine Explanation16:42
- Inactive Versions of the Virus are Generated in a Culture16:47
- Antigens Injected Into the Person17:45
- Common Immunizations22:00
- Effectiveness22:03
- No Proof That Vaccines Cause Autism26:33
Section 5: Diversity of Life
Taxonomy
35m 21s
- Intro0:00
- Ancient Classification0:04
- Start of Classification Systems0:56
- How Plants and Animals Were Split Up2:46
- Used in Europe Until 1700s3:27
- Modern Classification3:52
- Carolus Linnaeus3:58
- Taxonomy5:15
- Taxonomic Groups6:57
- Domain7:14
- Kingdom7:29
- Phylum7:39
- Class7:49
- Order8:02
- Family8:09
- Genus8:25
- Species8:45
- Binomial Nomenclature12:10
- Genus Species12:22
- Naming System Rules12:49
- Advantages and Disadvantages to Taxonomy14:56
- Advantages15:00
- Disadvantages17:53
- Domains20:31
- Domain Archaea21:10
- Domain Bacteria21:19
- Domain Eukarya21:43
- Extremophiles22:48
- Kingdoms25:09
- Kingdom Archaebacteria25:17
- Kingdom Eubacteria25:25
- Kingdom Protista25:52
- Kingdom Plantae, Fungi, Animalia27:18
- Cladograms28:07
- Relates Evolution to Phylogeny28:12
- Characteristics Lead to Splitting Off Groups of Organisms28:20
Viruses
44m 25s
- Intro0:00
- Virus Basics0:04
- Non-Living Structures have the Potential to Harm Life on Earth0:14
- Made of Nucleic Acids Wrapped in a Protein Coat2:15
- 5 to 300 nm Wide3:12
- Virus Structure4:29
- Icosahedral4:41
- Spherical5:33
- Bacteriophage6:20
- Helical8:56
- How Do They Invade Cells?11:24
- Viruses Can Fool Cells to Let Them In11:27
- Viruses Use the Organelles of the Host12:29
- Viruses are Host Specific12:57
- Viral Cycle16:18
- Lytic Cycle16:34
- Lysogenic Cycle18:53
- Connection Between Lytic/ Lysogenic23:01
- Retroviruses30:04
- Process is Backwards30:52
- Reverse Transcriptase31:08
- Example31:47
- HIV/ AIDS32:38
- Human Immunodeficiency Virus32:42
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome36:27
- Smallpox: A Brief History37:06
- One of the Most Harmful Viral Diseases in Human History37:09
- History37:53
- Prions41:32
- Infectious Proteins That Damage the Nervous System41:33
- Cause Transmittable Spongiform Encephalopathies41:51
- No Known Cure43:42
Bacteria
46m 1s
- Intro0:00
- Archaebacteria0:04
- Thermophiles1:10
- Halophiles2:06
- Acidophiles2:29
- Methanogens2:59
- Archaea and Bacteria Compared to Eukarya4:25
- Archaea and Eukarya4:36
- Bacteria and Eukarya5:37
- Eubacteria6:35
- Nucleoid Region7:02
- Peptidoglycan7:21
- Binary Fission8:08
- No Membrane-Bound Organelles8:59
- Bacterial Shapes10:19
- Coccus10:26
- Bacillus12:07
- Spirillum12:44
- Bacterial Cell Walls13:17
- Gram Positive13:47
- Gram Negative15:09
- Bacterial Adaptations16:13
- Capsule16:18
- Fimbriae17:51
- Conjugation18:30
- Endospore21:30
- Flagella23:49
- Metabolism24:36
- Benefits of Bacteria27:28
- Mutualism27:32
- Connections to Human Life30:56
- Diseases Caused by Bacteria35:05
- STDs35:15
- Respiratory36:04
- Skin37:15
- Digestive Tract38:00
- Nervous System38:27
- Systemic Diseases39:09
- Antibiotics40:26
- Drugs That Block Protein Synthesis40:40
- Drugs That Block Cell Wall Production41:07
- Increased Bacterial Resistance41:36
Protists
32m 46s
- Intro0:00
- Kingdom Protista Basics0:04
- Unicellular and Multicellular0:28
- Asexual and Sexual0:48
- Water and Land1:06
- Resemble Other Life Forms1:32
- Protist Origin2:04
- Evolutionary Bridge Between Bacteria and Multicellular Eukaryotes2:06
- Protist Ancestors2:27
- Protist Debate4:18
- One Kingdom4:30
- Some Scientists Group Into Separate Kingdoms Based on Genetic Links4:37
- Plant-like Protists6:03
- Photoautotrophs6:12
- Green Algae6:44
- Red Algae7:12
- Brown Algae7:57
- Golden Algae9:10
- Dinoflagellates9:20
- Diatoms9:41
- Euglena10:17
- Euglena Structure10:39
- Ulva Life Cycle12:08
- Fungi-Like Protists15:39
- Heterotrophs That Feed on Decaying Organic Matter15:41
- Found Anywhere with Moisture and Warmth16:04
- Cellular Slime Mold Life Cycle17:34
- Animal-like Protists21:45
- Heterotrophs That Eat Live Cells21:50
- Motile22:03
- Amoeba Life Cycle25:24
- How Protists Impact Humans29:09
- Good29:16
- Bad32:18
Plants, Part I
54m 22s
- Intro0:00
- Kingdom Plantae Characteristics0:05
- Cuticle0:38
- Vascular Bundles1:18
- Stomata2:51
- Alternation of Generations4:16
- Plant Origins5:58
- Common Ancestor with Green Algae6:03
- Appeared on Earth 400 Million Years Ago7:28
- Non-Vascular Plants8:17
- Bryophytes8:45
- Anthoworts9:12
- Hepaticophytes9:19
- Bryophyte (Moss) Life Cycle9:30
- Dominant Gametophyte9:38
- Illustration Explanation9:58
- Seedless Vascular Plants15:26
- Do Not Reproduce With Seeds15:33
- Sori15:42
- Lycophytes15:54
- Pterophytes16:30
- Pterophyte (Fern) Life Cycle17:05
- Dominant Generation17:08
- Produce Motile Sperm17:17
- Seed Plants23:17
- Most Vascular Plants Have Seeds23:25
- Cotyledons23:43
- Gymnosperm vs. Angiosperm24:50
- Divisions25:48
- Coniferophytes (Cone-Bearing Plants)27:05
- Examples27:07
- Evergreen or Deciduous27:44
- Gymnosperms28:26
- Economic Importance29:28
- Conifer Life Cycle30:10
- Dominant Generation30:13
- Cones Contain the Gametophyte30:25
- Illustration Explanation30:31
- Anthophytes (Flowering Plants)38:01
- Every Plant That Has Flowers38:03
- Angiosperms38:28
- Various Life Spans38:03
- Flower Anatomy40:25
- Female Parts40:54
- Male Parts42:49
- Flowering Plant Life Cycle44:48
- Dominant Generation44:56
- Flowers Contain the Gametophyte45:05
Plants, Part II
44m 40s
- Intro0:00
- Plant Cell Varieties0:05
- Parenchyma0:11
- Collenchyma1:37
- Sclerenchyma2:03
- Specialized Tissues2:56
- Plant Tissues3:17
- Meristematic Tissue3:21
- Dermal Tissue6:46
- Vascular Tissues8:45
- Ground Tissue13:56
- Roots14:24
- Root Cap15:59
- Cortex16:17
- Endodermis17:02
- Pericycle17:42
- Taproot18:11
- Fibrous18:20
- Modified18:49
- Stems19:49
- Tuber21:43
- Rhizome21:58
- Runner22:12
- Bulb and Corm22:49
- Leaves23:06
- Photosynthesis23:09
- Leaf Parts23:32
- Gas Exchange25:55
- Transpiration26:25
- Seeds27:41
- Cotyledons28:42
- Seed Coat29:29
- Endosperm29:37
- Embryo30:10
- Radicle30:27
- Epicotyl31:57
- Fruit33:49
- Fleshy Fruits34:46
- Aggregate Fruits35:17
- Multiple Fruits35:50
- Dry Fruits36:27
- Plant Hormones37:44
- Definition or Hormones37:48
- Examples38:12
- Plant Responses40:42
- Tropisms41:00
- Nastic Responses43:04
Fungi
26m 20s
- Intro0:00
- Fungi Basics0:03
- Characteristics0:09
- Closely Related to Kingdom Animalia2:33
- Fungal Structure2:58
- Hypae3:03
- Mycelium5:00
- Spore5:24
- Reproductive Strategies6:15
- Fragmentation6:23
- Budding6:35
- Spore Production7:03
- Zygomycota (Molds)7:50
- Sexual Reproduction8:04
- Dikaryotic9:47
- Stolons10:32
- Rhizoids10:53
- Ascomycota (Sac Fungi)11:43
- Largest Phylum of Fungi on Earth11:47
- Ascus12:20
- Conidia12:30
- Example12:46
- Basidiomycota (Club Fungi)14:51
- Basidium15:14
- Common Structures In These Fungi15:37
- Examples16:17
- Deuteromycota (Imperfect Fungi)17:25
- No Known Sexual Life Cycle17:31
- Penicillin18:00
- Benefits of Fungi18:51
- Mutualism18:56
- Food21:41
- Medicines22:30
- Decomposition23:08
- Fungal Infections23:38
- Athlete's Foot23:44
- Ringworm24:09
- Yeast Infections24:27
- Candidemia24:56
- Aspergillus25:15
- Fungal Meningitis25:44
Animals, Part I
35m 28s
- Intro0:00
- Animal Basics0:05
- Multicellular Eukaryotes0:12
- Motility0:27
- Heterotrophic0:47
- Sexual Reproduction0:57
- Symmetry1:14
- Gut1:26
- Cephalization1:40
- Segmentation1:53
- Sensory Organs2:09
- Reproductive Strategies3:07
- Gonads3:17
- Fertilization4:01
- Asexual4:53
- Animal Development7:27
- Zygote7:29
- Blastula7:50
- Gastrula9:07
- Embryo12:57
- Symmetry13:17
- Radial Symmetry14:14
- Bilateral Symmetry15:26
- Asymmetry16:34
- Body Cavities17:22
- Coelom17:24
- Acoelomates18:39
- Pseudocoelomates19:15
- Coelomates19:40
- Major Animal Phyla20:47
- Phylum Porifera21:15
- Phylum Cnidaria21:33
- Phylum Platyhelmininthes, Nematoda, and Annelida21:44
- Phylum Rotifera21:56
- Phylum Mollusca22:13
- Phylum Arthropoda22:34
- Phylum Echinodermata22:48
- Phylum Chordata23:18
- Phylum Porifera25:15
- Sponges25:23
- Oceanic or Aquatic26:07
- Adults are Sessile26:26
- Structure27:09
- Sexual or Asexual Reproduction28:31
- Phylum Cnidaria28:49
- Sea Jellies, Anemonse, Hydrozoans, and Corals28:57
- Mostly Oceanic30:42
- Body Types31:32
- Cnidocytes33:06
- Nerve Net34:55
Animals, Part II
48m 42s
- Intro0:00
- Phylum Platyhelminthes0:04
- Flatworms0:14
- Acoelomates0:33
- Terrestrial, Oceanic, or Aquatic0:46
- Simple Nervous System2:46
- Reproduction3:38
- Phylum Nematoda4:20
- Unsegmented Roundworms4:25
- Pseudocoelomates4:34
- Terrestrial, Oceanic, or Aquatic4:53
- Full Digestive Tract5:29
- Reproduction7:07
- C. Elegans7:24
- Phylum Annelida8:11
- Segmented Roundworms8:20
- Terrestrial, Oceanic, or Aquatic8:42
- Full Digestive Tract8:56
- Accordion-like Movement11:26
- Simple Nervous System12:31
- Sexual Reproduction13:40
- Class Oligochaeta14:47
- Class Polychaeta14:56
- Class Hirudinea15:13
- Phylum Rotifera16:11
- Pseudocoelomates16:26
- Terrestrial, Aquatic16:42
- Digestive Tract16:56
- Phylum Mollusca18:55
- Snails, Slugs, Clams, Oysters19:00
- Terrestrial, Oceanic, or Aquatic19:14
- Mantle19:29
- Full Digestive Tract with Specialized Organs21:10
- Sexual Reproduction24:29
- Major Classes24:58
- Phylum Arthropoda28:16
- Insects, Arachnids, Crustaceans28:19
- Terrestrial, Oceanic, or Aquatic28:41
- Head, Thorax, Abdomen28:50
- Excretion with Malpighian Tubes32:48
- Arthropod Groups34:06
- Phylum Echinodermata38:32
- Sea Stars, Sea Urchins, Sand Dollars, Sea Cucumbers38:37
- Oceanic or Aquatic39:36
- Water Vascular System39:43
- Full Digestive Tract40:38
- Sexual Reproduction42:01
- Phylum Chordata42:16
- All Vertebrates42:22
- Terrestrial, Oceanic, or Aquatic42:40
- Main Body Parts42:49
- Mostly in Subphylum Vertebrata44:54
- Examples45:14
Animals, Part III
35m 45s
- Intro0:00
- Characteristics of Subphylum Vertebrata0:04
- Vertebral Column0:16
- Neural Crest0:38
- Internal Organs1:24
- Fish Characteristics2:05
- Oceanic or Aquatic2:16
- Locomotion with Paired Fins3:15
- Gills4:18
- Fertilization8:14
- Movement8:30
- Fish Classes8:58
- Jawless Fishes9:06
- Cartilaginous Fishes10:07
- Bony Fishes10:46
- Amphibian Characteristics12:22
- Tetrapods12:29
- Moist Skin14:22
- Circulation14:39
- Nictitating Membrane16:36
- Tympanic Membrane16:56
- External Fertilization is Typical17:34
- Amphibian Orders18:20
- Order Anura18:27
- Order Caudata19:15
- Order Gymnophiona19:59
- Reptile Characteristics20:31
- Dry, Scaly Skin20:37
- Lungs for Gas Exchange22:00
- Terrestrial, Oceanic, Aquatic22:12
- Ectothermic23:07
- Internal Fertilization24:13
- Reptile Orders26:28
- Order Squamata26:33
- Order Crocodilia27:32
- Order Testudinata27:55
- Order Sphenodonta28:30
- Bird Characteristics28:43
- Feathers29:42
- Lightweight Bones31:33
- Lungs with Air Sacs32:25
- Endothermic33:47
- Internal Fertilization34:03
- Bird Orders34:13
- Order Passeriformes34:29
- Order Ciconiiformes34:46
- Order Sphenisciformes34:55
- Order Strigiformes35:20
- Order Struthioniformes35:25
- Order Anseriformes35:38
Mammals
38m 39s
- Intro0:00
- Mammary Glands and Hair0:04
- Class Mammalia Name0:20
- Hair Functions1:53
- Metabolic Characteristics3:58
- Endothermy4:01
- Feeding4:48
- Mammalian Organs8:43
- Respiratory System8:47
- Circulation9:26
- Brain and Senses10:29
- Glands11:56
- Mammalian Reproduction12:55
- Live Birth13:03
- Placental13:17
- Marsupial14:41
- Gestation Periods16:07
- Infraclass Marsupialia17:42
- Australia17:59
- Uterus/ Pouch18:33
- Origins18:53
- Examples19:24
- Order Monotremata20:21
- Egg Layers20:25
- Platypus, Echidna20:55
- Shoulder Area Has a Reptilian Bone Structure21:07
- Order Insectivora22:21
- Insectivores22:23
- Pointy Snouts22:32
- Burrowing22:53
- Examples23:10
- Order Chiroptera23:32
- True Flying Mammalian Order23:38
- Wings23:59
- Feeding24:21
- Examples25:08
- Order Xenarthra25:14
- Edentata25:18
- No Teeth25:23
- Location25:50
- Examples25:55
- Order Rodentia26:33
- 40% of Mammalian Species26:38
- 2 Pairs of Incisors26:45
- Examples27:28
- Order Lagomorpha28:06
- Herbivores28:30
- Examples28:41
- Order Carnivora29:19
- Teeth29:36
- Examples29:42
- Order Proboscidea30:37
- Largest Living Terrestrial Mammals30:40
- Trunks30:48
- Tusks31:12
- Examples31:33
- Order Sirenia32:01
- Large, Slow Moving Aquatic Mammals32:15
- Flippers32:26
- Herbivores32:37
- Examples32:42
- Order Cetacea32:46
- Large, Mostly Hairless Aquatic Mammals32:50
- Flippers33:06
- Fluke33:18
- Blowhole33:29
- Examples34:10
- Order Artiodactyla34:30
- Even-Toed Hoofed Mammals34:33
- Herbivores34:37
- Sometimes Grouped with Cetaceans34:52
- Examples35:35
- Order Perissodactyla35:57
- Odd-Toed Hoofed Mammals36:00
- Herbivores36:12
- Examples36:27
- Order Primates36:30
- Largest Brain-to-Body Ratio36:35
- Arboreal37:03
- Nails37:33
- Examples38:29
Animal Behavior
29m 55s
- Intro0:00
- Behavior Overview0:04
- Behavior0:08
- Origin of Behavior0:36
- Competitive Advantage1:26
- Innate Behaviors2:05
- Genetically Based2:07
- Instinct2:13
- Fixed Action Pattern3:31
- Learned Behavior5:13
- Habituation5:26
- Classical Conditioning6:31
- Operant Conditioning7:51
- Imprinting10:17
- Learned Behavior That Can Only Occur in a Specific Time Period10:20
- Sensitive Period10:28
- Cognitive Behaviors11:53
- Thinking, Reasoning, and Processing Information12:02
- Examples12:22
- Competitive Behaviors14:40
- Agonistic Behavior14:46
- Dominance Hierarchies15:23
- Territorial Behaviors16:19
- More Types of Behavior17:05
- Foraging Behaviors17:08
- Migratory Behaviors17:53
- Biological Rhythms19:15
- Communication Behaviors20:37
- Pheromones20:52
- Auditory Communication22:18
- Courting and Nurturing Behaviors23:42
- Courting Behaviors23:45
- Nurturing Behaviors26:04
- Cooperative Behaviors26:47
- Benefit All Members of the Group27:01
- Example27:08
Section 6: Ecology
Ecology, Part I
1h 7m 26s
- Intro0:00
- Ecology Basics0:05
- Ecology0:18
- Biotic vs. Abiotic Factors1:25
- Population2:23
- Community2:45
- Ecosystem3:04
- Biosphere3:27
- Individuals and Survival4:13
- Habitat4:23
- Niche4:37
- Symbiosis7:07
- Obtaining Energy11:14
- Producers11:24
- Consumers13:31
- Food Chain17:11
- Model to Illustrate How Matter Moves Through Organisms in an Ecosystem17:15
- Examples18:31
- Food Web20:29
- Keystone Species22:55
- Three Ecological Pyramids27:28
- Pyramid of Energy27:38
- Pyramid of Numbers31:39
- Pyramid of Biomass34:09
- The Water Cycle37:24
- The Carbon Cycle40:19
- The Nitrogen Cycle43:34
- The Phosphorus Cycle46:42
- Population Growth49:35
- Reproductive Patterns51:58
- Life History Patterns Vary52:10
- r-Selection53:30
- K-Selection56:55
- Density Factors59:02
- Density-Dependent Factors59:29
- Density-Independent Factors1:02:21
- Predator / Prey Relationships1:03:59
Ecology, Part II
50m 50s
- Intro0:00
- Mimicry0:05
- Batesian Mimicry0:38
- Müllerian Mimicry1:53
- Camouflage3:23
- Blend In with Surroundings3:38
- Evade Detection by Predators3:43
- Succession5:22
- Primary Succession5:40
- Secondary Succession7:44
- Biomes9:31
- Terrestrial10:08
- Aquatic / Marine10:05
- Desert11:20
- Annual Rainfall11:24
- Flora13:35
- Fauna14:15
- Tundra14:49
- Annual Rainfall15:00
- Permafrost15:50
- Flora16:06
- Fauna16:40
- Taiga (Boreal Forest)16:59
- Annual Rainfall17:14
- Largest Terrestrial Biome17:33
- Flora18:37
- Fauna18:49
- Temperate Grassland19:07
- Annual Rainfall19:28
- Flora20:14
- Fauna20:18
- Tropical Grassland (Savanna)20:41
- Annual Rainfall21:01
- Flora21:56
- Fauna22:00
- Temperate Deciduous Forest22:19
- Annual Rainfall23:11
- Flora23:45
- Fauna23:50
- Tropical Rain Forest24:11
- Annual Rainfall24:16
- Flora27:15
- Fauna27:49
- Lakes28:05
- Eutrophic28:21
- Oligotrophic28:29
- Zones29:34
- Estuaries32:56
- Area Where Freshwater and Salt Water Meet33:00
- Mangrove Swamps33:12
- Nutrient Traps33:52
- Organisms34:24
- Marine34:50
- Euphotic Zone35:16
- Pelagic Zone37:11
- Abyssal Plain38:15
- Conservation Summary40:03
- Biodiversity40:33
- Habitat Loss44:06
- Pollution44:55
- Climate Change47:03
- Global Warming47:06
- Greenhouse Gases47:48
- Polar Ice Caps49:01
- Weather Patterns50:00
Section 7: Laboratory
Laboratory Investigation I: Microscope Lab
24m 51s
- Intro0:00
- Light Microscope Parts0:06
- Microscope Use6:25
- Mount the Specimen6:28
- Place Slide on Stage7:29
- Ensure Specimen is Above Light Source8:11
- Lowest Objective Lens Faces Downward8:34
- Focus on the Image9:36
- Adjust the Nosepiece If Needed9:49
- Re-Focus9:57
- Human Skin Layers10:42
- Plants Cells13:43
- Human Lung Tissue15:20
- Euglena18:26
- Plant Stem20:43
- Mold22:57
Laboratory Investigation II: Egg Lab
11m 26s
- Intro0:00
- Egg Lab Introduction0:06
- Purpose0:09
- Materials0:37
- Time1:24
- Day 11:28
- Day 23:59
- Day 36:05
- Analysis7:50
- Osmosis Connection10:24
- Hypertonic10:36
- Hypotonic10:49
Laboratory Investigation III: Carbon Dioxide Production
14m 34s
- Intro0:00
- Carbon Dioxide Introduction0:06
- Purpose0:09
- Materials0:56
- Time2:39
- Part I2:41
- Put Water in Large Beaker3:09
- Exhale Into the Water3:15
- Add a Drop of Phenolphthalein4:31
- Add NaOH5:33
- Record the Amount of Drops6:10
- Part II6:24
- Add HCL6:39
- Exercise for Five Minutes7:26
- Return and Re-Do the Exhaling7:58
- Analysis9:11
- Aerobic Respiration Connection13:18
- As Aerobic Respiration Occurs In Cells, Carbon Dioxide Is Produced13:21
- Increase Output of Carbon Dioxide13:29
- Number of Exhalations Increase14:17
Laboratory Investigation IV: DNA Extraction Lab
10m 38s
- Intro0:00
- DNA Lab Introduction0:06
- Purpose0:09
- Materials0:45
- Time2:03
- Part I2:06
- Pour Sports Drink Into the Small Cup2:08
- When Time Expires, Spit Into the Cup2:53
- Add Cell Lysate Solution3:21
- Let it Sit for a Couple Minutes4:04
- Part II4:10
- Slowly Add Cold Ethanol4:13
- DNA Will Creep Up Into the Ethanol Layer5:01
- Analysis5:59
- DNA Structure Connection8:49
- DNA is Microscopic8:54
- Visible DNA9:39
- Extracted DNA9:49
Laboratory Investigation V: Onion Root Tip Mitosis Lab
13m 12s
- Intro0:00
- Mitosis Lab Introduction0:06
- Purpose0:09
- Materials0:57
- Time1:42
- Part I1:49
- Mount the Slide and Zoom Into the Root Apical Meristem1:50
- Zoom In3:00
- Count the Cells in Each Phase3:09
- Record Your Results3:52
- Microscope View Example3:58
- Part II6:49
- Move to Another Part of the Root Apical Meristem6:55
- Count the Phases in this Second Region7:02
- Analysis9:07
- Mitosis Connection11:17
- Rate of Mitosis Varies from Species to Species11:21
- Mitotic Rate Was Higher Since We Used An Actively Dividing Tissue12:16
Laboratory Investigation VI: Inheritance Lab
13m 55s
- Intro0:00
- Inheritance Lab Introduction0:05
- Purpose0:09
- Materials0:53
- Time2:00
- Explanation2:03
- Basic Procedure5:03
- Analysis8:00
- Inheritance Laws Connection11:23
- Law of Segregation11:31
- Law of Independent Assortment12:49
Laboratory Investigation VII: Allele Frequencies
14m 11s
- Intro0:00
- Allele Frequencies Introduction0:05
- Purpose0:08
- Materials1:34
- Time2:10
- Part I2:12
- Part II7:05
- Analysis7:51
- Evolution Connection10:45
- Meant to Stimulate How a Population's Allele Frequencies Change Over Time10:47
- Particular Phenotypes Selected11:31
- Recessive Allele Keeps Dropping12:18
Laboratory Investigation VIII: Genetic Transformation
16m 42s
- Intro0:00
- Genetic Transformation Introduction0:06
- Purpose0:09
- Materials0:57
- Time3:31
- Set-Up4:18
- Starter Culture with E. Coli Colonies4:21
- Just E. Coli5:37
- Ampicillin with No Plasmid6:24
- Ampicillin with Plasmid7:11
- Ampicillin with Plasmid and Arabinose7:33
- Procedure8:35
- Analysis13:01
- Genetic Transformation Connection14:59
- Easier to Transform Bacteria Than a Multicellular Organism15:03
- Desired Trait Can be Expressed from the Bacteria15:52
- Numerous Applications in Medicine16:04
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For more information, please see full course syllabus of Biology
For more information, please see full course syllabus of Biology
Biology Animals, Part II
Lecture Description
In this lesson, our instructor Bryan Cardella gives an introduction on animals, part two. He continues the lesson on animals with phylum platyhelminthes, phylum nematoda, phylum annelida, phylum rotifera, phylum mollusca, phylum arthropoda, phylum echinodermata, and phylum chordata.
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