Vertebrates, Life Science

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Vertebrates

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

I. Classification
	Characteristics of Life	16:39
	Classifying Living Things	23:05
II. Plants
	Plant Classification	24:09
	Seedless Plants	25:37
	Seed Plants	23:30
	Plant Reproduction	40:40
	Photosynthesis & Respiration	26:20
	Plant Responses	17:05
III. Animals
	Animal Classification	16:27
	Invertebrates	8:17
	Sponges	14:39
	Cnidarians	19:32
	Mollusks	17:36
	Worms	29:48
	Arthropods	14:18
	Echinoderms	13:49
	Vertebrates	19:29
	Fish	24:02
	Amphibians	13:51
	Reptiles	16:37
	Birds	17:24
	Mammals	22:27
	Animal Behavior	19:28
	Bacteria	22:41
	Protists	12:08
	Fungi	11:24
IV. Cell Biology
	History of the Cells	15:54
	Cell Structure and Functions	26:33
	Cellular Transport	25:31
	Cell Division & Mitosis	22:45
	Viruses	21:43
V. Genetics
	Genetics	46:32
VI. Evolution
	Evolution	23:30
VII. Ecology
	Ecology	13:52

Life Science (Middle School)

I. Classification
	Characteristics of Life			16:39
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:10
			Objectives	0:11
		5 Characteristics of Life		0:27
			Grow, Reproduce, Adapt, Cells, and Energy	0:28
		Growth and Development		1:38
			Growth and Development	1:39
			Life Span	2:44
		Reproduction		2:55
			Reproduction	2:56
		Adapt and Respond		3:29
			Adaptation	3:30
			Organisms Respond to Stimuli	3:54
			Definition of Stimuli	5:25
			Homeostasis	5:58
			Adapt to Environment	7:38
		Cells		8:09
			Organisms and Cells	8:10
			One-celled Organisms and Many-celled Organisms	8:27
		Energy		10:12
			Organisms and Energy	10:13
			Energy Sources	10:39
		Example 1: Name the 5 Characteristics of Life		12:02
		Example 2: What is Homeostasis?		12:58
		Example 3: How Do Living Things Get Energy?		13:52
		Example 4: Living or Nonliving?		14:24
	Classifying Living Things			23:05
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		Taxonomy		0:26
			Taxonomy	0:27
			Taxonomist	1:28
			Carolus Linnaeus	1:47
		Rules of Taxonomy		2:03
			Rules of Taxonomy	2:04
		Kingdoms and Domains		3:17
			6 Kingdoms	3:53
			3 Domains	4:13
		Levels of Taxonomy		5:11
			Levels of Taxonomy	5:12
		Naming Organisms		8:40
			Common Names	8:41
			Scientific Names	10:03
		Plants		11:37
			Plants Overview	11:38
		Animals		13:50
			Animals Overview	13:51
		Fungi		14:50
			Fungi Overview	14:51
		Eubacteria/Archaebacteria		15:40
			Eubacteria/Archaebacteria Overview	15:41
		Protists		18:49
			Protists Overview	18:50
		Example 1: What are the 3 Domains?		20:11
		Example 2: What are the 6 Kingdoms?		20:56
		Example 3: What are the Levels of Taxonomy		21:38
		Example 4: Identifying Kingdom		22:26
II. Plants
	Plant Classification			24:09
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:09
			Objectives	0:10
		Why Study Plants?		0:33
			Botany	0:34
			Usages of Plants	1:15
		Plant Characteristics		1:56
			Multicellular	1:57
			Eukaryotes	2:27
			Cell Wall	3:18
			Need Water	4:31
			Photosynthesis	4:55
		Plant Origins		6:40
			Common Ancestor: Green Algae	6:41
			Adaptations to Land	8:04
		Plant Classification		10:44
			Kingdom: Divisions/Phyla	10:45
			Based on Physical Characteristics	12:07
			Evolution of Plants	13:10
		Life Cycles		14:16
			Annuals	14:17
			Biennials	14:30
			Perennials	14:41
		Nonvascular Plants		15:01
			Characteristics of Nonvascular Plants	15:02
		Vascular Plants		18:22
			Tubes Transport Food and Water in Stem, Leaves, and Roots	18:23
			3 Types of Vascular Tissue: Xylem	19:19
			3 Types of Vascular Tissue: Phloem	20:10
			3 Types of Vascular Tissue: Cambium	20:46
		Example 1: Identify the Type of Vascular Tissue that Transport Food Throughout the Plant		21:19
		Example 2: The Plant Kingdom is Classified into Groups Called?		21:56
		Example 3: Name Two Adaptations that Allow Plants to Survive on Land		22:29
		Example 4: Name Two Characteristics that All Plants Share		23:15
	Seedless Plants			25:37
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:09
			Objectives	0:10
		Plant Classification		0:36
			Vascular and Nonvascular	0:37
			Vascular-Seed or Seedless	1:44
			All Nonvascular- Seedless Only	1:54
		What is a Bryophyte?		2:51
			Seedless, Nonvascular Plants	2:52
			Use Spores Instead of Seeds	3:50
			3 Groups: Mosses, Liverworts, Hornworts	4:44
		Where do Bryophytes Grow?		4:56
			Water and Diffusion	4:57
		Why are Bryophytes Important?		6:36
			Maintain Healthy Ecology	6:37
			Soil Builders	7:15
			Store Water	7:50
		Mosses		8:38
			Mosses	8:39
		Liverworts		10:04
			Liverworts	10:05
		Hornworts		11:19
			Hornworts	11:20
		What are Pteridophytes?		11:57
			What are Pteridophytes?	11:58
		Ferns		13:38
			Characteristics of Ferns	13:39
		Club Mosses		16:04
			Club Mosses	16:05
		Horsetails		17:39
			Horsetails	17:40
		Example 1: Name One Similarity and One Difference Between Bryophytes and Pteridophytes		20:24
		Example 2: What Does the Fossil Record Tell Us About Seedless Plants Living Millions of Years Ago?		22:49
		Example 3: How Do Nonvascular Plants Get Water and Nutrients?		23:52
		Example 4: Identify the Plant in the Pictures Below		24:14
	Seed Plants			23:30
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		Seed Plant Characteristics		0:29
			Seed Plant Characteristics	0:30
			2 Groups: Non-flowering or Flowering	1:52
		Leaves		2:18
			Photosynthesis	2:19
			Layers of Cells - Epidermis	4:37
			Waxy Cuticle	6:36
			Chloroplasts	7:06
		Leaves		7:57
			Diagrams: Structures and Functions	7:58
		Stems		10:00
			Stems	10:01
			2 Types: Herbaceous or Woody	10:33
		Roots		11:13
			Roots	11:14
		Gymnosperms		12:55
			Gymnosperms	12:56
			Divisions: Conifers	14:02
			Divisions: Cycads	14:20
			Divisions: Ginkgoes	14:29
			Divisions: Gnetophytes	14:37
		Angiosperms		14:54
			Angiosperms	14:55
			Groups: Monocots and Dicots	15:57
		Example 1: Is an Apple Tree a Gymnosperm or an Angiosperm?		20:26
		Example 2: Is a Flower with 5 Petals a Monocot or a Dicot?		21:27
		Example 3: Name Two Root Functions		22:02
		Example 4: In What Part of the Leaf Does Photosynthesis Occur?		22:48
	Plant Reproduction			40:40
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		Life Cycle of Plants		0:36
			How Does Plant Life Begin?	0:37
		Asexual Reproduction		2:40
			Asexual Reproduction	2:41
		Sexual Reproduction		5:27
			Fertilization	5:28
		Spores		8:01
			Spores	8:02
		Mosses		9:27
			Gametophyte Phase	9:28
			Sporophyte Phase	10:53
		Ferns		12:34
			Two-part Life Cycle: First Generation	12:35
			Two-part Life Cycle: Second Generation	13:18
		Ferns		14:20
			Phases of Life Cycle	14:21
		Conifers and their Cones		16:39
			Fertilization of Male and Female Cones	16:40
			Diagram Example	18:24
		Seeds		19:28
			Germination & Conditions	19:29
		Angiosperms		21:46
			Flowers	21:47
			Self-pollination	22:30
			Cross-pollination	22:52
		Parts of a Flower		23:49
			Petals	23:50
			Sepals	24:32
			Nectary	25:00
			Stamen & Carpel	25:12
		Sepals		25:56
			Sepals	25:57
		Nectary		27:03
			Nectary	27:04
		Male Structures		28:24
			Stamen Overview	28:25
			Three Parts of Stamen: Pollen, Anther, and Filament	29:03
		Female Structures		29:52
			Carpel	29:53
			Stigma	30:28
			Style	30:44
			Ovary	31:07
		Pollination Process		31:19
			Pollination Process	31:20
			Fertilization	31:57
			After Fertilization	32:24
		Example 1: How Can You Grow Plants Without Using Seeds?		33:23
		Example 2: List Two Ways Seeds are Different from Spores?		34:08
		Example 3: During Pollination, Pollen Grains are Transferred from Where to Where?		35:25
		Example 4: Label the Parts of a Flower		37:37
	Photosynthesis & Respiration			26:20
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		What do Plants Need?		0:23
			Water, Sunlight, Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nutrients	0:24
			Leaves and Roots	2:17
		Leaves		4:00
			Structures and Functions	4:01
		Stomata		6:11
			Guard Cells	6:12
			Open Stomata - Daytime	7:14
			Closed Stomata - Nighttime	8:12
		What is Photosynthesis?		9:10
			Photosynthesis Overview	9:11
		Respiration		13:21
			Respiration Overview	13:22
			Aerobic vs. Anaerobic Respiration	14:33
		Why is this Important?		16:49
			Photosynthesis	16:50
			Respiration	17:20
		Example 1: Give the Chemical Equations for Photosynthesis and Aerobic Respiration		19:11
		Example 2: Where do Photosynthesis and Respiration Occur?		21:35
		Example 3: How do Guard Cells Help Maintain Homeostasis in Plants?		22:28
		Example 4: Which Arrows Show Respiration?		23:55
	Plant Responses			17:05
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		What are Plant Responses?		0:24
			Behavior	0:25
			Stimulus: External and Internal	0:59
		Tropisms		2:40
			Tropisms	2:41
			Positive Examples	3:30
		Plant Hormones		5:07
			Plant Hormones	5:08
			Ethylene	5:52
			Auxin	7:44
			Gibberellins	8:14
			Cytokinins	8:23
			Abscicic Acid	9:11
		Photoperiods		10:12
			Photoperiods	10:13
			Long-day Plants	10:48
			Short-day Plants	11:32
			Day-neutral Plants	12:00
			Diagram: Short-day and Long-day Plants	12:27
		Example 1: Which Plant Hormone Helps Fruit to Ripen?		13:21
		Example 2: Which Plant Hormone Keeps Buds from Developing During the Winter?		14:02
		Example 3: List One Example of an Internal and External Stimulus in Plants		14:52
		Example 4: Describe What Happened to the Plants in the Picture		15:27
III. Animals
	Animal Classification			16:27
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		Common Characteristics		0:25
			Multicellular	0:39
			Heterotrophic	1:15
			Eukaryotic Cells	1:42
			Sexual Reproduction	2:07
			Symmetry	2:18
			Motile	2:35
		How Animals are Classified?		2:47
			How Animals are Classified?	2:48
		Animal Classification		4:05
			Animal Classification	4:06
		Invertebrates		5:17
			Invertebrates	5:18
		Vertebrates		5:54
			Vertebrates	5:55
		Carnivores		7:01
			Carnivores	7:02
		Herbivores		8:43
			Herbivores	8:44
		Omnivores		10:25
			Omnivores	10:26
		Symmetry		10:48
			Asymmetrical, Radial Symmetry, and Bilateral Symmetry Overview	10:49
		Radial Symmetry		11:59
			Radial Symmetry	12:00
		Bilateral Symmetry		12:51
			Bilateral Symmetry	12:52
		Example 1: Animal Classification		13:38
		Example 2: Name Two Characteristics that All Animals Share?		14:16
		Example 3: What Type of Symmetry is Shown in the Picture?		14:53
		Example 4: Label Each Animal as an Invertebrate or a Vertebrate		15:22
	Invertebrates			8:17
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		How are Invertebrates Classified?		0:25
			Invertebrates Classification	0:26
		Body Structures		1:34
			Types of Symmetry	1:35
			Skeleton and Shells	2:36
		What Role do Invertebrates Play?		3:46
			Food Source	3:47
			Pollinators	4:10
			Recyclers	4:26
		Example 1: Name the Seven Groups of Invertebrates		4:39
		Example 2: Name Two Body Structures Commonly Found in Invertebrates		6:23
		Example 3: What Three Roles Do Invertebrates Play in the Environment?		7:06
		Example 4: What Type of Skeleton Does This Invertebrate Have?		7:33
	Sponges			14:39
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		Characteristics of Sponges		0:22
			Characteristics of Sponges	0:23
		How are Sponges Different?		2:20
			Asymmetrical	2:21
			Sessile	2:52
			Hollow Tube	3:27
			Spicules	4:04
		What do Sponges Eat?		4:46
			What do Sponges Eat?	4:47
		How do Sponges get Oxygen?		5:45
			How do Sponges get Oxygen?	5:46
		How do Sponges Help other Marine Animals?		6:44
			Shelter and Food	6:45
		How do Sponges Reproduce?		7:23
			Sexual and Asexual Reproduction	7:24
			Hermaphrodites	7:38
		Asexual Reproduction		9:28
			Asexual Reproduction Overview	9:29
			Budding	9:42
			Regeneration	10:04
		Uses for Sponges		10:48
			Uses for Sponges	10:49
		Example 1: Describe How Sponges Reproduce Sexually		11:17
		Example 2: What is a Hermaphrodite?		12:11
		Example 3: Why Do You Think that Occurred and How are They Different from Plants?		12:29
		Example 4: Name the Sharp, Pointed Protective Structures Shown in this Picture		14:07
	Cnidarians			19:32
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		What are Cnidarians?		0:25
			What are Cnidarians?	0:26
		Examples of Cnidarians		3:01
			Examples of Cnidarians	3:02
		Common Characteristics		3:40
			Stingers	3:42
			Organ and Tissue Level	4:32
			Two Cell Layers: Ectoderm and Endoderm	5:07
			Radial Symmetry	6:35
		Two Body Forms		7:09
			Two Body Forms Overview	7:10
			Polyps	7:36
			Medusa	9:18
		Jellyfish		10:26
			Jellyfish	10:27
		Corals		12:06
			Corals	12:07
		Sea Anemones		13:44
			Sea Anemones	13:45
		Portuguese man-of-war		15:01
			Portuguese man-of-war	15:02
		Hydras		16:08
			Hydras	16:09
		Example 1: Name the Two Benefits of Stinging Tentacles for Cnidarians		16:46
		Example 2: Which Body Form has Tentacles that Point Downward?		17:31
		Example 3: Name a Type of Cnidarians that Forms Colonies		18:22
		Example 4: How Does This Animal Reproduce?		18:51
	Mollusks			17:36
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:05
			Objectives	0:06
		What are Mollusks?		0:20
			What are Mollusks?	0:21
		Examples of Mollusks		3:03
			Examples of Mollusks	3:04
		Distinguishing Features		3:27
			Muscular Foot	3:38
			Mantle	3:59
			Gills	4:36
		Classification		6:09
			Three Major Classes of Mollusks	6:10
		Gastropods		7:18
			Gastropods	7:19
		Bivalves		10:31
			Bivalves	10:32
		Cephalopods		11:50
			Cephalopods	11:51
		Example 1: What are the Three Main Groups of Mollusks?		14:32
		Example 2: What is the Function of Gills?		15:27
		Example 3: What is the Difference Between a Snail and a Slug?		16:09
		Example 4: What Type of Symmetry Does this Mollusk Exhibit?		16:47
	Worms			29:48
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		What are Worms?		0:29
			What are Worms?	0:30
		Where are Worms?		2:27
			Where are Worms?	2:28
		Characteristics of Flatworms		2:55
			Characteristics of Flatworms	2:56
		Planarians		4:34
			Planarians	4:35
		Flukes		7:53
			Parasites	7:54
			Sexual Reproduction	8:32
		Tapeworms		9:23
			Parasites With No Body Openings	9:24
			Sexual Reproduction	10:52
		Characteristics of Roundworms		11:29
			Characteristics of Roundworms	11:30
		Importance of Roundworms		14:16
			Essential to the Health of the Soil	14:17
			Origin	14:48
		Roundworms and Disease		15:39
			Trichinella Worm	15:48
			Hookworm	16:20
			Pinworm	16:46
		Characteristics of Segmented Worms		17:17
			Phylum Annelida & Segmented Bodies	17:18
			Two Types: Terrestrial and Marine	19:09
		Earthworms		20:35
			Characteristics of Earthworms	20:36
			Sexual Reproduction	21:10
			Essential to the Health of Soil	21:41
		Earthworm Anatomy		22:29
			Earthworm Anatomy: Soil Pathway	22:30
		Marine Worms		24:34
			Polychaetes	24:35
			Leeches	25:35
		Example 1: Explain How the Planarian Reproduces both Sexually and Asexually		26:15
		Example 2: Which Worm has Hooks and Suckers to Attach to Its Host?		27:11
		Example 3: What Characteristics have Helped Roundworms Evolve?		27:44
		Example 4: How Does This Animal Reproduce?		28:42
	Arthropods			14:18
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		What are Arthropods?		0:23
			What are Arthropods?	0:24
			'Jointed Foot'	0:44
			Jointed Appendages	1:05
		Types of Arthropods		1:45
			Types of Arthropods	1:46
		Common Characteristics of Arthropods		2:53
			Common Characteristics of Arthropods	2:54
		How do Arthropods Get Their Food?		5:04
			Chewing	5:05
			Piercing and Sucking	5:27
			Lapping up Nectar	5:51
			Eating Other Animals	6:06
		How do Arthropods Use Their Exoskeleton?		6:38
			Protection	6:55
			Support	7:27
			Water Conservation	7:40
		What is Molting?		8:02
			Molting	8:03
		Example 1: List Two Ways that Arthropods Obtain Food		10:50
		Example 2: Name One Advantage and One Disadvantage of Having an Exoskeleton?		11:25
		Example 3: Name the Four Types of Arthropods		12:35
		Example 4: What is This Process Called That is Shown Below?		13:11
	Echinoderms			13:49
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		What are Echinoderms?		0:24
			What are Echinoderms?	0:25
			Examples	1:13
		Common Characteristics of Echinoderms		1:45
			Common Characteristics of Echinoderms	1:46
		How do Echinoderms Get Food?		3:25
			How do Echinoderms Get Food?	3:26
			Water-vascular System	3:46
			Tube Feet	5:25
		Starfish		6:32
			Starfish	6:33
			Tube Feet	8:25
			Feeding	9:02
		Sea Urchins		9:32
			Spines and Feet	9:33
			Mouth	10:24
		Example 1: What Do Echinoderms Use to Move Around?		11:05
		Example 2: What Do Echinoderms Use to Protect Themselves?		11:59
		Example 3: How Can This Animal Repair a Broken Arm?		12:40
		Example 4: What Type of Food Does This Animal Eat?		13:13
	Vertebrates			19:29
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		What are Vertebrates?		0:24
			Animals with Backbones	0:25
		How are Vertebrates Classified?		2:53
			Five Major Groups	2:55
		Birds		4:41
			Birds	4:42
		Fish		7:05
			Live in Fresh or Saltwater	7:06
			Distinct Features	8:02
			Sexual Reproduction	9:49
		Amphibians		9:55
			Amphibian = ' Double Life'	9:56
			Live in Both Water and Land	11:00
		Reptiles		12:43
			Dry-scaly Skin	12:44
			Terrestrial Eggs	13:57
			Ectotherms	14:39
		Mammals		15:04
			Mammary Glands	15:05
			Hair	15:27
			Endotherms	15:43
		Example 1: Name the Five Major Groups of Vertebrates		16:54
		Example 2: What Does the Word 'Amphibian' Mean?		17:45
		Example 3: List Two Characteristics of All Reptiles		18:12
		Example 4: What is the Common Feature that These Animals Share Below?		18:35
	Fish			24:02
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		Common Characteristics		0:28
			Common Characteristics	0:29
		Fins		3:11
			Fins	3:12
		Gills		4:27
			Gills Overview	4:28
			Respiration	5:09
		Scales		6:22
			Scales: Characteristics and Functions	6:23
		3 Classes of Fish		8:33
			Jawless Fish, Cartilaginous Fish, and Bony Fish	8:34
		Jawless Fish		9:29
			Jawless Fish	9:30
		Cartilaginous Fish		11:12
			Cartilaginous Fish	11:13
		Bony Fish		12:19
			Bony Fish	12:20
		Lobe-finned Fish		14:43
			Lobe-finned Fish	14:44
		Lung Fish		15:55
			Lung Fish	15:56
		Ray-finned Fish		17:24
			Ray-finned Fish Overview	17:25
			Examples of Ray-finned Fish	18:42
		Example 1: What Covers Most Fish Like House Shingles and Helps to Protect Them From Predators?		19:38
		Example 2: Compare and Contrast Jawless and Cartilaginous Fish		19:57
		Example 3: How are Gills Used for Gas Exchange?		21:10
		Example 4: Explain Why This Type of Fish Picture Below Would Not Need a Swim Bladder?		22:27
	Amphibians			13:51
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		Common Characteristics		0:27
			Common Characteristics	0:28
			Examples	2:40
		Metamorphosis		3:26
			Young Water Stage	3:27
			Adult Land Stage	4:41
		Frogs and Toads		5:51
			Common Characteristics	5:52
			Frogs versus Toads Characteristics	6:44
		Salamanders and Newts		8:31
			Salamanders and Newts	8:32
		Example 1: Describe Two Differences Between a Tadpole and a Frog		9:22
		Example 2: Describe Two Differences Between a Frog and a Toad		10:42
		Example 3: Describe Two Differences Between a Frog and a Salamander		11:53
		Example 4: Describe the Stage of Development for the Amphibian Pictured Below		13:06
	Reptiles			16:37
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		Common Characteristics		0:26
			Common Characteristics	0:27
		Lizards and Snakes		4:00
			Lizards and Snakes Overview	4:01
			Characteristics of Lizards	4:42
			Characteristics of Snakes	5:28
		Turtles		7:34
			Characteristics of Turtles	7:35
		Crocodilians		9:10
			3 Types: Crocodiles	9:21
			3 Types: Alligators	10:13
			3 Types: Gavials	10:24
			Characteristics of Crocodilians	10:33
		Example 1: Describe Two Adaptations that Have Helped Reptiles to Live on Land		11:30
		Example 2: Compare and Contrast Lizards and Snakes		12:32
		Example 3: What is the Purpose of a Turtle's Shell?		14:16
		Example 4: Identify Each Picture Below		14:48
	Birds			17:24
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		Common Characteristics		0:24
			Common Characteristics	0:25
		Types of Feathers		5:24
			Contour Feathers	5:34
			Down Feathers	6:17
			Tail Feather	6:56
		Wings		7:38
			Wings: Structures and Functions	7:39
			Non-flying Birds	8:28
		Body Systems		9:05
			Digestive System	9:21
			Respiratory System	11:14
			Circulatory System	12:14
		Body Systems		12:54
			Diagram: Beaks	12:55
			Diagram: Digestive System	13:28
			Diagram: Circulatory System	13:53
			Diagram: Respiratory System	14:10
		Example 1: Describe Two Adaptations that Have Helped Birds to Fly		14:47
		Example 2: Describe the Type of Feather that Helps Birds Maintain Their Body Temperature		15:24
		Example 3: Name Two Ways Birds Use Their Wings		16:05
		Example 4: Identify the Structure that Provide Nourishment to a Bird Embryo Below		16:34
	Mammals			22:27
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		Common Characteristics		0:30
			Common Characteristics	0:31
		Hair and Skin		3:23
			Hair and Skin	3:24
		Glands		5:18
			Milk-producing Glands	5:19
			Oil-producing Glands	5:58
			Sweat Glands	6:36
			Scent Glands	7:06
		Monotremes		7:51
			Monotremes	7:52
		Marsupials		9:00
			Marsupials	9:01
		Placentals		10:42
			Gestation Period & Placentals	10:43
			Umbilibal Cord	12:12
		Carnivores		13:28
			Carnivores	13:29
		Herbivores		14:27
			Herbivores	14:28
		Omnivores		15:59
			Omnivores	16:00
		Example 1: Compare and Contrast Placental, Marsupial, and Monotreme Development		16:39
		Example 2: Describe the Specialized Teeth and Diet of Carnivores, Omnivores, and Herbivores		19:10
		Example 3: What Structures Help Placentals Develop Inside the Uterus?		20:26
		Example 4: Label Each Mammal As a Monotreme, Marsupial, or a Placental.		21:35
	Animal Behavior			19:28
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		Behavior		0:28
			Behavior	0:29
			Stimulus	0:48
			External Stimulus	0:54
			Internal Stimulus	1:27
			Response	1:44
		Types of Behavior		2:36
			Innate Behaviors	2:45
			Learned Behaviors	3:19
		Innate Behaviors		3:37
			Innate Behaviors Overview	3:46
			Insects and Innate Behaviors	4:27
			Reflex-automatic Message	4:59
			Instinctive Behaviors	5:39
		Learned Behaviors		6:12
			Learned Behaviors	6:13
		Types of Learned Behaviors		7:20
			Imprinting	7:37
			Trial and Error	8:50
			Conditioning	9:08
			Insight	9:34
		Types of Conditioning		10:27
			Classical Conditioning	10:41
			Experiment: Pavlov's Dog	10:53
			Operant Conditioning	13:24
		Example 1: Compare and Contrast the Two Types of Innate Behavior		13:58
		Example 2: Give an Example for Each of the 4 Types of Learned Behavior		15:34
		Example 3: Conditioning and New Stimulus		18:17
		Example 4: Identify the Type of Learned Behavior Shown in the Picture		18:50
	Bacteria			22:41
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		Common Characteristics		0:26
			Common Characteristics	0:27
		Diagram of Bacteria		3:37
			No Membrane-bound Nucleus	3:38
			Cytoplasm & Ribosomes	3:53
			Protection	4:12
			Movement	4:24
			Diagram of Bacteria	4:33
		Aerobes and Anaerobes		6:05
			Aerobes	6:13
			Anaerobes	6:23
			Example	6:30
		Obtaining Food		6:42
			Producers	6:51
			Consumers	7:27
		Eubacteria		8:18
			Cyanobacteria	8:19
			Gram's Stain Experiment: Gram-positive, and Gram-negative	8:57
		Archaebacteria		9:57
			Archaebacteria	9:58
			Live in Extreme Conditions	10:21
			Anaerobic	10:46
			Examples	10:52
		Asexual Reproduction		11:18
			Binary Fission	11:19
		Helpful Bacteria		12:56
			Helpful Bacteria	12:57
		Harmful Bacteria		15:23
			Pathogens: Disease-causing Bacteria	15:24
			Toxins	16:02
		Vaccines		17:17
			Vaccines	17:18
		Example 1: What is the Difference between Producer Bacteria and Consumer Bacteria		18:14
		Example 2: What is the Difference Between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria		19:00
		Example3: What is the Difference Between an Antibiotic and a Vaccine?		20:04
		Example 4: Name the Process Shown Below		21:30
	Protists			12:08
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		Common Characteristics		0:19
			Common Characteristics	0:20
			Three Main Types: Plant-like, Animal-like, and Fungus-like Protists	0:53
		How do Protists Reproduce?		1:11
			Asexual Reproduction	1:12
			Sexual Reproduction	2:43
		Animal-like Protists		3:01
			Characteristics of Animal-like Protists	3:02
			Protozoans	3:24
			Examples of Animal-like Protists	4:03
			Specialized Structures for Movement	4:19
		Plant-like Protists		5:06
			Characteristics of Plant-like Protists	5:07
			Examples: Algae and Euglena	5:42
		Fungus-like Protists		6:25
			Characteristics of Fungus-like Protists	6:26
			Examples: Slime Molds, Water Molds, and Downy Mildews	8:03
		Example 1: Name Two Common Characteristics of All Protists		8:35
		Example 2: Describe How Each of the 3 Types of Protists Get Their Food		9:21
		Example 3: What Structures Help Protists to Move?		10:28
		Example 4: Identify the Type of Protist Pictured Below and the Main Group It Belongs to		11:31
	Fungi			11:24
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		Common Characteristics		0:21
			Multicellular	0:22
			Heterotrophs	0:50
			Saprophytes	1:08
			Hyphae	2:34
			Examples: Mushrooms, Molds, and Yeasts	3:01
		More Characteristics		3:14
			More Characteristics	3:15
		Fungus Reproduction		4:27
			Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Overview	4:28
			Asexual Reproduction	4:53
			Sexual Reproduction	5:40
		Fungi Classification		6:43
			Classifying Fungi	6:44
			Club Fungi - mushroom	6:54
			Sac Fungi - Ascus	7:14
			Zygote Fungi - Sporangium	7:39
		Example 1: Why are Fungi Called Natural Recyclers?		8:10
		Example 2: Describe the Reproductive Structure for Each of the 3 Types of Fungi		8:40
		Example 3: How Do Fungi Reproduce Sexually?		9:55
		Example 4: Identify the Type of Fungus Pictured Below and the Main Group It Belongs to		10:46
IV. Cell Biology
	History of the Cells			15:54
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:10
			Objectives	0:11
		History of the Microscope		0:28
			History of the Microscope	0:29
			Anton van Leeuwnhoek	1:28
			Robert Hooke	2:45
		Simple vs. Compound		4:10
			Simple Microscope	4:11
			Compound Microscope	4:33
		Electron Microscope		7:51
			Electron Microscope	7:52
		Cell Theory		9:35
			1830's Matthias Schleiden	9:36
			Theodor Schwann: Cell Theory Part 1	10:34
			Rudolph Virchow: Cell Theory Part 2	11:03
			Cell Theory Part 3	11:23
			Timeline	11:33
		Example 1: Describe a Simple Microscope		12:42
		Example 2: Total Magnification for Compound Microscope		13:21
		Example 3: What are the 3 Parts to the Cell Theory		14:04
		Example 4: Identify the Eyepiece and the Objective Lenses in This Microscope		15:01
	Cell Structure and Functions			26:33
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:07
			Objectives	0:08
		Common Cell Traits		0:25
			Smallest Unit of Life	0:26
			Cell Membrane	0:42
			Cytoplasm	0:51
			Prokaryotes	1:34
			Eukaryotes	2:19
		Cell Shape		2:54
			Cell Shape	2:55
			Nerve Cell	3:05
			Human Egg Cell	4:07
			Blood Cell	5:02
		Cell Wall		5:41
			Cell Wall: Structure and Function	5:42
			Pectin and Lignin	7:04
		Cell Membrane		8:05
			Cell Membrane	8:06
		Cytoplasm		9:59
			Cytoplasm	10:00
			Cytoskeleton	11:15
		Energy in the Cell		12:38
			Chloroplasts	12:39
			Mitochondria	14:00
			Diagram: Plant Cell & Animal Cell	15:41
		Other Organelles		16:48
			Golgi Bodies	16:49
			Lysosomes	17:23
			Vacuole	18:12
			Ribosomes	18:55
			Endoplasmic Reticulum	19:49
		Cell Organization		20:58
			Cell	20:59
			Tissues	21:33
			Organs	22:12
			Organ System	22:26
			Organism	22:38
		Example 1: Name Two Organelles Found Only in Plants		23:08
		Example 2: Show the Organization of a Many-Celled Organism		24:12
		Example 3: How Does the Cell Wall Keep the Shape of a Cell?		24:58
		Example 4: Identify the Mitochondria and the Chloroplast in the Picture Below		25:42
	Cellular Transport			25:31
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		Cell Membrane		0:27
			Cell Membrane: Selective Permeable	0:28
			All Cells Need…	2:25
			Size Matters	2:45
		Passive Transport		3:28
			Passive Transport	3:29
			Three Types: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Facilitated Diffusion	4:08
		Diffusion		5:30
			Diffusion	5:31
			Example: Oxygen Molecules Moving Between Blood Cells and Lungs	6:58
		Osmosis		7:57
			Osmosis Overview	7:58
			Osmosis in Animal Cells	8:34
			Osmosis in Plant Cells	10:14
		Facilitated Diffusion		13:11
			Facilitated Diffusion	13:12
		Active Transport		15:04
			Active Transport	15:05
			Protein Pumps	16:30
		Endocytosis and Exocytosis		17:44
			Endocytosis: Definition and Example	17:45
			Exocytosis: Definition and Example	18:57
		Example 1: Compare and Contrast Diffusion and Osmosis		20:27
		Example 2: Compare and Contrast an Animal and a Plant Cell Size after Water Molecules have Entered the Cell		21:27
		Example 3: Compare and Contrast Endocytosis and Exocytosis		22:40
		Example 4: Identify the Process Occurring in the Picture Below		24:31
	Cell Division & Mitosis			22:45
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:09
			Objectives	0:10
		Cell Division		0:25
			Cell Division Overview	0:26
			Asexual Reproduction	1:37
			Example: Amoeba	2:14
			Multi-Cellular Organisms	3:17
		Cell Cycle		4:34
			Cell Cycle Overview	4:35
			Interphase	6:43
			Mitosis	6:50
			Cytokinesis	7:03
		Chromosomes		7:41
			Chromosomes	7:42
			Sister Chromatids	8:06
			Centromere	9:07
		Interphase		9:55
			Interphase	9:56
		Mitosis		11:22
			Mitosis	11:23
		Prophase - 1st Step in Mitosis		13:38
			Prophase - 1st Step in Mitosis	13:39
		Metaphase - 2nd Step in Mitosis		15:09
			Metaphase - 2nd Step in Mitosis	15:10
		Anaphase - 3rd Step in Mitosis		15:51
			Anaphase - 3rd Step in Mitosis	15:52
		Telophase - 4th Step in Mitosis		16:29
			Telophase - 4th Step in Mitosis	16:30
		Cytokinesis		17:32
			Cytokinesis	17:33
		Example 1: Label the Pictures		17:55
		Example 2: Draw the Chromosomes for Each		19:41
		Example 3: Identify Metaphase		21:43
	Viruses			21:43
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		What are Viruses?		0:19
			What are Viruses?	0:20
			Bacteriophage	1:11
			Basic Structure: Protein Coat and Nucleic Acid Core	1:50
			Examples of Viruses	2:24
		How are Viruses Classified?		3:44
			DNA Viruses & RNA Viruses	3:45
		Dead or Alive?		6:15
			Viruses are Not Living Organisms	6:16
			Viruses are Living Organisms	7:29
		How do Viruses Reproduce?		9:04
			Infecting Living Cells: Lytic Cycle and Lysogenic Cycle	9:05
		Lysogenic Cycle		15:19
			Lysogenic Cycle	15:20
		Lytic Cycle		16:27
			Lytic Cycle	16:28
		Example 1: Describe the Basic Structure of a Virus		17:27
		Example 2: Why are Viruses not Considered Living Organisms?		18:02
		Example 3: Compare and Contrast DNA and RNA Viruses		18:46
		Example 4: identify the Two Viral Reproductive Cycles in the Picture Below		19:56
V. Genetics
	Genetics			46:32
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:05
			Objectives	0:06
		Who is Gregor Mendel?		0:24
			Gregor Mendel: 'Father of Genetics'	0:25
		What is Genetics?		5:18
			What is Genetics?	5:19
			Heredity	5:33
			Genes	5:40
			Alleles	7:45
		What is Meiosis?		9:25
			Meiosis	9:26
		What is Fertilization?		15:44
			Fertilization	15:44
		Mendel's Experiments		17:40
			Mendel's Experiments	17:41
		Dominant or Recessive?		22:56
			Dominant Alleles	22:57
			Recessive Alleles	23:49
		How can Recessive Alleles be Shown?		26:00
			Hybrids	26:15
			Purebred	26:34
			Diagram: Recessive Alleles	26:49
		Punnett Squares		28:02
			Punnett Squares	28:03
			Genotype	32:03
			Phenotype	32:44
			True Breeding Green & True Breeding Yellow	33:40
		Making a Punnett Square		35:11
			Making a Punnett Square	35:12
		Example 1: Why is Mendel Called the 'Father of Genetics'?		40:47
		Example 2: What is the Difference Between Homozygous and Heterozygous?		41:46
		Example 3: Describe the Parents and Possible Offspring of the Cross Shown by the Punnett Square		42:42
		Example 4: Probability and Punnett Square		44:26
VI. Evolution
	Evolution			23:30
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		Why Do Some Survive and Other Die?		0:34
			Species	0:35
			Evolution	1:09
		Charles Darwin		3:19
			Charles Darwin	3:20
		Evolution		6:36
			Evolution Overview	6:37
			Vestigial Structures	7:11
			Homologous Structures	8:18
		More Evidence for Evolution		9:30
			Mimicry	9:31
			Fossils	11:18
			Camouflage	11:56
			Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria	12:51
		Natural Selection		14:28
			Natural Selection: 'Survival of the Fittest'	14:29
			Example of Natural Selection	16:58
		Example 1: Homologous Structures and the Origin of Species		18:57
		Example 2: What are Vestigial Structures		20:25
		Example 3: What Adaptation Helps Organisms to Blend into Their Environment to Protect Them From Predators?		21:24
		Example 4: How Does This Illustration Depict Evolution?		21:47
VII. Ecology
	Ecology			13:52
		Intro		0:00
		Objectives		0:06
			Objectives	0:07
		What is Ecology?		0:25
			What is Ecology?	0:26
		Ecological Organization		0:41
			Individual	0:42
			Population	1:19
			Community	1:33
			Ecosystem	1:45
			Biome	1:59
			Biosphere	2:11
		Ecological Organization		2:18
			Diagram: Levels of Ecological Organization	2:19
		What Does an Ecosystem Look Like?		4:01
			What Does an Ecosystem Look Like?	4:02
			Prairie Ecosystem: Abiotic and Biotic Factors	4:49
		What Part of Earth is the Biosphere?		6:03
			What Part of Earth is the Biosphere?	6:04
		What are the Major Biomes?		7:20
			Desert	7:45
			Forest	8:04
			Taiga	8:46
			Tundra	8:59
			Grasslands	9:18
			Mountains	9:26
			Map of Major Biomes	9:40
		Example 1: Name the Six Levels of Ecological Organization		10:12
		Example 2: How is a Community Different From an Ecosystem?		11:22
		Example 3: Give Examples of Biotic and Abiotic Factors		12:47
		Example 4: Name the Type of Biome Shown in the Picture Below		13:29

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Vertebrates

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