Perfect Tenses, English Grammar

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Perfect Tenses

A verb in a perfect tense describes an action that has already been completed as of the time being discussed.
Perfect tenses are formed by adding some of the helping form to have (and, in the case of the future perfect tense, will) to the past participle form of a verb.
To form the present perfect tense, add have or has, as appropriate, to the past participle form of a verb. Use the present perfect tense to describe actions that began in the past and are still occurring in the present, and actions that began in the past and were completed at an unspecified time.
To form the past perfect tense, add had to the past participle form of a verb. Use the past perfect for actions already completed before another point in time or action.
Form the future perfect tense by adding will have to the past participle form of the verb. Use the perfect tense for actions that will be completed before or by a specific time.

Perfect Tenses

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

I. Parts of Speech
	Nouns	12:48
	Pronouns	13:32
	Verbs	11:46
	Adjectives	18:33
	Adverbs	9:26
	Prepositions	11:31
	Conjunctions	19:51
	Interjections	7:42
II. Verb Forms and Tenses
	Basic Verb Forms	11:41
	Simple Tenses	12:12
	Perfect Tenses	11:21
	Progressive Tenses	12:00
	Conditional Tenses & Subjunctive Mood	10:28
III. Sentence Parts and Patterns
	Subjects	15:08
	Predicates	13:02
	Objects	11:49
	Sentence Types	9:18
IV. Trouble with Verbs
	Helping Verbs	8:42
	Infinitives & Gerunds	12:50
	Troublesome Verbs	10:28
	Consistent Tense, Mood & Voice	15:09
	Subject-Verb Agreement	18:11
V. Common Grammar Problems
	Pronoun Agreement and Reference	19:09
	Pronoun Case & Relative Pronouns	14:48
	Modifiers & Their Placement	19:13
	Articles	17:49
	Commonly Confused Words	11:29
VI. Common Sentence Problems
	Sentence Fragments	15:43
	Run-On Sentences	12:13
	Parallelism	8:33
	Active vs. Passive Voice	9:54
	Idioms	11:18

English: English Grammar

I. Parts of Speech
	Nouns			12:48
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:06
		What is a Noun?		0:31
			Where it Comes From	0:34
			Definition	0:41
			Think Johnstown	0:46
		Find the Nouns Practice		1:04
		Find the Nouns Answers		1:29
		Singular and Plural Nouns		1:58
			Singular Nouns	2:05
			Plural Nouns	2:09
		Singular and Plural Nouns Examples		2:26
			Ends in S Sound	2:36
		Collective Nouns		2:54
			Definition	2:56
			Treated as Singular Nouns	3:07
		Collective Nouns Examples		3:20
		Concrete and Abstract Nouns		3:46
			Concrete Nouns	3:50
			Abstract Nouns	4:07
			Concrete Nouns Examples	4:20
			Abstract Nouns Examples	4:42
		Proper and Common Nouns		5:14
			Proper Nouns	5:17
			Common Nouns	5:25
			Capitalization	5:41
		Proper and Common Nouns Examples		6:06
		Count and Non-Count Nouns		6:30
			Count Nouns	6:34
			Non-Count Nouns	6:47
			Examples	7:13
		Find the Nouns Practice		7:44
		Find the Nouns Answers		8:25
		Find the Nouns Practice 1		10:34
		Find the Nouns Answers 2		11:12
	Pronouns			13:32
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:06
		What is a Pronoun?		0:33
			Takes Place Of Nouns	0:48
		Personal Pronouns		1:13
			Singular	1:24
			Plural	1:33
		Find the Personal Pronouns Practice		1:43
		Find the Personal Pronouns Answers		1:59
		Possessive Pronouns		2:33
			Function	2:37
		Find the Possessive Pronouns Practice		3:01
		Find the Possessive Pronouns Answers		3:16
		Reflexive Pronouns		3:41
			Function	3:46
		Find the Reflexive Pronouns Practice		4:05
		Find the Reflexive Pronouns Answers		4:24
		Relative Pronouns		4:50
			Function	4:52
		Wait! What's a Clause?		5:04
			Clause	5:09
			Independent Clause	5:23
			Subordinate Clause	5:31
		Find the Relative Pronouns Practice		5:40
		Find the Relative Pronouns Answers		6:00
		Demonstrative Pronouns		7:11
			Function	7:17
		Find the Demonstrative Pronouns Practice		7:34
		Find the Demonstrative Pronouns Answers		7:45
		Indefinite Pronouns		8:14
			Function	8:21
		Find the Indefinite Pronouns Practice		8:48
		Find the Indefinite Pronouns Answers		9:13
		Interrogative Pronouns		9:49
			Function	9:54
		Find the Interrogative Pronouns Practice		10:06
		Find the Interrogative Pronouns Answers		10:24
		Telling Pronouns from Adjectives		10:45
			How to Tell Apart	10:59
			Examples	11:26
		Find the Pronouns Practice		12:05
		Find the Pronouns Answers		12:31
	Verbs			11:46
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:06
		What is a Verb?		0:41
			Definition	0:55
		Kinds of Verbs		1:28
			Action Verbs	1:32
			Linking Verbs	1:39
			Helping Verbs	2:08
		How Verbs Vary: Person		2:47
			Person and Number	2:58
		Follow the Verbs! Practice		4:03
		Follow the Verbs! Practice		4:28
		How Verbs Vary: Basic Verb Forms		4:49
			Base Form	4:57
			Present Participle Form	5:40
			Past Participle Form	6:08
		How Verbs Vary: Tense		6:43
			Examples	7:13
			Perfect Tense	7:49
			Progressive Tense	8:26
		Find the Verbs Practice		9:19
		Find the Verbs Answers		10:01
	Adjectives			18:33
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		What is an Adjective?		0:47
			Definition	0:52
			Placement in Sentence	1:04
			Importance	1:26
		Adjectives That Describe		1:36
			Examples	1:56
		Adjectives That Count		3:18
			Examples	3:28
		Adjectives That Specify		4:00
			What They Point Out	4:08
			Examples	4:25
		Anything Can Be An Adjective		5:01
			What Can Be An Adjective	5:10
			Examples	5:20
		Adjective or Noun? Practice		6:16
		Adjective or Noun? Answers		7:00
		Adjectives vs. Adverbs		7:56
			What Adjectives Modify	8:00
			What Adverbs Modify	8:24
		Adjective or Adverb? Practice		8:54
		Adjective or Adverb? Answers		9:33
		Linking Verbs and Adjectives		11:05
			What Are Linking Verbs	11:13
			Examples	11:32
		Using Adjectives Correctly		12:35
			Adjectives Must Always Modify Nouns or Pronouns	12:39
			Examples	12:54
		Exercise: Find the Adjectives		14:11
		Exercise Answers: Find the Adjectives		14:47
		Exercise 2: Find the Adjectives		16:30
		Exercise 2 Answers: Find the Adjectives		17:09
	Adverbs			9:26
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:06
		What is an Adverb?		0:22
			Definition	0:25
			Often Describes	0:36
		Adverbs vs Adjectives		0:51
			Distinction	1:19
		Adverb or Adjective? Practice		1:42
		Adverb or Adjective? Answers		2:21
		Using Adverbs Correctly		3:52
			Common Mistakes	4:08
		Find the Adverbs Practice		5:15
		Find the Adverbs Answers		6:01
		Find the Adverbs Practice 2		7:24
		Find the Adverbs Answers 2		7:56
	Prepositions			11:31
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		What is a Preposition?		0:21
			Definition	0:26
			Prepositional Phrases	0:42
		Examples of Prepositions		1:03
		Anything You Can Do to a Log		1:45
		Prepositional Phrases		2:56
			Begin with a Preposition	3:02
		Find the Prepositional Phrases Practice		3:27
		Find the Prepositional Phrases Answers		3:43
		Find the Prepositions Practice		4:39
		Find the Prepositions Answers		5:02
		Using Prepositions Correctly		6:53
			Always Use in Prepositional Phrases	6:57
		Find the Prepositions 2 Practice		7:40
		Find the Prepositions 2 Answers		8:09
		Find the Prepositions 3 Practice		9:42
		Find the Prepositions 3 Answers		10:15
	Conjunctions			19:51
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		What is a Conjunction?		0:29
			Definition	0:31
			4 Kinds of Conjunctions	0:46
		Coordinating Conjunctions		0:55
			Definition	1:06
			List of Coordinating Conjunctions	1:39
			Practice	1:52
			Answers	2:22
		Correlative Conjunctions		3:50
			Definition	3:52
			List of Correlative Conjunction Examples	4:12
			Practice	4:31
			Answers	4:57
		Subordinating Conjunctions		5:47
			Definition	5:50
			How They're Different	5:55
			List of Subordinating Conjunctions Examples	6:16
			Practice	6:47
			Answers	7:15
		Conjunctive Adverbs		9:41
			Definition	9:46
			List of Commonly Used Conjunctive Adverbs	10:15
			Practice	10:48
			Answers	11:13
		Conjunctive Adverbs vs. Subordinating Conjunctions		12:44
			Example	12:51
		Find and Identify the Conjunctions Practice		13:37
		Find and Identify the Conjunctions Answers		14:08
		Using Conjunctions Correctly		15:18
			Use Coordinating Conjunctions	15:22
			Use Correlative Conjunctions	15:29
			Use Subordinating Conjunctions	15:37
			Use Conjunctive Adverbs	15:46
		Use the Right Conjunction Practice		15:55
		Use the Right Conjunction Answers		16:26
		Find and Identify the Conjunctions Practice		17:39
		Find and Identify the Conjunctions Answers		18:02
		Find and Identify the Conjunctions 2 Practice		18:56
		Find and Identify the Conjunctions 2 Answers		19:15
	Interjections			7:42
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		What is an Interjection?		0:25
			Definition	0:27
			Examples	0:46
		Punctuating Interjections		0:52
			Followed by Exclamation Point	1:02
			Beginning of Sentence	1:13
			Classic Literature	1:28
			Example	2:01
		Common Interjections		2:27
		Find the Interjections Practice		2:56
		Find the Interjections Answers		3:17
		Using Interjections Correctly		3:51
			Punctuation to Use	4:06
			Use Sparingly	4:37
		Choose Your Interjections Practice		4:47
		Choose Your Interjections Answers		5:14
		Who Says It? Practice		5:45
		Who Says It? Answers		6:10
		Find the Interjections Practice		6:35
		Find the Interjections Answers		6:57
II. Verb Forms and Tenses
	Basic Verb Forms			11:41
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:09
		What is a Verb?		0:40
			Definition	0:43
			Five Major Kinds of Verb	1:03
		Action Verbs		1:33
			Examples	1:40
		Linking Verbs		1:57
			Replace with Equal Sign	2:07
			Examples	2:15
			Complement	2:49
		Helping Verbs		3:02
			Examples	3:20
		Transitive Verbs		3:45
			Definition	3:59
			Examples	4:18
		Intransitive Verbs		4:54
			Examples	5:02
		Basic Verb Forms		5:20
			3 Basic Forms	5:38
		The Base Form		6:06
			Examples	6:35
		The Present Participle Form		6:51
			Created by Adding -ing	6:57
			If it Ends in E	7:16
			If the Last Syllable of the Base For Has a Short Vowel Sound	7:36
		The Past Participle Form		8:06
			Created By	8:09
			Complications	8:26
		Write the Verb Forms		8:52
			Fill in the Blanks	9:15
		Using Basic Verb Forms		10:05
		Find the Verbs Practice		10:29
		Find the Verbs Answers		10:53
	Simple Tenses			12:12
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		What is a Verb Tense?		0:33
			Definition	0:42
			3 Simple Tenses	0:51
		Review of Basic Verb Forms		1:12
			Definition	1:21
			Present Participle Form	1:39
			Past Participle Form	1:48
		Single Present Tense		2:01
			Third-Person Singular	2:16
			Examples	2:29
		Simple Past Tense		3:11
			Form Past Tense	3:20
			Examples	3:34
		Irregular Past Tense and Past Participle		4:00
			Most Irregular Verb	4:25
		Irregular Verbs with Same Past & Past Participle Forms		5:09
		Irregular Verbs with Different Past & Past Participle Forms		5:40
		Irregular Verbs with Same Base		6:03
		Learning Irregular Verbs		6:34
			Best Way to Learn Irregular Verbs	6:44
		Simple Future Tense		7:04
			You It for 2 Kinds of Actions	7:13
		Using Simple Tenses		8:01
			Use it For	8:05
			Examples	8:15
			Use Simple Past Tense	8:36
			Examples	8:42
			Using Simple Future Tense	9:06
			Examples	9:15
		Using Simple Tenses Practice		9:29
		Using Simple Tenses Answers		9:55
		Using Simple Tenses Practice 2		10:37
		Using Simple Tenses Answers 2		11:08
	Perfect Tenses			11:21
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:09
		What is a Perfect Tense?		0:30
			Definition	0:33
			Form	0:50
		Present Perfect Tense		1:04
			To Form the Present Perfect Tense	1:07
			When to Use	1:20
			Examples	1:28
		Past Perfect Tense		2:06
			When to Use	2:14
			Examples	2:37
		Future Perfect Tense		3:08
			When to Use	3:18
			Examples	3:33
		Irregular Perfect Tenses		4:18
			Examples	4:32
		Using Perfect Tenses Practice		5:08
		Using Perfect Tenses Answers		5:44
		Using Perfect Tenses Correctly		6:59
			Present Perfect Tense	7:06
			Past Perfect Tense	7:20
			Future Perfect Tense	7:40
		Using Perfect Tenses Practice 2		7:55
		Using Perfect Tenses Answers 2		8:28
		Using Perfect Tenses Practice 3		9:24
		Using Perfect Tenses Answers 3		10:00
	Progressive Tenses			12:00
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:06
		What is a Progressive Tense?		0:36
			What It Describes	0:40
			Formed	0:55
			Present participle Form	1:05
		Present Progressive Tense		1:12
			Form the Present Progressive Tense	1:15
			Use and Examples	1:30
		Past Progressive Tense		2:02
			Formed	2:06
			Examples	2:29
		Future Progressive Tense		3:03
			Form the Future Perfect Tense	3:05
			When to Use	3:12
			Examples	3:19
		Perfect Progressive Tenses		3:45
			Verb in Perfect Progressive Tense Describes	3:53
			Form	4:13
			Examples	4:24
		Past Perfect Progressive Tense		5:05
			Formed	5:08
			Use	5:17
			Examples	5:25
		Future Perfect Progressive Tense		6:02
			Form	6:04
			Use	6:11
			Examples	6:17
		Using Progressive Tenses Practice		6:53
		Using Progressive Tenses Answers		7:27
		Using Perfect Progressive Tenses Practice		8:31
		Using Perfect Progressive Tenses Answers		9:08
		Use the Correct Tense Practice		10:12
		Use the Correct Tense Answers		10:44
	Conditional Tenses & Subjunctive Mood			10:28
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:09
		What are Conditional Tenses?		0:27
			Definition	0:31
			Two Parts	0:43
		Conditional Tenses		1:13
			If Your Statement States a Conditional Fact	1:14
			Examples	1:26
			If Your Statement Makes a Prediction	1:46
			Examples	2:02
			If Your Sentence Speculates About Something Unlikely to Happen	2:21
			Examples	2:39
			If Your Sentence Speculates About Something That Didn't Happen	3:21
			Examples	3:44
			If Your Sentence Speculates About Somethings That's Contrary to Fact	4:11
			Examples	4:37
		The Subjunctive Mood		5:09
			Moods are Different From Tenses	5:16
			When Subjunctive Mood is Used	5:32
			Use to Describe Somethings Wished For	5:57
			Use to Describe Somethings Requested	6:06
			Use to Describe Somethings Contrary to Fact	6:18
		Use the Correct Tense Practice		6:33
		Use the Correct Tense Answers		7:08
		Use the Correct Tense Practice 2		8:15
		Use the Correct Tense Answers 2		8:56
III. Sentence Parts and Patterns
	Subjects			15:08
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:09
		What is a Sentence?		0:43
			Series of Words	0:48
			Exceptions	1:01
		What is a Subject?		1:09
			Definition	1:10
			Examples	1:24
			Usually Comes Before the Verb	1:48
			Exception 1	1:56
			Exception 2	2:25
			Exception 3	2:57
		The Simple Subject		3:14
			Definition	3:18
			Examples	3:28
			Can Be a Single Word, Phrase or Clause	4:29
			Examples	4:44
		The Complete Subject		5:29
			Definition	5:32
			Examples	5:39
		Find the Subjects Practice		5:50
		Find the Subjects Answers		6:09
		The Understood Subject		6:54
			Imperative Sentence	7:00
			Examples	7:18
		The Single Subject		7:55
			Definition	7:59
			Examples	8:08
		The Compound Subject		8:46
			Definition	8:47
			Examples	8:54
			When It's Joined by 'and'	9:34
			When It's Joined by 'or'	9:46
		Finding the Subject		10:27
			Usually Find Near the Beginning of the Sentence	1:30
			Sometimes it Comes Before the Subject	10:58
			Never Part of a Prepositional Phrase	11:23
			Examples	11:30
		Find the Subject Practice		11:52
		Find the Subject Answers		12:17
		Find the Subject Practice		13:14
		Find the Subject Answers		13:47
	Predicates			13:02
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		What is a Predicate?		0:25
			Definition	0:28
			Objects, Modifiers, and Complements	0:40
		The Single Predicate		1:16
			Examples	1:36
		The Compound Predicate		2:35
			Examples	2:48
		Predicates and Sentence Patterns		3:24
			Pattern 1: Subject-Verb	3:41
			Pattern 2: Subject-Linking Verb-Complement	3:58
			Pattern 3: Subject-Verb-Direct Object	4:23
			Pattern 4: Subject-Verb-Indirect Object	4:51
		Linking Verbs and Complements		5:16
			Linking Verbs	5:19
			Complements	5:25
			Examples	5:40
			To Be	5:59
			Descriptive Verbs	6:08
			Examples	6:23
			If the Predicate Does Not Have a Subject Complement	7:04
			Examples	7:13
		Find the Predicates Practice		8:22
		Find the Predicates Answers		8:44
		Find the Predicates Practice 2		9:45
		Find the Predicates Answers 2		10:14
		Find the Predicates Practice 3		11:13
		Find the Predicates Answers 3		11:44
	Objects			11:49
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Objectives		0:07
		Transitive and Intransitive Verbs		0:24
			Transitive Verb	0:28
			Intransitive Verb	0:57
		What is an Object?		1:18
			Definition	1:20
			Examples	1:36
		The Direct Object		2:22
			Definition	2:26
			Examples	2:29
		The Indirect Object		2:50
			Examples	2:55
		Object of a Verb vs. Object or a Preposition		4:24
			Examples	4:38
		Find the Objects Practice		5:40
		Find the Objects Answers		6:04
		Find the Objects Practice 2		8:05
		Find the Objects Answers 2		8:24
		Find the Objects Practice 3		9:48
		Find the Objects Answers 3		10:11
	Sentence Types			9:18
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Objectives		0:06
		What is a Sentence?		0:24
			Definition	0:27
			Basic Order for Sentences	0:38
			Four Common Subject-Predicate Patterns	0:50
		The Simple Sentence		1:10
			Definition	1:11
			Examples	1:56
		The Compound Sentence		2:11
			Definition	2:15
			Example	2:33
		The Complex Sentence		2:59
			Definition	3:02
			Example	3:12
		The Compound-Complex Sentence		3:47
			Definition	3:51
			Example	4:03
		What Kind of Sentence? Practice		4:44
		What Kind of Sentence? Answers		5:03
		What Kind of Sentence? Practice 2		6:08
		What Kind of Sentence? Answers 2		6:26
		What Kind of Sentence? Practice 3		7:29
		What Kind of Sentence? Answers 3		7:50
IV. Trouble with Verbs
	Helping Verbs			8:42
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		What is a Helping Verb?		0:32
			Indicate the Tense of the Base Verb	0:34
			Two Kinds of Helping Verbs	0:56
		Helping Verbs: Tenses		1:03
			To Have, To Do, and To Be	1:07
			Examples	1:16
		Helping Verbs: Modals		2:02
			Modals Defined	2:04
			Examples	2:23
		How to Use Helping Verbs		2:46
			Use the Base Form After Modal Helping Verbs	3:02
			Use the Base Form After Forms of Do	3:09
			Use the Present Participle Form After Forms of Be	3:18
			Use the Past Participle After Forms of Have	3:29
			Be Should be Preceded by a Modal	3:40
			Been Must be Preceded by Have, Has or Had	4:12
		What Modals Mean		4:30
			Will/ Would/ Could	4:37
			Can/ Could	4:55
			May/ Might, Can/ Could	5:08
			May/ Might	5:22
			Should (recommendation)	5:41
			Should (expectation)	5:54
			Must, Have To, Ought To, Need To	6:02
		Use the Correct Helping Verb Practice		6:18
		Use the Correct Helping Verb Answers		6:45
		Use the Correct Helping Verb Practice 2		7:21
		Use the Correct Helping Verb Answers 2		7:42
	Infinitives & Gerunds			12:50
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Objectives		0:07
		What is a Gerund?		0:30
			Definition	0:33
			Functions as a Noun	0:46
			Example	1:23
		Using Gerunds		1:59
			Used as Subjects	2:02
			Used as Complements	2:14
			Used as Objects	2:54
			Use Gerunds After Certain Verbs	3:52
			Examples	4:19
		What is An Infinitive?		5:09
			Definition	5:15
			'To' Can Also Be a Preposition	5:38
		Using Infinitives		6:15
			List of Verbs You See Infinitives After	6:23
			Examples	6:39
			Use After These Verbs When Verb is Followed By a Noun or Pronoun	6:57
			Examples	7:31
		Infinitive or Gerund		8:23
			Describing an Activity	8:31
			Examples	9:00
		Infinitive or Gerund? Practice		9:24
		Infinitive or Gerund? Answers		9:55
		Infinitive or Gerund? Practice 2		10:55
		Infinitive or Gerund? Answers 2		11:21
	Troublesome Verbs			10:28
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:08
		Pop Quiz!		0:41
			Answer	0:52
		Three Pairs of Troublesome Verbs		1:01
			Transitive and Intransitive	1:15
		Lay vs. Lie		2:07
			Lie	2:09
			Lay	2:18
			Trick to Remember	2:46
		Sit vs. Set		3:28
			Sit	3:33
			Set	3:52
			Exception	4:05
		Rise vs. Raise		4:23
			Rise	4:28
			Raise	4:42
		Forms of Troublesome Verbs		5:12
		Choose the Right Verb Practice		6:45
		Choose the Right Verb Answers		7:10
		Choose the Right Verb Practice 2		7:42
		Choose the Right Verb Answers 2		8:20
		Choose the Right Verb Practice 3		9:22
		Choose the Right Verb Answers 3		9:43
	Consistent Tense, Mood & Voice			15:09
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:08
		Consistent Tense		0:57
			Common Mistake	1:00
			Example	1:26
			Should It Be In the Past Tense?	1:43
			Should It Be In the Present Tense?	2:17
			Consistency is a Matter of Avoiding Unnecessary Shifts	3:01
			Example	3:14
		Consistent Tense Practice		4:19
		Consistent Tense Answers		4:41
		Consistent Mood		5:31
			Indicative Mood	5:44
			Imperative Mood	6:20
			Subjunctive Mood	6:59
		Consistent Mood Example		7:24
			Answers	8:00
		Consistent Mood in Indicative Mood		8:26
		Consistent Mood in Imperative Mood		8:47
		Consistent Mood: Sometimes Shift is Necessary		9:16
			Example	9:26
		Consistent Voice		10:17
			Active Voice	10:23
			Passive Voice	10:36
			Active Voice is More Direct and Engaging Than Passive.	11:08
			Passive Voice is Correct When You Want to Minimize the Significance of the Agent	11:35
			Passive Voice is Correct When You Want to Emphasize the Recipient of Action	11:53
			Passive Voice is Correct When The Agent of Caution is Unknown	12:23
			Never Allow Voice to Shift Without a Reason	12:53
		Consistent Voice Practice		13:47
		Consistent Voice Answers		14:16
	Subject-Verb Agreement			18:11
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		Basic Subject-Verb Agreement		0:51
			Number & Person	0:55
			Rule for Single Subject	1:19
			Examples	1:26
			Compound Subject Rule 1	1:47
			Examples	1:57
			Compound Subject Rule 2	3:07
			Examples	3:20
		Basic Subject-Verb Agreement Practice		3:42
		Basic Subject-Verb Agreement Answers		4:00
		Distractions		4:24
			Interrupters	4:37
			Examples	4:48
			Inverted Sentences	5:08
			Examples	5:33
		Tricky Subjects		5:59
			Collective Nouns	6:05
			Examples	6:30
			Exception: Collective Nouns as Plural Form	6:51
			Examples	7:23
			Singular	7:29
			Single Entities	8:14
			Examples	8:44
			Verb is Plural	9:39
			Examples	9:57
			Indefinite Pronouns	10:11
			List of Third-Person Singular Subjects	10:25
			Examples	10:47
			Both, Few, Many, and Several are Always Plural	11:05
			All, My, None, and Some Can be Singular or Plural	11:43
			Relative Pronouns	12:38
			Examples	13:10
		Subject-Verb Agreement Practice		13:31
		Subject-Verb Agreement Answers		13:59
		Subject-Verb Agreement Practice 2		14:57
		Subject-Verb Agreement Answers 2		15:21
		Subject-Verb Agreement Practice 3		16:24
		Subject-Verb Agreement Answers 3		16:55
V. Common Grammar Problems
	Pronoun Agreement and Reference			19:09
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		Kinds of Pronouns		0:47
			List of Pronouns	0:54
			Possessive Pronouns	1:41
			Examples	1:48
		Pronoun Agreement		2:21
			Antecedent	2:45
			Examples	2:51
		Pronoun Agreement Practice		3:15
		Pronoun Agreement Answers		3:33
		Pronoun Agreement Practice 2		4:05
		Pronoun Agreement Answers 2		4:32
		Compound Antecedents		5:20
			Examples	5:30
			Compound Antecedent Connected by And	5:47
			Examples	5:59
			Compound Antecedent Connected by Or or Nor and Both Are Singular	6:21
			Examples	6:51
			Female and Male Antecedent	6:59
			Compound Antecedent is Connected by Or or Nor	8:04
			Examples	8:16
		Pronoun Agreement		8:39
			Examples	8:59
		Collective and Other Singular Nouns		9:43
			Definition	9:47
			Examples	10:31
		Collective and Other Singular Nouns Practice		11:04
		Collective and Other Singular Nouns Answers		11:22
		Indefinite Pronouns		11:47
			List of Indefinite Pronouns	11:56
			Cannot Pick a Pronoun Unless You Know It's the Same Gender	12:22
		Generic Nouns		13:03
			Incorrect	13:11
			Correct	13:36
		Use the Right Pronoun Practice		14:02
		Use the Right Pronoun Answers		14:24
		Unclear References		15:19
			Ambiguous References	15:24
			How to Fix It	15:42
			Vague References	15:55
			How to Fix It	16:16
			Overly Broad References	16:32
			How to Fix It	17:02
		Use the Right Pronoun Practice 2		17:22
		Use the Right Pronoun Answers 2		17:48
	Pronoun Case & Relative Pronouns			14:48
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:11
		Relative Pronouns		1:08
			Use Who/ Whom/ Whose	1:26
			Use Which/ That	1:34
		Pronouns Case		2:17
			Subjective Case	2:28
			Objective Case	3:04
			Possessive Case	3:55
			Use Subjective Case	4:17
		Comparative Statements Practice		5:31
		Comparative Statements Answers		5:45
		Modifiers		6:34
			Examples	6:44
		Modifiers Practice		7:49
		Modifiers Answers		8:10
		We vs. Us		8:58
			Examples	9:18
		Who vs. Whom		10:08
			Rule	10:16
			Examples	10:26
		Practice		11:31
		Practice Answers		12:04
		Practice 2		13:18
		Practice 2 Answers		13:43
	Modifiers & Their Placement			19:13
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		Adjective and Adverbs		0:45
			Adjectives	0:50
			Examples	1:01
			Adverbs	1:19
			Examples	1:36
		Say What You Mean!		1:54
		Good and Bad, Well and Badly		2:39
			Good and Bad	2:43
			Well and Badly	2:57
			Well = Adjective	3:18
		Good and Bad, Well and Badly Practice		3:50
		Good and Bad, Well and Badly Answers and split infinitives.		4:08
		Comparisons		4:36
			Three Forms	4:40
			Use Comparative to Compare Two Things	4:59
			Examples	5:23
			Use Superlative to Compare Three Things	5:54
			Examples	6:27
			Two Sets of Words That Have Irregular Forms	6:41
		Comparisons Practice		6:59
		Double Comparisons and Double Negatives		7:35
			Comparative and Superlative Take Only One Form	7:39
			Examples	7:55
			One Negative to Express a Negative Meaning	8:13
			Examples	8:27
			Hardly, Barely, and Scarcely	8:50
			Examples	9:09
		Double Comparisons and Double Negatives Practice		9:19
		Double Comparisons and Double Negatives Answers		9:36
		Modifier Placement		9:59
			Misplaced Modifier	10:08
			Examples	10:18
			More Exanples	10:48
		Dangling Modifiers		11:23
			Definition	11:26
			Example	11:44
			Fix a Dangling Modifier	12:08
			Examples	12:20
		Dangling Modifiers Practice		12:43
		Dangling Modifiers Answers		13:01
		Limiting Modifiers		13:52
			Includes This List of Adverbs	13:57
			Examples	14:07
			Changing the Placement	14:25
		Interrupting Modifiers		15:25
			Examples	15:45
			Who, That, and Which Clauses	16:05
			Examples	16:21
		Split Infinitives		16:52
			Examples	17:23
		Modifiers Practice		17:43
		Modifiers Answers		18:10
	Articles			17:49
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:06
		What is an Article?		0:42
			Indefinite Articles	0:56
			Definite Article	1:08
			Examples	1:19
		Indefinite Articles: A & An		1:39
			Examples	1:48
			When to Use 'A' and 'An'	1:59
			It's About the Next Sound You Pronounce, Not Letter	2:46
			Use 'An' for a Singular Noun Beginning with a Vowel	3:27
			For Acronyms, Go By the Sound	3:34
			Words Beginning with the Letter H	4:08
			When the Noun is Preceded by an Adjective	4:55
		Definite Article: The		5:27
			When Is 'The' Used	5:34
			Examples	5:48
		Count and Noncount Nouns		6:23
			Count Nouns	6:30
			Noncount Nouns	6:39
			'The' Can be Used with Both	6:56
			Examples	7:12
			'A' and 'An' Can Only Be Used with Count Nouns	7:34
			Examples	7:42
		Geography		7:56
			Do Not Use 'The' Before the Names of Most Countries	8:08
			Exceptions	8:26
			Do Not Use 'The' Before the Names of Cities, Towns or States	8:39
			Do Not Use 'The' Before the Names of Streets	8:49
			Do Not Use 'The' Before the Names of Lakes and Bays	9:02
			Do Not Use 'The' Before the Names of Mountains	9:10
			Do Not Use 'The' Before the Names of Continents and Islands	9:37
			Do Use 'The' Before the Names of Rivers, Oceans, and Seas	9:56
			Do Use 'The' Before Groups of Lakes and Points no the Globe	10:08
			Do Use 'The' Before Geographical Areas	10:25
		When to Use Articles		10:47
			Languages and Nationalities Don't Take Articles	11:12
			Sports Don't Take Articles	11:49
			Name of Academic Subjects Don't Take Articles	12:05
			A Noun May Need One When Used as an Adjective	12:21
		Practice		12:58
		Practice Answers		13:35
		Practice 2		14:24
		Practice Answers 2		14:59
		Practice 3		16:21
		Practice Answers 3		16:48
	Commonly Confused Words			11:29
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:08
		Affect / Effect		0:40
			Affect	0:43
			Effect	1:10
		Fewer/ Less		1:40
			Fewer	1:51
			Less	1:59
		Imply/ Infer		2:19
			Imply	2:29
			Infer	2:39
		It's/ Its		3:10
			It's	3:14
			Its	3:21
		Lie/ Lay		4:04
			Lie	4:09
			Lay	4:12
		Than/ Then		4:49
			Than	4:54
			Then	4:58
		That/ Which		5:35
			That	5:40
			Which	5:50
		Their/ There/ They're		7:18
			Their	7:25
			There	7:31
			They're	7:36
		Who/ Whom		8:11
			Who	8:28
			Whom	8:35
		Your/ You're		9:53
			Your	10:04
			You're	10:12
VI. Common Sentence Problems
	Sentence Fragments			15:43
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		Sentence Boundaries		0:38
			Fragments and Run-Ons	0:51
		Phrases and Clauses		1:11
			Phrase	1:19
			Clause	2:00
			Independent Clause	2:09
			Dependent Clause	2:30
		Practice: Phrases and Clauses		3:20
		Practice Answers: Phrases and Clauses		3:49
		Phrases and Clauses		4:48
			Sentence	4:56
			Multiple Independent and Dependent Clause	5:12
		Sentence Fragments		5:48
			Examples	6:02
			Subordinate Clause	6:21
			How to Fix the Subordinate Clause to Independent Clause	7:01
			Participial Phrases	7:56
			Fix Participial Phrases	8:43
			Fragment Missing Subject and Verb	9:21
			How to Fix This	9:59
			Use Fragments For Effect	10:19
		Sentence Fragments Practice		11:48
		Sentence Fragments Answers		12:08
		Practice		12:47
		Practice Answers		13:27
	Run-On Sentences			12:13
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		Sentence Boundaries		0:29
			Fragments and Run-Ons	0:45
		Phrases and Clauses		1:02
			Phrase	1:10
			Clause	1:39
			Independent Clause	1:50
		Run-On Sentences		2:31
			Run-On	2:54
			Fused Sentence	3:25
			Comma Splice	4:07
		Run-On Sentences Practice		4:43
		Run-On Sentences Answers		5:10
		Run-On Sentences		5:52
			Separate Clauses with a Period	6:00
			Separate Clauses with a Comma and Coordinating Conjunction	6:29
			Separate Clauses with a Semicolon	7:04
			Separate Clauses with a Colon or a Dash	8:09
			Turn One Clause Into a Subordinate Clause or Modifier	9:04
		Practice		10:08
		Practice Answers		10:41
	Parallelism			8:33
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:07
		What is Parallelism?		0:28
			Definition	0:31
			Examples	0:56
		When to Use Parallel Structure		1:33
			Items in a List	1:39
			Items in Pairs	2:07
			Items Being Compared	2:52
			Repeat Signal Words	3:27
		Correcting Faulty Parallelism		4:21
			One Item is Faulty	4:28
			Two Items with Different Structures	5:01
		Practice		5:56
		Practice Answer		6:15
		Practice 2		6:35
		Practice 2 Answer		6:52
		Practice 3		7:19
		Practice 3 Answer		7:40
	Active vs. Passive Voice			9:54
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:08
		What is Active Voice?		0:29
			Active Voice Definition	0:32
		What is Passive Voice?		1:04
			Passive Voice Definition	1:05
		Active or Passive? Practice		1:45
		Active or Passive? Answers		2:05
		When to Use the Active Voice		2:41
			Example	2:58
		When to Use the Passive Voice		3:18
			Minimize the Significance of the Agent	3:23
			Emphasize the Recipient of the Action	4:05
			The Agent of Action is Unknown or Cannot Be Revealed	4:50
		Practice		5:52
		Practice Answers		6:14
		Practice 2		6:57
		Practice 2 Answers		7:31
		Practice 3		8:21
		Practice 3 Answers		8:42
	Idioms			11:18
		Intro		0:00
		Lesson Overview		0:06
		What is an Idiom?		0:33
			Idiom	0:45
			Metaphor	0:55
			Examples	0:58
		Source of Idioms		1:39
			Old Tradition	1:50
			Daily Life Experiences	2:47
			References to Literature or Other Works of Art	3:41
		How to Use Idioms		4:41
			Examples	5:00
			Make Your Own	5:18
		How to Learn Idioms		5:42
		Practice		6:43
		Practice Answers		7:01
		Practice Answers		7:57
		Practice 2		8:52
		Practice 2 Answers		9:11
		Practice 3		9:24
		Practice 3 Answers		9:38
		Practice 4		10:10
		Practice 4 Answers		10:29

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