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Symphony

  • Beethoven brought the symphony to dizzying new heights
  • Symphony No. 9 thought to be pinnacle of symphony writing
  • Includes a choir, new harmonies, rhythms, forms, and programmatic themes
  • Mahler then wrote a Symphony for 1000, and Berlioz wrote a 5-movement work (Symphony Fantastique) to try to rival Beethoven
  • Curse of the 9th!!
  • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=azLU9A7dgaw

Symphony

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  1. Intro
    • Que Romantica!
    • Symphony Characteristics
    • Symphony 9 (1823): 'Ode to Joy'
    • Romantic Composers
    • Review
    • Intro 0:00
    • Que Romantica! 0:13
      • The Romantic Symphony Started Around Beethoven's 5th
      • Symphony Criticized for Lacking Emotion and Meaning
      • Opposite is True in Romantic
      • Instrumental Music Closer to Pure Emotion Because No Text
      • Every Composer Had to Compose a Symphony as a Rite of Passage
    • Symphony Characteristics 2:28
      • Stayed Remarkably Intact Into the 20th Century
      • 3, 4, or 5 Movements
      • Movement 1: An Extended Opening Movement in Sonata Form
      • Movement 2: A Lyrical Slow Movement In Sonata Form, ABA, or Theme and Variations
      • Movement 3: A Dance-Inspired Scherzo Movement, Usually in Triple Meter
      • Movement 4: A Fast Finale
      • Beethoven's Heroic Decade
      • Heiligenstadt Testament: Letter to Brother
      • Beethoven Saw Art as Redemption
      • Then Came the 9th
    • Symphony 9 (1823): 'Ode to Joy' 5:28
      • Redefined the Symphony as More Than a Musical Entertainment
      • Curse of the 9th
      • First Symphony to Have a Chorus
      • Listening to 'Ode to Joy'
      • Completely Unified Themes Throughout Movements
      • Monumental Themes
      • Created a Crisis for Future Generations
      • First Time that New Composers were Competing with the Past
    • Romantic Composers 9:13
      • Mendelssohn Threw Away 3 Complete Symphonies
      • Schubert Got Sick and Died Writing His 9th
      • Brahms was Anti-Program, Reinvented In Other Ways
      • Berlioz First Real Competitor
      • Mahler Wrote a Symphony for 1000 People
      • Wagner said Beethoven's 9th was the Pinnacle
      • One Reason for Rise of Symphonic Poem
    • Review 11:52
      • Beethoven Ruled the Symphony
      • Beethoven's Symphonies are Still the Models Composers Aspire to Achieve
      • Innovative Harmonies, Monumental Orchestration, Grandiose Form, Fully-Unified Theme
      • Debate Loomed Between Absolute and Program Music
      • Enter the Symphonic Poem for Something Completely Different

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    Cory Hills

    Symphony

    Slide Duration:

    Table of Contents

    Section 1: Introduction
    Why Study Music History?

    9m 19s

    Intro
    0:00
    Music History/Appreciation
    0:22
    History is Important
    0:34
    Appreciation is Important
    0:44
    We are Listeners
    1:32
    Interesting Music Facts
    3:26
    Major Industries of the World
    3:30
    Arts and Entertainment is a Top 5 Industry for the World
    4:14
    Course Description
    5:14
    Track Music Throughout History and Relate It to the Present Day
    5:28
    We Will Cover Music From…
    6:17
    Lots of Musical Examples
    6:25
    Review and What's Next
    7:37
    Music is Everywhere
    7:44
    Course is Designed to Help Your Ears Make Connections
    7:52
    Parameters of Music: Building Blocks of Music
    8:15
    Melody, Harmony, Form, Texture

    13m 16s

    Intro
    0:00
    Parameters of Music
    0:20
    Parameters of Music is Subjective
    0:24
    Melody, Harmony, Form, and Texture
    1:20
    Melody
    1:30
    The Tune, the Singable Aspect of a Work
    1:47
    The Main Line
    1:58
    Usually Smooth Line
    2:24
    Example
    2:45
    Harmony
    3:31
    The Chords
    3:36
    Harmony Supports the Melody
    3:46
    Example
    4:23
    Form
    5:11
    The Overlooked Giant of Music
    5:20
    Form is the Structure and the Glue
    5:37
    Important Developments Throughout Music History
    6:00
    Example
    6:57
    Texture
    8:26
    How Much Stuff is Going on at Once
    8:40
    'Mono' = One Voice
    8:45
    'Poly' = More Than One Voice
    8:56
    Number of Instruments, Octaves, Instrument Doubling
    9:30
    Example
    10:06
    Review
    10:50
    Melody, Harmony, Form, Texture
    10:54
    Identifying Melody, Harmony, Texture, and Form with Example
    11:10
    Rhythm, Meter, Dynamics, Tone

    11m 4s

    Intro
    0:00
    Rhythm
    0:19
    Allows More Than One Person to Play at the Same Time
    0:34
    The Notes Tell You When to Play
    0:45
    Different Kinds of Notes
    1:08
    Developed Along With Music Notation
    1:56
    Notation Plays Important Role in Development of Western Music
    2:07
    Meter
    2:44
    Tied In With Rhythm
    2:50
    Time Signatures
    2:54
    The Larger Beats
    3:20
    Rhythmic Material Adds Up to the Numerator of the Time Signature
    3:37
    Example
    3:52
    Dynamics
    5:12
    How Loud or Soft You Play
    5:20
    Spectrum and Special Notation System
    5:27
    Can Change at Any Moment
    5:53
    Used to Affect Mood
    6:27
    Tone
    7:20
    Also Known as Timbre or Color of the Sound
    7:35
    Each Instrument has a Unique Sound
    7:50
    Important in Understanding Instrumentation and Orchestration
    8:28
    Review
    9:06
    Rhythm, Meter, Dynamics, Tone
    9:12
    Identifying Meter of Two Examples: 4/4 or 6/8?
    9:25
    Instrumentation & Orchestration

    15m 53s

    Intro
    0:00
    Why Discuss Instruments?
    0:13
    We've Assumed Things that Aren’t Actually True
    0:30
    We Can Use Our Ears to Determine History
    1:00
    Piano Was Invented in 1700
    1:17
    Modern Symphony Orchestra Was Described in 1844
    1:49
    Females Were Not Allowd to Sing in Mass Until 20th Century
    2:18
    The First Rock 'n' Roll Song Produced in 1953 - 'Rock Around the Clock'
    3:17
    Instruments
    4:49
    Middle Ages: Voice, Lute, Recorders
    4:50
    Renaissance: Violin, Guitar, Sackbut, Lyre, Hurdy Gurdy, More Flutes
    5:19
    Instruments Cont'd
    6:29
    Baroque: More Strings, Woodwinds (Oboe, Flute), Harpsichord, Organ, Horn
    6:30
    Classical: Fortepiano (Piano), Clarinet, Trombone, Bassoon
    7:35
    Romantic and 20th Century: Modern Day Instruments, Percussion
    8:36
    What is in a Symphony Orchestra?
    9:24
    Woodwinds
    9:53
    Brass
    10:17
    Percussion
    10:35
    Keyboards
    10:57
    Strings
    11:04
    Review
    12:23
    There Has Been Major Instrument Development
    12:26
    Dominant Instruments: Voice, Strings, Keyboards, Recorders
    13:00
    What Time Period Could This Example Be From?
    14:03
    Section 2: The Middle Ages
    Chant

    14m 36s

    Intro
    0:00
    What is Chant?
    0:13
    Importance of the Catholic Church in Music History
    0:40
    Monophony
    1:13
    Examples of Chant
    2:03
    Chant Characteristics
    3:40
    Syllabic: One Note of Music for Each Syllable of Text
    3:55
    Neumatic: One Neume (Two of Three Notes) for Each Syllable of Text
    4:17
    Melismatic: Numberous Notes Occur for Each Syllable of Text
    4:46
    Classes of Chant
    5:41
    Antiphonal: Chants with Phrases Sung by Alternating Choirs
    5:48
    Responsorial: Chant Sung By Soloist with Response by Choir
    6:20
    Notation
    6:39
    Block Notation and Neumes
    6:57
    Rhythm is not a Primary Focus of Chant
    8:16
    Church Modes
    8:49
    Authentic vs. Plagal
    9:00
    Dorian Starts on D
    9:21
    Phrygian Starts on E, Lydian Starts on F, Mixolydian Starts on G
    9:42
    Hypodorian: Down Four, Starts On a Different Note
    9:53
    Hypophyrgian, Hypolydian, Hypomixolydian
    10:53
    Review
    11:41
    Monophony
    11:47
    Syllabic, Neumatic, Melismatic
    12:04
    Neume Notation, Block Notation
    12:10
    8 Church Modes (Authentic, Plagal)
    12:28
    What Are The 8 Church Modes?
    12:53
    What is the Difference Between Authentic and Plagal Modes?
    13:38
    Organum

    15m 33s

    Intro
    0:00
    What is Organum?
    0:12
    Polyphony: More Than One Voice at a Time
    0:27
    Musica Enchiriadis: 9th Century, Anonymous
    1:25
    Guido D'Arezzo
    2:02
    Musica Enchiriadis
    2:22
    First Known Attempt at Polyphony and Organum
    2:30
    Organum
    3:06
    Two Voices: Vox Principalis (Main Voice) and Vox Organalis (Organum, Second Voice)
    3:15
    Simple, Composite, and Parallel Organum
    4:03
    Guido
    7:44
    Micrologus, 1026
    7:57
    Guidonian Hand: Mnemonic Device for Singers to Read Pitches
    8:10
    Proto Staff: Four Staff Notation System, Precursor to Modern-Day Staff
    8:48
    Notre Dame School of Polyphony
    9:25
    Leonin and Perotin
    9:42
    Two Voice
    10:20
    Organum: Melismatic Voice Over Chant
    10:30
    Discant: Note Against Note, Rhythms by Mode
    10:54
    Copula: Transition Between Organum and Discant
    11:35
    Perotin
    11:44
    Substitute Clausula
    12:11
    Often present in Discant
    12:41
    Evolved into Stand Alone Pieces as Substitute Clausula Became Longer
    13:00
    Experimented with Different Languages and Used Rhythmic Modes
    13:57
    Motet
    14:07
    Review
    14:20
    Motet

    16m 58s

    Intro
    0:00
    Motet
    0:07
    Substitute Clausulae
    0:16
    Unique Composition
    0:39
    Components of a Motet
    1:02
    New Upper Voices
    1:50
    Prosula
    1:58
    Rhythmic Modes
    2:22
    Used in Discant
    2:36
    Different Combinations of Longs and Shorts
    3:32
    Mode 1
    3:50
    Mode 2
    4:00
    Mode 3
    4:19
    Mode 4
    4:41
    Mode 5
    4:50
    Mode 6
    5:04
    Notational Developments
    5:25
    Famous Rhythmic Developers
    5:40
    Different Combinations of Longs and Shorts
    6:13
    Longa, Breve, Semibreve, Minim
    6:21
    Perfect or Imperfect Prolation
    6:31
    Notation
    6:50
    Tempus, Prolation
    6:56
    Tempus Perfectum/Prolation Major
    7:14
    Breve
    7:50
    Semibreves
    7:55
    Minim
    8:03
    Breve is the Main Unit of Time
    8:15
    Tempus Perfectum/Prolation Minor
    9:00
    Tempus Imperfectum/Prolation Major
    9:37
    Tempus Imperfectum/Prolation Minor
    10:14
    Common Time Origin
    11:05
    Machaut and the Isorhythmic Motet
    11:48
    Isorhythmic Motet
    12:09
    Talea
    12:30
    Color
    12:36
    Review
    13:42
    Motet
    13:56
    Characteristics
    14:07
    Isorhythmic Motet
    14:26
    Which Rhythmic Mode Are These Examples?
    14:44
    Troubadours

    12m 9s

    Intro
    0:00
    What is a Troubadour?
    0:25
    The Singing Minstrel
    0:30
    Portrayed as a Jester or Joker in Pop Culture
    1:13
    Served A Major Role in Development of Polyphony Because They Traveled
    1:27
    Troubadours were Illiterate and Part of the Lower class
    2:07
    What is a Trouvere?
    2:25
    Poet and Musician from Northern France Who Wrote about Love, Heroism, and the Unattainable
    2:34
    Established Guilds, Brought Their Music to the Middle Class
    3:24
    Simple Forms, Simple Syllabic Melodies, Simple Instrumental Accompaniment
    4:10
    Formes Fixes
    5:18
    Three Main Forms: Rondeau, Ballade, Virelai
    5:38
    A (a) and B (b) Represent Repeated Musical Material
    5:51
    Capital Letters Represent Repeated Text
    6:05
    Lowercase Represent New Text
    6:13
    Virelai
    7:00
    Example
    8:05
    Instruments
    9:09
    Stringed Instruments: Lute, Lyre, Bagpipe, Viol
    9:17
    Were the First Solo Performers
    9:30
    Different Form of Polyphony Than Just Voices
    9:58
    They Traveled, Influencing Different Areas of Europe
    10:07
    Review
    10:41
    Important in Distributing Polyphonic Music Throughout Europe
    10:49
    Polyphony Existed in Churches, But Without Troubadours, Perhaps Polyphony Would Have Never Left the Church
    11:10
    Section 3: The Renaissance
    The Mass

    20m 34s

    Intro
    0:00
    Let's Go to Church!
    0:22
    The Catholic Church is at the Center of Western Classical Music
    0:30
    Two Types of Masses: Mass Ordinary and Mass Proper
    0:50
    Let's Go to Church!
    1:03
    Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus, Agnes Dei
    1:16
    Mass in the Renaissance
    2:38
    Polyphonic Settings of Complete Mass Ordinary
    2:51
    Chant is Still There
    3:09
    Cantus Firmus: The Chant Line
    3:27
    Masses Organized around the Cantus Firmus
    4:02
    Other Voices Newly Composed
    4:12
    Recall Substitute Clausulae
    4:24
    Three Types of Cyclic Mass
    4:44
    Cantus Firmus Mass
    5:02
    Cants Firmus in the Tenor
    5:13
    Branched Out to Other Voices
    5:52
    Chant Melody Chopped, Sliced, Omitted
    6:07
    Leading Composers: Dufay, Machaut, Dunstable
    6:48
    Motto Mass
    7:28
    Start with Identical Motive at Beginning of Each Motive
    7:47
    Generally Homophonic
    8:19
    Leading Composers: Dufay, Ockeghem
    9:17
    Three Types of Cyclic Mass
    9:45
    Parody Mass Became Most Popular
    9:53
    More Freely Composed
    10:06
    Used Pre-existing Textures from Another Work
    10:13
    Freer Counterpoint and Imitation and Rhythmic Innovation
    11:00
    Imitation: One Voice Mimics Another
    11:10
    Ok, So What's Really Going On?
    12:57
    Composers Were Gaining More Freedom
    13:04
    How Math Played a Role in Innovation
    13:30
    Canons
    13:35
    Inversion
    14:05
    Retrograde
    14:54
    Diminution
    15:32
    Augmentation
    16:31
    Puzzle Canon
    17:06
    Musical Palindromes
    17:30
    Review, Some Important People and Terms
    18:00
    Early Mass: Machaut
    18:18
    Mid Mass: Dufay and Ockeghem
    18:22
    Late Mass: Josquin and Palestrina
    18:28
    Cantus Firmus: Chant Melody Line in Tenor
    18:42
    Imitation: One Voice Mimics Another
    18:52
    Canon: Melody with One or More Imitations
    18:59
    Each Generation of Renaissance Composer Created New Methods to Write Freer Masses
    19:09
    Three Main Types of Cyclic Masses: Cantus Firmus, Motto, Parody
    19:36
    The Madrigal

    18m 51s

    Intro
    0:00
    What in the World is a Madrigal?
    0:08
    Italian Song: Secular Polyphonic Vocal Composition for 2-8 Voices
    0:45
    Developed in 3 Stages Throughout the Renaissance
    1:21
    First Generation
    1:38
    Developed from Frotolla: Homophonic, Rustic, and Popular
    1:44
    Polyphonic Sections Alternate with Chordal, Homophonic Sections
    2:42
    Dissonant Harmonies Appear at Specific Moments in the Text
    3:03
    Primo Libro
    4:15
    Arcadelt 'Il bianco e dolce cigno'
    4:30
    Second Generation
    5:55
    Wider Use of Poetry and More Serious Texts
    6:01
    Experimental Harmonies
    6:26
    Vicentino Wrote a Big Treatise in 1555
    6:54
    Vicentino 'Laura, che 'l verde lauro'
    7:42
    Third Generation
    9:28
    Mannerist
    9:30
    Chose Emotionally Intense Texts to Depict Musically
    9:51
    Voice Crossings
    10:29
    Crazy Rhythms
    11:00
    Sudden Tempo Changes
    11:10
    Text Painting
    11:30
    More Third Generation
    12:39
    Required Skilled Singers and Sophisticated Audiences
    12:52
    Maurenzio 'Solo et pensoso'
    14:00
    Monteverdi (1567-1643)
    15:11
    Review
    17:05
    Madrigals
    17:13
    First Generation
    17:21
    Second Generation
    17:30
    Third Generation
    17:36
    Who is Known as the First Opera Composer?
    17:55
    What is Text Painting?
    18:14
    Instrumental Music

    8m 17s

    Intro
    0:00
    Wait…There Were Instruments Too?
    0:12
    Period Dominated by the Voice
    0:25
    La Familia Gabrieli
    0:35
    Andrea Gabrieli
    0:46
    Giovanni Gabrieli
    0:57
    Andrea Gabrieli
    1:42
    Madrigal Composer, Third Generation
    1:45
    Well-Known Church Organist
    2:07
    Madrigal Became Simpler, More Pastoral, and More Homophonic
    2:30
    Cori Spezzati: Divided Choir
    2:50
    Doubled Some Parts with Instruments
    3:18
    Instruments Then Became Second Choir, Written for Exclusively
    3:31
    Giovanni Gabrieli
    3:44
    Famous Organist and Composer
    3:46
    Sonata pian' e forte (1597): Groundbreaking, First Piece to Use Dynamics, First Piece Written for Just Instruments
    4:21
    Review
    6:19
    Instrumental Music Became Popular Towards the End of the Renaissance
    6:22
    Explosion of Instrumental Music in Baroque
    6:40
    Instruments were Always Around
    6:51
    Classic Composers Started to Write for Them in the Church
    7:08
    Gained Popularity Outside of the Working Class
    7:30
    Section 4: The Baroque Period
    Opera

    14m 5s

    Intro
    0:00
    Hello Divas!
    0:30
    Intense Development of Opera
    0:57
    Started from Monody: Short, Staged Works
    1:50
    Speech Inspired Continuous Song
    2:05
    Continuo: Group Playing Bass Line or Basic Accompaniment
    2:20
    Recitative: Speechlike Reiteration of the Same Note
    2:50
    Used to Tell the Story to the Audience
    3:34
    Let's Go to Venice
    3:49
    Opera Became Popular in Venice (1640)
    3:53
    Opera Houses were Built, 350 Operas Composed in 40 Years
    4:41
    Characteristics
    5:44
    Arias: Diva Solo
    5:54
    Da Capo Aria: Aria with Three Sections
    6:01
    First: Presentation of Music for Voice and Orchestra
    6:06
    Second: Huge Contrast from First Section
    6:16
    Third: Repeat of the First Section with a Twist (Improvisation)
    6:34
    Intended to Show Off the Divas
    7:04
    Singing was Technical and Virtuosic
    7:37
    Opera in France
    7:45
    Lully Popularized Opera in France
    8:07
    Had Rights to Compose Operas from 1673-1687
    8:33
    French Operas were Much Different
    9:23
    Tragedie-Lyrique: Serious Texts
    9:30
    Not Public
    9:41
    More Dramatic
    10:00
    Always Contained an Instrumental Ballet
    10:04
    Opera Seria
    10:12
    Spread throughout Europe in the 1700s
    10:23
    Scarlatti
    10:30
    Italian Overture
    10:39
    Handel
    10:52
    Hasse
    10:54
    Characteristics of Opera Seria
    11:34
    Story Based on History or Legend
    11:36
    No Comedy
    11:42
    Focus on Virtuosic Singer
    12:02
    Recitative Furthers Plot
    12:05
    Aria is for Commentary and Showiness
    12:19
    Review
    12:51
    Started by Monody: Speech Inspired Song
    13:08
    Took Off in Venice
    13:17
    Opera Seria
    13:40
    Concerto

    18m 50s

    Intro
    0:00
    What is a Concerto Grosso? Is it Gross?
    0:52
    Definition Concerto Grosso
    1:15
    Concertino: Small Group of Solo Instruments
    2:00
    Ripieno: Orchestra
    1:33
    Important for Developing Instruments as Stand-Alone Musical Entity
    2:04
    Corelli, Torelli, Vivaldi, Handel, J.S. Bach
    2:18
    Let's Break it Down
    2:43
    Concertino: Solo Group of a Handful of Instruments (Normally Violins, Bass)
    2:47
    Ripieno: Full String Orchestra, Accompanimet
    3:14
    Soloists were Members of the Orchestra
    3:28
    Alternates Between Ripieno and Concertino Sections
    3:41
    Ripieno Sections Often Repeated
    3:54
    Example of Concerto Grosso: Corelli
    4:24
    Ripieno Concerto
    5:49
    No Hierarchy of Soloist and Accompaniment
    6:03
    Very Homophonic
    6:32
    Increased Use of Imitation, Counterpoint, and Canons
    6:51
    Example of Ripieno Concert: Brandenburg Concerto No. 3 by J.S. Bach
    7:49
    Solo Concerto
    9:16
    One Person is the Soloist
    9:31
    At First, Wasn't Popular
    9:55
    Soloist is the Star
    10:16
    Orchestra Serves to Backup the Star
    10:21
    Example of Solo Concerto: Four Seasons by Vivaldi
    10:33
    Vivaldi and Form
    12:32
    Became Known as the Concerto King of 1700s
    12:43
    Developed a Three Movement Structure
    12:58
    First Movement: Fast
    13:39
    Second Movement: Slow
    13:48
    Third Movement: Fast
    13:54
    Soloist: Violin, Flute, Trumpet, Harpsichord, Cello
    14:29
    Well-Known Opera Composer
    14:57
    Used Driving Rhythms
    15:13
    Used Sequences to Extend Phrases
    15:25
    Big Review
    16:13
    Concerto Launched
    16:18
    Concerto Grosso
    16:30
    Ripieno Concerto
    16:44
    Solo Concert
    16:50
    Concerto Grosso: Corelli Influenced by Gabrielli
    16:58
    Ripieno: Bach Influenced by Corelli
    17:13
    Solo: Vivaldi Influenced by Corelli and Opera
    17:19
    It's All Connected
    17:37
    What is a Sequence?
    17:55
    What is the Name of the Solo Group in a Concerto Grosso?
    18:23
    Solo Keyboard Works

    19m 46s

    Intro
    0:00
    Another Lesson NOT on the Voice!
    0:18
    Big Developments in Europe: Money, Courts, Entertainment
    0:30
    Flourish of Activity in Europe
    1:28
    Increased Trade Meant a Cultural Influence
    1:49
    Money Spent on Music Led to More Music
    2:06
    There Wasn't a New Opera Everyday
    2:23
    Concertos were Blooming, but Not Full Concerts
    2:40
    More Intimate Setting for a Soloist led to Solo Keyboard Works
    2:57
    Ready Stop…It's Sonata Time!
    3:20
    Why Do Most People Recognize the Term 'Sonata?'
    3:33
    Sonata is the Most Important Form Development in the History of Western Classical Music
    3:47
    Sonata is Both a Genre and a Form
    4:00
    Sonata Movement of a Symphony
    4:25
    Sonatas
    4:48
    Different Times
    4:49
    Sonata de Camera: Suite of Dances for Two Players and Continuo Performed in Private Concerts
    4:58
    Corelli
    5:36
    Sonata de Chiesa: Collection of Dances in Four Movement Form Used to Fill Space Between Mass Movements
    5:40
    Solo Sonata: Instrumental Piece in Several Movements Designed for a Soloist
    6:17
    Solo Sonata
    6:51
    Imitative Piece in Sections
    6:55
    Changes in Meter and Tempo
    7:01
    Recapitulatory Endings: Summary
    7:08
    Example of Solo Keyboard Sonata: Domenico Scarlatti
    7:39
    Binary Form
    9:12
    Ternary Form
    10:23
    Rounded Binary
    11:09
    YouTube Example of Binary Form
    12:10
    Why is This Important?
    12:34
    Meant a Tight-Knit Structural Form
    12:41
    Presented an Open-Ended Tight-Knit Form
    13:15
    Composer Freedom
    13:50
    Manipulate Musical Parameters, Most Notably Harmony
    14:04
    Large Scale Musical Unity
    14:34
    Sonata Diagram Time!
    14:54
    Exposition, Development, Recapitulation
    16:00
    Review
    16:57
    Solo Keyboard Works Important in Developing the Sonata
    17:00
    Tight-Knit Structure Dominated in a Formulaic Time
    17:09
    Binary, Ternary, Rounded Binary
    17:28
    Exposition, Development, Recapitulation
    17:34
    What Form is This?
    17:45
    Dance Forms

    13m 33s

    Intro
    0:00
    It's Time to Dance
    0:29
    Dance Works, Known as Suites
    0:41
    Importance of Dance Suites
    0:54
    Baroque Period was All About Organization
    1:08
    Suite: Allemande, Courante, Sarabande, Gigue
    1:38
    Back to Bach
    2:06
    Wrote Sonatas and Partitas for Solo Violin
    2:19
    Explored Counterpoint, Harmonic Movement, Rhythmic Motion, Form, Imitation, and Texture
    2:40
    Suites are Short Practice Canvases
    3:27
    Allemande
    4:07
    Moderate Tempo
    4:10
    Duple Meter
    4:16
    Polyphonic Texture
    4:21
    Prelude
    4:24
    Starts on Anacrusis, or Upbeat
    4:35
    Running Patterns
    4:47
    Example of Allemande: Sonata in B Minor
    4:57
    Courante
    6:10
    Binary Form
    6:17
    Triple Form
    6:22
    Quick
    6:30
    Homophonic Texture
    6:33
    Hemiolas (3:2)
    6:42
    Dotted Rhythms to Show Hopping Character of Dance
    6:54
    Example of Courante: Sonata in B Minor
    7:04
    Sarabande
    7:55
    Slow Tempo
    8:03
    Triple Meter
    8:05
    Commences on Down Beat
    8:07
    Originated from 16th Century Latin
    8:15
    Fast Version for Spain, England, and Italy
    8:27
    Slow Version for Germany and France
    8:34
    Example of Sarabande: Sonata in B Minor
    8:41
    Gigue
    9:32
    The Ending
    9:40
    Compound Duple or Triple Meter
    9:44
    Very Quick
    9:49
    Starts on 8th Note Upbeat
    10:00
    Binary Form
    10:09
    Triplets
    10:10
    Wide Melodic Leaps
    10:11
    Imitation
    10:12
    Slower Harmonic Rhythm: How Quickly the Harmonies Change
    10:14
    Example of Gigue: Sonata in B Minor
    10:46
    Review
    11:44
    Why Are the Dance Suite Movements Important?
    11:46
    Miniature Pieces Become Large, Long, and Extremely Detailed Works
    12:04
    Writing Out the Basic Plot for Binary Form
    12:21
    Which Dance Movements are in Two, and Which are in Three?
    12:45
    Section 5: The Classical Period
    Opera

    14m 29s

    Intro
    0:00
    Yay, More Opera!
    0:30
    Opera Seria vs. Opera Buffa
    0:46
    Review of Opera Seria
    0:55
    Da Capo Aria
    1:44
    Recitative Furthered Plot
    3:20
    Where’s the Buffa?
    3:43
    Intermezzo: Between Acts
    4:05
    Characters from Commeda Dell'Arte: Italian Theater with Stock Characters
    4:46
    Where's the Buffa?
    5:39
    Emphasis on the Bass Voice
    5:48
    Unexpected Accents
    6:16
    Quick Tempos
    6:17
    Wide Leaps
    6:19
    Frequent Use of Vocal Ensemble
    6:22
    Example: Pergolesi's La Serva de Padrona (1733)
    6:55
    Became So Popular, The Intermezzo Toured On Its Own
    7:59
    Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
    8:22
    Child Prodigy Gone Bad
    8:35
    Composed In All Forms and All Genres
    9:21
    Redefined Opera Buffa As Its Own Category
    9:37
    The Marriage of Figaro, The Magic Flute, Don Giovanni
    9:48
    Example: The Marriage of Figaro
    10:00
    Simpler Melodies
    11:18
    Formulaic Structures
    11:36
    Emphasis on the Connection of Voice and Text
    11:38
    Stories Never Stalled
    11:57
    Replaced Stock Characters with More Psychologically In-Depth Characters
    12:12
    Review
    12:38
    Development of Opera Continued Into Romantic Period
    12:59
    Rossini Took Over From Mozart (William Tell, Barber of Seville)
    12:07
    Audiences Liked Intermezzos More than the Opera Seria
    13:42
    Transformed into Opera Buffa
    13:53
    Symphony

    14m 32s

    Intro
    0:00
    The Symphony
    0:08
    Later Developing, 1700s
    0:20
    Italian Overture from Opera
    0:26
    Concerto Grosso, Solo Sonata
    0:51
    4 Movements
    1:18
    Tonally Connected
    1:43
    Classical Symphony: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
    2:20
    Symphony Four Movement Structure
    3:34
    Writing Out the Four Movements of a Symphony
    3:46
    First Movement
    4:02
    Second Movement
    4:15
    Third Movement
    4:42
    Fourth Movement
    4:45
    High Time for Some Haydn
    5:48
    Father of the Symphony, Wrote 104 Symphonies
    6:02
    High-Quality Pieces of Historical Significance
    6:24
    Used Moderately Sized Orchestra
    6:47
    Inserted Minuet and Trio as the Third Movement: Playful
    7:04
    Ludvig Van Beethoven
    7:47
    1770-1827
    8:05
    Tortured Genius
    8:11
    Both Classical and Romantic Composer, Launched the Romantic Era
    8:42
    Revolutionized Harmony by Obsessing Over Motives
    9:09
    New Era for Composition
    10:10
    First Freelancing Musician Who Sold His Scores
    10:38
    Took Composing to a New Level
    11:14
    Motives
    11:19
    Motives
    11:22
    A Seed
    11:25
    Beethoven Wrote What He Wanted
    12:01
    Piece Organized Around a Musical Idea, and the Piece Develops
    12:09
    Beethoven Expanded the Orchestra
    12:34
    Review
    12:51
    Symphony Came a Long Way in a Short Amount of Time
    13:03
    The Big Three: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
    13:20
    Haydn Backed Up to the Baroque
    13:32
    Mozart Was Solely Classical
    13:35
    Beethoven Backed Into the Romantic
    13:37
    Form Variation

    15m 58s

    Intro
    0:00
    Let's Review Form
    0:27
    Form is the Structure of the Piece
    0:33
    Form is the Organization
    0:40
    How to Get From A to B to C and So On
    0:44
    Classical Period Marked A Time for Form Variants
    1:11
    Classical Composers Start to Get Clever with Form
    1:55
    Sonata-Rondo
    2:07
    We Know About a Sonata
    2:22
    Rondo is ABA or ABACA or ABACADA
    2:50
    A is the Refrain, Other Letters are New Thematic Material
    3:35
    Sonata-Rondo: Exposition, Development, Recapitulation
    3:56
    Minuet and Trio
    6:14
    Minuet: Refers to the Original Dance
    6:25
    Trio: Refers to the Three Instruments That Accompany a Second Part of a Dance
    6:48
    Trio Became the Third Movement in a Symphony or String Quartet
    7:20
    Moderate Tempo in Triple Meter
    7:52
    Form: ABA, With B Being the Trio
    8:16
    Third Movement Often Least Complex
    8:31
    Theme and Variations
    8:55
    Initial Theme That Gets Varied
    9:08
    Originally Used to Improvise for audiences
    10:08
    How Are These Themes Varied?
    10:37
    Musical Parameters
    10:44
    Scherzo
    11:12
    Scherzo Means Joke
    11:21
    Scherzo Became Another Variation of the Third Movement
    11:50
    Faster Than a Minuet, In Three, In Ternary or Rounded Binary Form
    12:09
    Very Light and Playful
    12:19
    Why is This Important?
    12:40
    Composers Have Experimented with Parameters, But Not Form
    12:55
    Form is Steeped in Tradition, So It Changes Gradually
    13:12
    Changes in Form Give Composers More Freedom
    13:59
    Review
    14:52
    Many Different Formal Variations with Basic Plot
    14:56
    Sonata-Rondo, Theme and Variations, Minuet and Trio, Scherzo
    15:07
    More Composer Freedom
    15:41
    Expression, Emotion, Story
    15:48
    Concert/Solo Instrumental Works

    14m 8s

    Intro
    0:00
    Solo Concert
    0:22
    Similar to Baroque, But With More Development
    0:28
    More Instruments and More Variation, Unlike Baroque
    1:03
    Decline of Concerto Grosso
    2:05
    Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
    2:30
    Very Similar to Styles of Symphony
    2:45
    Solo Works
    2:58
    Sonata in Every Instrument
    3:00
    Became the 'It' Form
    3:22
    Decline of the Dance Suite
    3:30
    Rise of Chamber Music
    4:02
    Chamber Music: Anything with More than One Performer (Duo, Trio, Quartet, Etc.)
    4:10
    So Why is Chamber Music Important?
    4:43
    Keep In Mind the Intense Musical Development From Polyphony
    4:49
    Larger-Scale Works
    5:15
    Smaller Works Allow for More Exploration of Tone, Timbre, Texture, and Orchestration
    5:22
    Rumored that Beethoven 5 Motive was Used in Other Works as a Tryout
    6:27
    Like Picasso Sketches
    6:59
    Examples
    7:25
    Mozart Quintet (5) for Clarinet and String Quartet
    7:34
    Combines String Quartet with Solo Writing
    8:02
    Haydn Trio for Flute, Cello, and Piano
    8:31
    Listen to Examples
    10:04
    Haydn: Sounds Like a Symphony
    10:22
    Beethoven: Sounds Like Experiments
    10:55
    Mozart: Seeks Performative Balance
    11:14
    Review
    11:59
    Concerto Continued in Its Development
    12:03
    Solo Writing Continued in Development
    12:24
    Chamber Music Slowly Took Off
    12:36
    Similar to the Need in Baroque for More Intimate Concert Settings
    12:52
    Gave Composers an Outlet for Experimenting
    13:32
    Section 6: The Romantic Period
    Programmatic Music

    18m 51s

    Intro
    0:00
    They Call it Romantic for a Reason
    0:29
    Finally Getting Some Emotion
    0:36
    Programmatic Music: Narrative or Descriptive Content that Attempts to Represent Extra-Musical Concepts without Text
    0:58
    Uses Referential Elements or References to the World Outside of the Composition
    1:16
    Franz Liszt Coined the term, But It Originated with Beethoven
    2:06
    Beethoven's Pastoral Symphony Was an Expression of His Feelings
    2:14
    Music Governed by a Poetic Idea
    2:48
    So Why All of a Sudden?
    2:57
    Arts were Becoming Unified Across Europe
    3:06
    Particularly the Rise of the Narrative
    3:38
    Composers Found They Wanted to Tell Stories Through Music Without Text
    3:46
    Descriptive, Narrative, Evocative
    3:57
    Used Titles, Instruments, Imitation, Harmony, and Text Painting
    4:23
    Berlioz
    6:37
    Symphony Fantastique: 1830
    7:04
    Narrative Work Associated with a Text
    7:10
    Subtitled: An Episode in the Life of an Artist
    7:15
    Provided an Autobiographical Program at the Work's Premiere, Considering the text an Essential Part of the Work
    7:38
    Idee Fixe: Represented the Motive That Appears Throughout the Piece
    8:05
    Listening to Symphony Fantastique
    9:02
    Liszt and Wagner
    11:38
    Liszt Invented the Symphonic Poem: One-Movement Piece for a Symphony Orchestra
    12:13
    Wagner: Opera
    12:40
    Wagner Came Up With the Leitmotif
    12:56
    Leitmotif: Using Music Material to Represent People, Places, Events, Emotions, Etc.
    13:09
    Some Famous Leitmotifs Through the Ages
    14:01
    Think TV, Film, Advertising That Make You Think of Something
    14:17
    Review
    17:13
    Programmatic Music
    17:15
    Began to Dominate Classical Music and Still Does Today
    17:25
    Telling a Story Through Music Without Text
    17:48
    Very Emotional, Vivid, Imagery
    17:52
    Gave Composers Yet Another Outlet for Experimenting
    17:57
    Eventually Became a Battle Between Absolute and Program Music
    18:08
    Symphony

    13m 47s

    Intro
    0:00
    Que Romantica!
    0:13
    The Romantic Symphony Started Around Beethoven's 5th
    0:18
    Symphony Criticized for Lacking Emotion and Meaning
    0:50
    Opposite is True in Romantic
    1:23
    Instrumental Music Closer to Pure Emotion Because No Text
    2:06
    Every Composer Had to Compose a Symphony as a Rite of Passage
    2:11
    Symphony Characteristics
    2:28
    Stayed Remarkably Intact Into the 20th Century
    2:39
    3, 4, or 5 Movements
    2:53
    Movement 1: An Extended Opening Movement in Sonata Form
    2:58
    Movement 2: A Lyrical Slow Movement In Sonata Form, ABA, or Theme and Variations
    3:05
    Movement 3: A Dance-Inspired Scherzo Movement, Usually in Triple Meter
    3:13
    Movement 4: A Fast Finale
    3:18
    Beethoven's Heroic Decade
    3:47
    Heiligenstadt Testament: Letter to Brother
    3:56
    Beethoven Saw Art as Redemption
    5:00
    Then Came the 9th
    5:18
    Symphony 9 (1823): 'Ode to Joy'
    5:28
    Redefined the Symphony as More Than a Musical Entertainment
    5:51
    Curse of the 9th
    6:46
    First Symphony to Have a Chorus
    6:53
    Listening to 'Ode to Joy'
    7:06
    Completely Unified Themes Throughout Movements
    7:37
    Monumental Themes
    7:47
    Created a Crisis for Future Generations
    8:06
    First Time that New Composers were Competing with the Past
    8:15
    Romantic Composers
    9:13
    Mendelssohn Threw Away 3 Complete Symphonies
    9:18
    Schubert Got Sick and Died Writing His 9th
    9:28
    Brahms was Anti-Program, Reinvented In Other Ways
    9:57
    Berlioz First Real Competitor
    10:19
    Mahler Wrote a Symphony for 1000 People
    10:34
    Wagner said Beethoven's 9th was the Pinnacle
    11:07
    One Reason for Rise of Symphonic Poem
    11:34
    Review
    11:52
    Beethoven Ruled the Symphony
    11:58
    Beethoven's Symphonies are Still the Models Composers Aspire to Achieve
    12:36
    Innovative Harmonies, Monumental Orchestration, Grandiose Form, Fully-Unified Theme
    12:41
    Debate Loomed Between Absolute and Program Music
    12:54
    Enter the Symphonic Poem for Something Completely Different
    13:14
    Concerto

    12m 36s

    Intro
    0:00
    Solo Concerto
    0:15
    Started in the Baroque, Virtuosity is Back
    0:33
    Imagine a Concerto
    0:58
    Romantic Concerto
    1:20
    Begins with Beethoven
    1:32
    Attempt to Mimic the Symphony Sound by One Person
    1:46
    Very Difficult Pieces
    2:10
    Let’s Talk Liszt…Again
    2:32
    Known as Playboy Rock Star
    2:41
    His Importance is Vital for Performance Aspect of Western Classical Music
    2:53
    Solo Recital
    4:18
    Transcribed Symphonies for Solo Piano
    4:32
    Friends with Paganini and Saint Seans: Both Composers and Instrumental Virtuosos
    4:58
    Piano Concerto
    5:42
    Liszt Started It
    5:48
    Beethoven Wrote 5
    6:01
    Beethoven, Liszt, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Grieg, Mendelssohn, Chopin
    6:14
    Beethoven is Not the Only Freelancing Musician Anymore
    6:47
    What Was Happening Musically?
    7:11
    Longer Forms with Combined Movements
    7:20
    Greater Emphasis on Rhythm
    7:50
    Texture to the Extreme
    8:11
    Still Have Romantic Melodies, More Attention to Harmonic Exploration
    8:52
    Develop a Greater Intensity
    9:05
    Example
    9:20
    Review
    9:52
    Virtuosity
    10:01
    Composers Who Performed Composed Concertos For Themselves
    10:14
    Increase in Need for Better Educated, Performing Musicians
    10:54
    Conservatories Became Bigger
    10:59
    Romantic Concerto Combined Elements of Symphony, Tone Poem, and Solo Works
    11:48
    Very Memorable Works That Are Still Standards
    11:56
    Lieder & Miniatures

    16m 27s

    Intro
    0:00
    What In The World Are These?!
    0:40
    Lieder = Songs or Song Cycles
    0:44
    Miniatures = Short, Self-Contained Works
    1:06
    Why Short Pieces?
    1:28
    Wagner's Opera Cycle, Mahler's Symphony, Concertos
    1:36
    We All Need a Mental Break
    2:10
    Opportunity for Short, More Experimental Pieces
    2:14
    Lieder
    2:39
    Songs or Song Cycles (Collection of Songs)
    2:41
    Sung in Operatic Style, But Not an Opera
    3:05
    Features Singers, But Not Divas
    3:24
    More of an Art Song
    3:42
    Always Had Piano Accompaniment
    4:16
    Very Challenging Works Mentally and Physically
    4:19
    Schubert
    5:20
    Franz Schubert (1797-1828)
    5:25
    A Romantic and Programmatic Composer
    5:41
    Wrote Over 600 Lieder
    5:53
    Song Cycles were Unified and Deceitfully Difficult
    6:13
    Musically
    7:02
    Difficulty Modulations
    7:07
    Strophic Forms Around Text
    7:49
    Sets Poems
    7:54
    Song Sections Alternated with Declamatory Song
    7:57
    Dramatic Text
    8:31
    Piano Centered On Text, Set Mood
    8:36
    Example
    9:30
    Piano Miniatures
    10:01
    Not Large Works
    10:05
    Often Shorter in Length, But Not in Scope
    10:24
    Schumann and Chopin as Examples
    10:37
    Very Programmatic and Nationalistic
    10:40
    Musically Experimental, Especially Harmony
    11:38
    Written by Virtuosos for Virtuosos
    11:53
    Extremely Difficult
    11:59
    Nocturne, Mazurka, Polonaise
    12:04
    Strong Forms, Hard Rhythms, Thick Textures
    12:09
    Why Important/Review
    12:37
    Example: Chopin
    12:43
    Lieder and Miniatures Were Essential for Experimental, Eventually Leading to 20th Century
    14:23
    Lieder: Simple in Some Ways, But Deeply Evocative and Expressionistic
    14:43
    Miniatures: Paved Way for Major Dissonance and Extreme Use of Musical Parameters
    14:57
    Symphonic Poem

    11m 50s

    Intro
    0:00
    What is a Symphonic Poem?
    0:10
    Term Coined by Franz Liszt
    0:16
    Programmatic Piece in One Movement, but for an Entire Symphony Orchestra
    0:31
    Who is Liszt?
    0:55
    The First Rock Star of Classical Music
    1:33
    Important Figure for Both Solo and Orchestral Works
    1:44
    Had to Perform to the Side Because He was Too Handsome
    1:58
    Why Symphonic Poems?
    2:08
    Remember the Composers Competing With Beethoven's Symphony Legacy?
    2:16
    Now They Didn't Have To
    2:45
    Russia
    3:09
    A Slew of Prominent Russian Composers Loved the Symphonic Poem: Tchaikowsky, Mussorgsky, Rimsky-Korsakov
    3:20
    Wrote Symphonic Poems Centered on Narrative (Highly National in its Context)
    4:02
    100% Romantic
    5:10
    Grandiose Themes, Tight Forms, Memorable Melodies, Fast and Driving Rhythms, Dense Textures, Lush Orchestration, Wide Dynamics
    5:26
    1812 Overture by Tchaikovsky
    6:13
    1812 is the Epitome of Grandiose (Festival Overture)
    6:35
    Has Acapella Choir, Brass Fanfare, Cannons, Ringing Chimes
    6:47
    Leitmotifs Representing Armies
    7:35
    Example: 1812 Overture
    7:57
    Review
    10:40
    Symphonic Poem, Tone Poem, Festive Overture was Dripping with Romanticism
    10:47
    Coined by Liszt
    11:04
    Contained Leitmotifs
    11:09
    Paralleled a Story, Text, Poem
    11:12
    Imagery, Nationalism, Pride
    11:17
    Became Popular Because It was not a Symphony
    11:27
    Section 7: The 20th Century
    Impressionism & Expressionism

    13m 55s

    Intro
    0:00
    Impressionism
    0:35
    Known As An Art Movement (Monet)
    0:50
    Hazy, Looking Different Up Close As They Do Far Away
    1:18
    Attempted in Music Most Notably by Claude Debussy
    1:31
    Debussy: Wrote Every Style, Major Composer of 20th Century
    1:50
    Paris World Fair
    2:25
    Debussy
    2:50
    Both a Romantic and 20th Century Composer
    2:54
    Also Interested in Evening the Tonal Playing Field
    3:07
    Did It Through Unique Scales Influenced by Far East
    3:25
    Whole Tone, Pentatonic, Octatonic
    3:34
    Modes: Ionian, Dorian, Phyrigian, Lydian, Mixolydian, Aeolian, Locrian
    4:58
    What Does This Do? Obscures the Tonic, Makes It Hazy
    6:00
    Example
    6:37
    Expressionism
    7:20
    Really Heavy Stuff
    7:31
    Schoenberg, Berg (Wozzeck)
    7:50
    Example
    8:05
    Richard Strauss
    8:52
    Wagner Continued Tradition to Huge Romantic Levels
    9:04
    Strauss Took It and Ran Into Psychoanalytical Analysis
    9:34
    Salome and Elektra
    9:43
    Meant to Express the Subconscious
    10:00
    Major Dissonance
    10:40
    Salome Dances with the Head of John the Baptist Before She Gets Killed
    10:58
    Very Programmatic
    11:22
    Lush Orchestration, Timbres
    11:27
    Music to Make You Think, Feel and Express
    11:32
    Example: Final Scene of Salome
    11:42
    Review
    12:20
    Many Different -isms
    12:29
    Impressionism and Expressionism Paralleled Art Movements of the Time
    12:47
    Debussy: Impressionism through Blurring Lines of Tonality
    13:03
    Expressionism: Extra Attention to Text and Desire to Look Within Self
    13:20
    Sets Scene for Second Viennese School and Serialism
    13:33
    Serialism

    17m 37s

    Intro
    0:00
    Oh Boy, Here We Go!
    0:10
    Don't Let Serialism Intimidate You
    0:22
    End of the 19th Century = Opera Experimentation
    0:58
    Wagner Pushed Into Extreme Tonality and Harmonic Shifts
    1:25
    Debussy Started with Impressionism and Used Different Scale Sets
    2:00
    Schoenberg and Others Delved into Expressionism
    2:16
    Arnold Schoenberg (1874-1951)
    2:21
    Pivotal Figure to Say the Least
    2:43
    Also Known as Philosopher and Writer
    3:00
    Romantic Composer Who Liked to Experiment
    3:37
    Austrian Composer/Theorist
    3:42
    Moved to California in 1931 to UCLA
    3:53
    Extreme Figure in Music History
    4:07
    Emancipated Dissonance
    4:32
    Emancipation of Dissonance
    4:44
    Misleading topic
    4:48
    Serialism and Atonality Not the Same Thing
    5:02
    Serialism is Twelve-Tone
    5:18
    Atonality Has No Tonal Center
    5:25
    Started with Motives to the Extreme
    5:51
    Started with Trichords (3-Notes) and Hexachords (6-Notes)
    6:02
    Experimented with Free Atonality and Landed in Serialism
    6:44
    Example of Free Atonality
    6:51
    12 Tone Row
    7:20
    12-Tone Row
    7:30
    12 Notes in Chromatic Scale
    7:34
    System of Ordering so that a Note is Not Repeated Until Each Note has been Heard Once
    7:52
    Creates Equal System of Note Hierarchy
    9:01
    No Leading Tone
    9:18
    Absence of Leading Tone Presents the Option of No Tonality
    9:21
    Gives Composer Complete Control
    10:14
    Result: Mathematical Stuff That Can Be Hard to Hear
    11:06
    Second Viennese School
    11:21
    Schoenberg: Leader of Second Viennese School
    11:23
    Other Members of the Big 3: Berg, Webern
    11:35
    Berg: More Lyrical; Webern: More Pointillistic
    12:00
    Schoenberg: More of a Theorist/Philosopher
    13:36
    Example: Pierrot Lunaire
    12:30
    Why Important/Review
    14:38
    12-Tone Music Dominated Music for Most of 20th Century
    14:46
    Only Recently Known as Compositional Tool Rather than a Style
    15:06
    Schoenberg Came Up with the Idea of Flattening the Tonal Playing Field
    15:39
    Each Note is the Same As Another in 12-Tone Music
    15:44
    Extreme Way of Compositional Control Taken Further by Other Composers
    15:55
    Harsh Reactions from Audiences and Composers
    16:30
    Primitivism

    19m 56s

    Intro
    0:00
    What?!
    0:08
    The Rite of Spring by Igor Stravinsky
    0:32
    Possibly the Most Important Singular Work in Western Music History
    1:11
    Igor Stravinsky (1882-1961)
    1:49
    Russian Composer, Lived in Paris, Moved to U.S.
    1:57
    Wrote Everything
    2:40
    Launched to Fame in Paris with Three Ballets: Firebird (1910), Petrushka (1911), Rite of Spring (1913)
    3:06
    Rite of Spring (1913)
    3:43
    Stravinsky Emancipated Rhythm
    4:23
    Rite of Spring is a Ballet by Diaghilev and Najinsky
    4:43
    Complex Rhythms, Crazy Meters, Timbres, and Dissonance
    5:48
    Polytonality and Polyrhythms
    5:57
    Primitive Aspect of Ballet and Story
    6:44
    Historical Rites, Sacrifices, and Fertility
    6:57
    Rite of Spring
    7:44
    Premiered in 1913 and the Audience Rioted
    7:55
    Example: Rite of Spring
    9:40
    Melody
    10:36
    Melody: Bassoon
    13:29
    Harmony: Polytonality
    13:38
    Form: A Ballet in Two Parts
    13:46
    Tone: Harsh, Instrumental Extremes
    13:55
    Meter: Mixed Meter
    14:21
    Dynamics: Wide and Varied
    14:45
    Texture: Quick Changes
    14:52
    Rhythm!
    15:12
    Polyrhythms (3:2, 4:3, etc.)
    15:20
    Duplets, Triplets, Quintuplets, Sextuplets, etc.
    16:03
    Why Important/Review
    17:09
    Launched the 20th Century as Age of Exploration
    17:36
    Blew the Lid Off Rhythm and Meter Development
    17:44
    Orchestration was Off the Hook
    18:08
    Still One of the Most Recorded and Performed Works
    18:18
    Audience Rioted
    18:56
    Has Influenced Scores of Composers and Artists
    19:05
    One of the Most Written-About Works
    19:15
    Dixieland, Blues, Jazz

    18m 43s

    Intro
    0:00
    Now for Something Completely Different!
    1:01
    Dixieland to Blues to Jazz to Rock
    1:15
    All Linked Through Post-Civil War America and Chicago World Fair 1893
    2:05
    The Fair Changed Everything
    2:34
    Civil War Lesson on Geography
    3:03
    We Know About This Time Period in American History, but Maybe Not in Music
    5:22
    Dixieland
    5:39
    Slave Spirituals, Musical Accompaniment, and Entertainment
    5:40
    Dixieland from South (New Orleans), Down the Mississippi
    5:45
    Louis Armstrong
    5:50
    Musically: Bass Line, Hopping Harmony, Soloist (Trumpet Plays Main Line), Rhythm Section that Improvises
    6:33
    Polyphonic Setting Around a Theme and Variations
    7:11
    Example 1
    7:30
    Example 2: Oh When the Saints
    8:22
    Blues
    8:48
    Another Style from the Turn of the Century
    8:50
    Very Influential for Rock 'n' Roll
    8:55
    Each Style in the South had Unique Style and Sound
    9:28
    Centered on Form: 12 Bar Blues
    9:53
    Simple Form, Simple Instrumentation, Heavy Backbeat
    11:09
    Lyrics Were Very Important, About Real Life
    11:32
    Also Used Blues Scale: C, E Flat, F, F#, G, B Flat, C
    11:40
    Jazz
    12:53
    Encompasses So Much Music
    13:00
    Jazz Band
    13:07
    Instrumentation from Big Band to Combo
    13:11
    Horns, Rhythm Section
    13:20
    Musically: Blues Notes, Polyphony, Improvisation, Syncopation, Swung Note
    13:33
    Important People
    15:02
    Duke Ellington, Art Blakey, Charlie Parker, Miles Davis, Ornette Coleman, etc.
    15:08
    Example
    15:47
    Why Is This Important? Pop Culture!
    16:05
    Jazz Influenced Everything from Classical, TV, Film, and Rock
    16:11
    More/Review
    16:40
    Dixieland, Blues, Jazz Came from the South
    16:44
    Origins in Slave Spirituals Used During Work and for Entertainment
    16:47
    Came to Chicago During the World Fair
    16:55
    Spread Through the South and Eventually North Through Jazz Bands
    17:21
    Big Band Culture and Fever Swept the North in 20s and 30s, Setting Stage for Pop Culture Influence
    17:29
    Post-War Influence: A Need for Far-Reaching Music to The Masses
    18:17
    Enter Rock 'n' Roll
    18:28
    Later 20th Century

    15m 6s

    Intro
    0:00
    Wait…There's Still Classical Music!
    0:36
    Classical Music Continues
    0:46
    John Cage and Aleatory
    2:00
    Chance Music
    2:13
    Based on I-Ching
    2:25
    4'33''
    3:25
    Restructuring the Ear: Hearing Things in Different Ways
    3:34
    Steve Reich and Minimalism
    4:35
    System of Repeated Cells with Change Over Time
    4:42
    Example: Clapping Music
    5:51
    Rock
    6:58
    Rock 'n' Roll: Product of Times
    7:01
    History is Important in Development
    7:13
    Post-WWII America and Britain
    7:16
    Rise of the Middle Class
    7:31
    Rock Was For the Masses
    7:50
    Not Necessarily Anti-Establishment (Beatles)
    8:33
    Song-Writing Changed to Fit the Needs of Pop Culture
    9:09
    Shorter Songs, Easy Melodies, Digestible Harmonies, Simple Rhythms, Relatable Subject Matter
    9:14
    Cage and Reich Influenced Rock
    10:08
    John Cage Met Yoko Ono
    10:20
    Ono Married John Lennon
    10:26
    Cage and Lennon Were Friends
    10:31
    Reich Worked with Andy Warhol
    10:55
    Andy Warhol was Friends with David Bowie, Phillip Glass, the Ramones, Talking Heads, DJ Dangermouse
    10:58
    Cage and Reich were Influenced by Stravinsky
    11:40
    Stravinsky was Influenced by Beethoven, Beethoven by Mozart…All the Way Back!
    11:53
    That's Funny!
    12:11
    Artists of Today Influenced by Artists of Yesterday
    12:17
    More Communication Between Cultures
    12:34
    Ability to Write in Any Style From Any Time Period
    12:38
    New Genres? New Time Periods? What's to Come?
    12:39
    We're Still Just Experimenting with Organized Sound
    13:51
    Wrap Up
    14:16
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