Heat Engines and Second Law of Thermodynamics, AP Physics B

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Heat Engines and Second Law of Thermodynamics

The heat flow statement of the second law of thermodynamics: Heat flows spontaneously from a substance at high temperature to a substance at lower temperature; it does not flow spontaneously in the reverse direction.
Essential features of a heat engine:

Heat is supplied to the engine at high T
Part of the input heat is used to do work
The remainder is rejected at a lower T.

Efficiency of a heat engine e = 1 – Qc/QH, where QH is the input heat taken in at the higher T, and Qc is the heat rejected at the lower T.
Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law: It is impossible to construct a heat engine, operating in a cycle, with efficiency e equal to 1.
Heat pump: It takes energy from a cold object, along with energy input by work, and it rejects heat to a hot reservoir.
Clausius statement of the second law: It is impossible to construct a machine that transfers energy from a cold object to a hot object without the input of energy by work.

Heat Engines and Second Law of Thermodynamics

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

I. Mechanics
	Introduction to Physics (Basic Math)	77:37
	Vector Addition	70:31
	Motion in One Dimension	79:35
	Kinematics Equation Of Calculus	59:00
	Freely Falling Objects	88:59
	Motion in Two Dimensions, Part 1	68:38
	Motion in Two Dimensions, Part 2: Circular Dimension	61:54
	Newton's Laws of Motion	89:51
	Applications of Newton's Laws, Part 1: Inclines	84:35
	Applications of Newton's Laws, Part 2: Strings and Pulleys	70:03
	Accelerating Frames	73:28
	Circular Motion, Part 1	61:15
	Circular Motion, Part 2	50:29
	Work	87:50
	Conservation of Energy, Part 1	84:49
	Conservation of Energy, Part 2	62:52
	Collisions, Part 1	91:19
	Collisions, Part 2	78:48
	Rotation of a Rigid Body About a Fixed Axis	73:20
	Static Equilibrium	98:57
	Simple Harmonic Motion	93:39
	Universal Gravitation	69:20
	Fluids: Statics	101:00
	Fluids in Motion	68:43
II. Thermodynamics
	Temperature	76:17
	Heat	82:01
	Kinetic Theory of Gases	74:37
	First Law of Thermodynamics	91:27
	Thermal Process in an Ideal Gas	107:16
	Heat Engines and Second Law of Thermodynamics	63:37
	Carnot Engine	96:57
	Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics	53:32
III. Waves
	Traveling Waves	81:27
	Sound	80:56
	Doppler Effect	93:51
	Interference	78:44
	Standing Waves	94:34
IV. Electricity and Magnetism
	Electric Force	56:18
	Coulomb's Law	87:18
	Electric Field	97:24
	Electric Potential	77:09
	Capacitor	84:14
	Combination of Capacitors	63:23
	Electric Current	79:17
	Circuits	94:08
	Kirchhoff's Rules	102:02
	Magnetic Field	98:19
	Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field	76:03
	Magnetic Field Produced by Currents	76:19
	Electromagnetic Induction	94:15
	Faraday's Law	90:49
V. Optics
	Reflection of Light	72:22
	Spherical Mirror	90:39
	Convex Mirror	66:47
	Refraction of Light, Part 1	90:58
	Refraction of Light, Part 2	81:37
	Images Formed by Lenses	85:20
	Interference of Light Waves	87:02
	Thin Film Interference	64:58
	Diffraction	78:22
VI. Modern Physics
	Dual Nature of Light	79:02
	Matter Waves	90:10
	Hydrogen Atom	85:50
	Nuclear Physics	90:30

AP Physics B

I. Mechanics
	Introduction to Physics (Basic Math)			77:37
		Intro		0:00
		What is Physics?		1:35
			Physicists and Philosophers	1:57
			Differences Between	2:48
			Experimental Observations	3:20
			Laws (Mathematical)	3:48
			Modification of Laws/Experiments	4:24
			Example: Newton's Laws of Mechanics	5:38
			Example: Einstein's Relativity	6:18
		Units		8:50
			Various Units	9:37
			SI Units	10:02
			Length (meter)	10:18
			Mass (kilogram)	10:35
			Time (second)	10:51
			MKS Units (meter kilogram second)	11:04
			Definition of Second	11:55
			Definition of Meter	14:06
			Definition of Kilogram	15:21
			Multiplying/Dividing Units	19:10
		Trigonometry Overview		21:24
			Sine and Cosine	21:31
			Pythagorean Theorem	23:44
			Tangent	24:15
			Sine and Cosine of Angles	24:35
			Similar Triangles	25:54
			Right Triangle (Opposite, Adjacent, Hypotenuse)	28:16
			Other Angles (30-60-90)	29:16
		Law of Cosines		31:38
			Proof of Law of Cosines	33:03
		Law of Sines		37:03
			Proof of Law of Sines	38:03
		Scalars and Vectors		41:00
			Scalar: Magnitude	41:22
			Vector: Magnitude and Direction	41:52
			Examples	42:31
		Extra Example 1: Unit Conversion		2:47
		Extra Example 2: Law of Cosines		12:52
		Extra Example 3: Dimensional Analysis		11:43
	Vector Addition			70:31
		Intro		0:00
		Graphical Method		0:10
			Magnitude and Direction of Two Vectors	0:40
		Analytical Method or Algebraic Method		8:45
			Example: Addition of Vectors	9:12
			Parallelogram Rule	11:42
			Law of Cosines	14:22
			Law of Sines	18:32
		Components of a Vector		21:35
			Example: Vector Components	23:30
			Introducing Third Dimension	31:14
			Right Handed System	33:06
		Specifying a Vector		34:44
			Example: Calculate the Components of Vector	36:33
		Vector Addition by Means of Components		41:23
		Equality of Vectors		47:11
		Dot Product		48:39
		Extra Example 1: Vector Addition		9:57
		Extra Example 2: Angle Between Vectors		4:10
		Extra Example 3: Vector Addition		4:51
	Motion in One Dimension			79:35
		Intro		0:00
			Position, Distance, and Displacement	0:12
			Position of the Object	0:30
			Distance Traveled by The Object	5:34
			Displacement of The Object	9:05
		Average Speed Over a Certain Time Interval		14:46
			Example Of an Object	15:15
			Example: Calculating Average Speed	20:19
		Average Velocity Over a Time Interval		22:22
			Example Calculating Average Velocity of an Object	22:45
		Instantaneous Velocity		30:45
		Average Acceleration Over a Time Interval		40:50
			Example: Average Acceleration of an Object	42:01
		Instantaneous Acceleration		47:17
			Example: Acceleration of Time 'T'	47:33
			Example with Realistic Equation	49:52
		Motion With Constant Acceleration: Kinematics Equation		53:39
			Example: Motion of an Object with Constant Acceleration	53:55
		Extra Example 1: Uniformly Accelerated Motion		6:14
		Extra Example 2: Catching up with a Car		8:33
		Extra Example 3: Velocity and Acceleration		6:41
	Kinematics Equation Of Calculus			59:00
		Intro		0:00
		The Derivative		0:12
			Idea of a Derivative	0:27
			Derivative of a function X= df/dx	6:55
			Example: F(x)=Constant 'c'	7:22
			Example: F(x)= X	9:37
			Example: F(x)= AX	11:29
			Example: F(x)= X squared	12:30
			Example: F(x)= X cubed	15:23
			Example: F(x) =SinX	16:24
			Example: F(x) =CosX	16:30
		Product of Functions		16:56
			Example: F(x) = X (squared) Sin X	17:15
		Quotient Rule		23:03
			Example: F(x)=uV-vU/V2	23:48
		Kinematics of Equation		25:10
			First Kinematic Equation : V=Vo+aT	31:13
		Extra Example 1: Particle on X-Axis		8:49
		Extra Example 2: Graphical Analysis		10:16
	Freely Falling Objects			88:59
		Intro		0:00
		Acceleration Due to Gravity		0:11
			Dropping an Object at Certain Height	0:25
		Signs : V , A , D		7:07
			Example: Shooting an Object Upwards	7:34
		Example: Ground To Ground		12:13
			Velocity at Maximum Height	14:30
			Time From Ground to Ground	23:10
			Shortcut: Calculate Time Spent in Air	24:07
		Example: Object Short Downwards		30:19
			Object Short Downwards From a Height H	30:30
			Use of Quadratic Formula	36:23
		Example: Bouncing Ball		41:00
			Ball Released From Certain Height	41:22
			Time Until Stationary	43:10
			Coefficient of Restitution	46:40
		Example: Bouncing Ball. Continued		53:02
		Extra Example 1: Object Shot Off Cliff		13:30
		Extra Example 2: Object Released Off Roof		7:13
		Extra Example 3: Rubber Ball (Coefficient of Restitution)		13:50
	Motion in Two Dimensions, Part 1			68:38
		Intro		0:00
			Position, Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration	0:10
			Position of an Object in X-Y Plane	0:19
			Displacement of an Object	2:48
			Average Velocity	4:30
			Instantaneous Velocity at Time T	5:22
			Acceleration of Object	8:49
		Projectile Motion		9:57
			Object Shooting at Angle	10:15
			Object Falling Vertically	14:48
			Velocity of an Object	18:17
			Displacement of an Object	19:20
			Initial Velocity Remains Constant	21:24
			Deriving Equation of a Parabola	25:23
		Example: Shooting a Soccer Ball		25:25
			Time Ball Spent in Air (Ignoring Air Resistance)	27:48
			Range of Projectile	34:49
			Maximum Height Reached by the Projectile	36:25
		Example: Shooting an Object Horizontally		40:38
			Time Taken for Shooting	42:34
			Range	46:01
			Velocity Hitting Ground	46:30
		Extra Example 1: Projectile Shot with an Angle		12:37
		Extra Example 2: What Angle		6:55
	Motion in Two Dimensions, Part 2: Circular Dimension			61:54
		Intro		0:00
		Uniform Circular Motion		0:15
			Object Moving in a Circle at Constant Speed	0:26
			Calculation Acceleration	3:30
			Change in Velocity	3:45
			Magnitude of Acceleration	14:21
			Centripetal Acceleration	18:15
		Example: Earth Rotating Around The Sun		18:42
			Center of the Earth	20:45
			Distance Traveled in Making One Revolution	21:34
			Acceleration of the Revolution	23:37
		Tangential Acceleration and Radial Acceleration		25:35
			If Magnitude and Direction Change During Travel	26:22
			Tangential Acceleration	27:45
		Example: Car on a Curved Road		29:50
			Finding Total Acceleration at Time T if Car is at Rest	31:13
		Extra Example 1: Centripetal Acceleration on Earth		8:11
		Extra Example 2: Pendulum Acceleration		7:12
		Extra Example 3: Radius of Curvature		9:08
	Newton's Laws of Motion			89:51
		Intro		0:00
		Force		0:21
			Contact Force (Push or Pull)	1:02
			Field Forces	1:49
			Gravity	2:06
			Electromagnetic Force	2:43
			Strong Force	4:12
			Weak Force	5:17
			Contact Force as Electromagnetic Force	6:08
			Focus on Contact Force and Gravitational Force	6:50
		Newton's First Law		7:37
			Statement of First Law of Motion	7:50
			Uniform Motion (Velocity is Constant)	9:38
			Inertia	10:39
		Newton's Second Law		11:19
			Force as a Vector	11:35
			Statement of Second Law of Motion	12:02
			Force (Formula)	12:22
			Example: 1 Force	13:04
			Newton (Unit of Force)	13:31
			Example: 2 Forces	14:09
		Newton's Third Law		19:38
			Action and Reaction Law	19:46
			Statement of Third Law of Motion	19:58
			Example: 2 Objects	20:15
			Example: Objects in Contact	21:54
			Example: Person on Earth	22:54
		Gravitational Force and the Weight of an Object		24:01
			Force of Attraction Formula	24:42
			Point Mass and Spherical Objects	26:56
			Example: Gravity on Earth	28:37
			Example: 1 kg on Earth	35:31
		Friction		37:09
			Normal Force	37:14
			Example: Small Force	40:01
			Force of Static Friction	43:09
			Maximum Force of Static Friction	46:03
			Values of Coefficient of Static Friction	47:37
			Coefficient of Kinetic Friction	47:53
			Force of Kinetic Friction	48:27
			Example: Horizontal Force	49:36
			Example: Angled Force	52:36
		Extra Example 1: Wire Tension		10:37
		Extra Example 2: Car Friction		11:43
		Extra Example 3: Big Block and Small Block		9:17
	Applications of Newton's Laws, Part 1: Inclines			84:35
		Intro		0:00
		Acceleration on a Frictionless Incline		0:35
			Force Action on the Object(mg)	1:31
			Net Force Acting on the Object	2:20
			Acceleration Perpendicular to Incline	8:45
			Incline is Horizontal Surface	11:30
			Example: Object on an Inclined Surface	13:40
		Rough Inclines and Static Friction		20:23
			Box Sitting on a Rough Incline	20:49
			Maximum Values of Static Friction	25:20
			Coefficient of Static Friction	27:53
		Acceleration on a Rough Incline		29:00
			Kinetic Friction on Rough Incline	29:15
			Object Moving up the Incline	33:20
			Net force on the Object	36:36
		Example: Time to Reach the Bottom of an Incline		41:50
			Displacement is 5m Down the Incline	45:26
			Velocity of the Object Down the Incline	47:49
		Extra Example 1: Bottom of Incline		12:23
		Extra Example 2: Incline with Initial Velocity		15:31
		Extra Example 3: Moving Down an Incline		8:09
	Applications of Newton's Laws, Part 2: Strings and Pulleys			70:03
		Intro		0:00
		Atwood's Machine		0:19
			Object Attached to a String	0:39
			Tension on a String	2:15
			Two Objects Attached to a String	2:23
			Pulley Fixed to the Ceiling, With Mass M1 , M2	4:53
			Applying Newton's 2nd Law to Calculate Acceleration on M1, M2	9:21
		One Object on a Horizontal Surface: Frictionless Case		17:36
			Connecting Two Unknowns, Tension and Acceleration	20:27
		One Object on a Horizontal Surface: Friction Case		23:57
			Two Objects Attached to a String with a Pulley	24:14
			Applying Newton's 2nd Law	26:04
			Tension of an Object Pulls to the Right	27:31
		One of the Object is Incline : Frictionless Case		32:59
			Sum of Two Forces on Mass M2	34:39
			If M1g is Larger Than M2g	36:29
		One of the Object is Incline : Friction Case		40:29
			Coefficient of Kinetic Friction	41:18
			Net Force Acting on M2	45:12
		Extra Example 1: Two Masses on Two Strings		5:28
		Extra Example 2: Three Objects on Rough Surface		7:11
		Extra Example 3: Acceleration of a Block		8:52
	Accelerating Frames			73:28
		Intro		0:00
		What Does a Scale Measure		0:11
			Example: Elevator on a Scale	0:22
			Normal Force	4:57
		Apparent Weight in an Elevator		7:42
			Example: Elevator Starts Moving Upwards	9:05
			Net Force (Newton's Second Law)	11:34
			Apparent Weight	14:36
		Pendulum in an Accelerating Train		15:58
			Example: Object Hanging on the Ceiling of a Train	16:15
			Angle In terms of Increased Acceleration	22:04
		Mass and Spring in an Accelerating Truck		23:40
			Example: Spring on a Stationary Truck	23:55
			Surface of Truck is Frictionless	27:38
			Spring is Stretched by distance 'X'	28:40
		Cup of Coffee		29:55
			Example: Moving Train and Stationary Objects inside Train	30:05
			Train Moving With Acceleration 'A'	32:45
			Force of Static Friction Acting on Cup	36:30
		Extra Example 1: Train Slows with Pendulum		11:54
		Extra Example 2: Person in Elevator Releases Object		13:06
		Extra Example 3: Hanging Object in Elevator		10:26
	Circular Motion, Part 1			61:15
		Intro		0:00
		Object Attached to a String Moving in a Horizontal Circle		0:09
			Net Force on Object (Newton's Second Law)	1:51
			Force on an Object	3:03
			Tension of a String	4:40
		Conical Pendulum		5:40
			Example: Object Attached to a String in a Horizontal Circle	5:50
			Weight of an Object Vertically Down	8:05
			Velocity And Acceleration in Vertical Direction	11:20
			Net Force on an Object	13:02
		Car on a Horizontal Road		16:09
			Net Force on Car (Net Vertical Force)	18:03
			Frictionless Road	18:43
			Road with Friction	22:41
			Maximum Speed of Car Without Skidding	26:05
		Banked Road		28:13
			Road Inclined at an Angle 'ø'	28:32
			Force on Car	29:50
			Frictionless Road	30:45
			Road with Friction	36:22
		Extra Example 1: Object Attached to Rod with Two Strings		11:27
		Extra Example 2: Car on Banked Road		9:29
		Extra Example 3: Person Held Up in Spinning Cylinder		3:05
	Circular Motion, Part 2			50:29
		Intro		0:00
		Normal Force by a Pilot Seat		0:14
			Example : Pilot Rotating in a Circle 'r' and Speed 's'	0:33
			Pilot at Vertical Position in a Circle of Radius 'R'	4:18
			Net Force on Pilot Towards Center (At Bottom)	5:53
			Net Force on Pilot Towards Center (At Top)	7:55
		Object Attached to a String in Vertical Motion		10:46
			Example: Object in a Circle Attached to String	10:59
			Case 1: Object with speed 'v' and Object is at Bottom	11:30
			Case 2: Object at Top in Vertical Motion	15:24
			Object at Angle 'ø' (General Position)	17:48
			2 Radial Forces (Inward & Outward)	20:32
			Tension of String	23:44
		Extra Example 1: Pail of Water in Vertical Circle		5:16
		Extra Example 2: Roller Coaster Vertical Circle		3:57
		Extra Example 3: Bead in Frictionless Loop		16:56
	Work			87:50
		Work Done by a Constant Force		0:09
			Example: Force 'f' on Object Moved a Displacement 'd' in Same Direction	0:24
			Force Applied on Object at Angle 'ø' and Displacement 'd'	2:00
			Work Done	3:59
			Force Perpendicular to Displacement (No Work)	5:40
			Example: Lifting an Object from the Surface of Earth to Height 'h'	5:58
			Total Work Done	7:39
			Example: Object on an Inclined Surface	8:08
			Example: Object on Truck	10:18
			Work Done on a Box with No Friction	11:05
			Work Done with Static Friction	14:38
		Stretching or Compressing a Spring		14:50
			Example: Stretching a Spring	15:20
			Work Done in Stretching a Spring	15:51
			Spring Stretched Amount 'A'	17:00
			Spring Stretched Amount 'B' With Constant Velocity	17:59
			Force at Starting	19:29
			Force at End	19:51
			Total Displacement	20:43
			Average Force	21:20
			Work Done	21:51
			Compressing a Spring	23:32
		Work Kinetic Energy Theorem		24:02
			Object Mass 'M' on Frictionless Surface	24:32
			Object Moved a Displacement 'd' With Acceleration 'a'	26:20
			Work Done on an Object by Net Force (Kinetic Energy Theorem)	28:41
			Example: Object at Height	30:39
			Force on Object	32:25
			Work Energy Theorem	34:14
		Block Pulled on a Rough Horizontal Surface		35:14
			Object on a Surface with Friction	35:26
			Coefficient of Kinetic Friction	35:50
			Work Done by Net Force = Change in K.E	38:09
			Applying a Force on an Object at an Angle 'ø' and Displacement 'd'	39:40
			Net Force	43:30
			Work Done	44:03
		Potential Energy of a System		44:39
			Potential Energy of Two or More Objects	45:28
			Example: Object of Mass 'm' at Height 'h'	46:15
			Earth and Object in Position	46:56
			Potential Energy, u=mgh	49:05
			Absolute Value of Potential Energy	49:55
			Example: Two Objects at Different Heights	50:47
		Elastic Potential Energy in a Spring Block System		52:03
			Example: Spring of Mass 'm' Stretching	52:30
			Work Done Stretching a Spring	54:29
		Power		55:24
			Work Done by an Object	56:13
			Rate of Doing Work	56:41
		Extra Example 1: Work Done, Block on Horizontal Surface		12:41
		Extra Example 2: Object and Compressed Spring		12:33
		Extra Example 3: Person Running		4:47
	Conservation of Energy, Part 1			84:49
		Intro		0:00
		Total Energy of an Isolated System		0:13
			Example: Object in an Empty Space	2:22
			Force Applied on an Object	3:25
			Hot Object 't' in Vacuum	4:09
			Hot Object Placed in Cold Water	5:32
			Isolated System (Conservation of Energy)	7:15
			Example: Earth and Object (Isolated System)	8:29
		Energy May be Transformed from One Form to Another		13:05
			Forms of Energy	13:30
			Example: Earth Object System	14:17
			Example: Object Falls from Height 'h' (Transform of Energy)	16:12
			Example: Object Moving on a Rough Surface	17:54
		Spring-Block System: Horizontal System		20:52
			Example: System of Block & Spring	21:03
			Conservation of Energy	26:49
			Velocity of Object at Any Point	27:39
		Spring-Loaded Gun Shot Upwards		29:02
			Example: Spring on a Surface Being Compressed	29:19
		Speed of Pendulum		37:43
			Example: Object Suspended from Ceiling with String	38:07
			Swinging the Pendulum at Angle 'ø' From Rest	39:00
		Cart on a Circular Track: Losing Contact		45:47
			Example: Cart on Circular Track (Frictionless)	46:13
			When Does the Cart Lose Contact	49:16
			Setting Fn=0 When an Object Loses Contact	52:51
			Velocity of an Object at Angle 'ø' (Conservation of Energy)	53:47
		Extra Example 1: Mass on Track to Loop		10:29
		Extra Example 2: Pendulum Released from Rest		7:33
		Extra Example 3: Object Dropped onto Spring		8:15
	Conservation of Energy, Part 2			62:52
		Intro		0:00
		Block Spring Collision		0:16
			Spring Attached to Mass	0:31
			Frictionless Surface	0:51
			Object Collides with a Spring and Stops	1:51
			Amount of Compression in a Spring	3:39
			Surface with Friction	4:17
			Object Collides with Spring (Object Stops at Collision)	4:51
			Force of Friction	9:18
		Object Sliding Down an Incline		10:58
			Example: Object on Inclined Surface	11:15
			Frictionless Case to Find Velocity of an Object	12:08
			Object at Rough Inclined Surface(Friction Case)	14:52
			Heat Produced	16:30
			Object Arrives at Lesser Speed with Friction	21:11
		Connected Object in Motion		22:35
			Two Objects Connected Over a Pulley ,Spring Connected to One Object	22:47
			Coefficient of Friction (Initial & Final Configuration at Rest)	25:27
			Object of m1 at Height 'h'	27:40
			If No Friction	29:51
			Amount of Heat Produced In Presence of Friction	30:31
		Extra Example 1: Objects and Springs		14:17
		Extra Example 2: Mass against Horizontal Spring		12:09
	Collisions, Part 1			91:19
		Intro		0:00
		Linear Momentum		0:10
			Example: Object of Mass 'm' with Velocity 'v'	0:25
			Example: Object Bounced on a Wall	1:08
			Momentum of Object Hitting a Wall	2:20
			Change in Momentum	4:10
		Force is the Rate of Change of Momentum		4:30
			Force=Mass*Acceleration (Newton's Second Law)	4:45
		Impulse		10:24
			Example: Baseball Hitting a Bat	10:40
			Force Applied for a Certain Time	11:50
			Magnitude Plot of Force vs Time	13:35
			Time of Contact of Baseball = 2 milliseconds (Average Force by Bat)	17:42
		Collision Between Two Particles		22:40
			Two Objects Collide at Time T	23:00
			Both Object Exerts Force on Each Other (Newton's Third Law)	24:28
			Collision Time	25:42
			Total Momentum Before Collision = Total momentums After Collision	32:52
		Collision		33:58
			Types of Collisions	34:13
			Elastic Collision ( Mechanical Energy is Conserved)	34:38
			Collision of Particles in Atoms	35:50
			Collision Between Billiard Balls	36:54
			Inelastic Collision (Rubber Ball)	39:40
			Two Objects Collide and Stick (Completely Inelastic)	40:35
		Completely Inelastic Collision		41:07
			Example: Two Objects Colliding	41:23
			Velocity After Collision	42:14
			Heat Produced=Initial K.E-Final K.E	47:13
		Ballistic Pendulum		47:37
			Example: Determine the Speed of a Bullet	47:50
			Mass Swings with Bulled Embedded	49:20
			Kinetic Energy of Block with the Bullet	50:28
		Extra Example 1: Ball Strikes a Wall		10:41
		Extra Example 2: Clay Hits Block		8:35
		Extra Example 3: Bullet Hits Block		11:37
		Extra Example 4: Child Runs onto Sled		7:24
	Collisions, Part 2			78:48
		Intro		0:00
		Elastic Collision: One Object Stationary		0:28
			Example: Stationary Object and Moving Object	0:42
			Conservation of Momentum	2:48
			Mechanical Energy Conservation	3:43
		Elastic Collision: Both Objects Moving		17:34
			Example: Both Objects Moving Towards Each Other	17:48
			Kinetic Energy Conservation	19:20
		Collision With a Spring-Block System		29:17
			Example: Object of Mass Moving with Velocity	29:30
			Object Attached to Spring of Mass with Velocity	29:50
			Two Objects Attached to a Spring	31:30
			Compression of Spring after Collision	33:41
			Before Collision: Total Energy (Conservation of Energy)	37:25
			After Collision: Total Energy	38:49
		Collision in Two Dimensions		42:29
			Object Stationary and Other Object is Moving	42:46
			Head on Collision (In 1 Dimension)	44:07
			Momentum Before Collision	45:45
			Momentum After Collision	46:06
			If Collision is Elastic (Conservation of Kinetic Energy) Before Collision	50:29
		Example		51:58
			Objects Moving in Two Directions	52:33
			Objects Collide and Stick Together (Inelastic Collision)	53:28
			Conservation of Momentum	54:17
			Momentum in X-Direction	54:27
			Momentum in Y-Direction	56:15
		Maximum Height after Collision		10:34
		Extra Example 2: Two Objects Hitting a Spring		7:05
		Extra Example 3: Mass Hits and Sticks		2:58
	Rotation of a Rigid Body About a Fixed Axis			73:20
		Intro		0:00
		Particle in Circular Motion		0:11
			Specify a Position of a Particle	0:55
			Radian	3:02
			Angular Displacement	8:50
		Rotation of a Rigid Body		15:36
			Example: Rotating Disc	16:17
			Disk at 5 Revolution/Sec	17:24
			Different Points on a Disk Have Different Speeds	21:56
			Angular Velocity	23:03
		Constant Angular Acceleration: Kinematics		31:11
			Rotating Disc	31:42
			Object Moving Along x-Axis (Linear Case)	33:05
			If Alpha= Constant	35:15
		Rotational Kinetic Energy		42:11
			Rod in X-Y Plane, Fixed at Center	42:43
			Kinetic Energy	46:45
			Moment of Inertia	52:46
		Moment of Inertia for Certain Shapes		54:06
			Rod at Center	54:47
			Ring	55:45
			Disc	56:35
			Cylinder	56:56
			Sphere	57:20
		Extra Example 1: Rotating Wheel		6:44
		Extra Example 2: Two Spheres Attached to Rotating Rod		8:45
	Static Equilibrium			98:57
		Intro		0:00
		Torque		0:09
			Introduction to Torque	0:16
			Rod in X-Y Direction	0:30
		Particle in Equilibrium		18:15
			Particle in Equilibrium, Net Force=0	18:30
			Extended Object Like a Rod	19:13
			Conditions of Equilibrium	26:34
			Forces Acting on Object (Proof of Torque)	31:46
		The Lever		35:38
			Rod on Lever with Two Masses	35:51
		Standing on a Supported Beam		40:53
			Example : Wall and Beam Rope Connect Beam and Wall	41:00
			Net Force	45:38
			Net Torque	48:33
			Finding 'ø'	52:50
		Ladder About to Slip		53:38
			Example: Finding Angle 'ø' Where Ladder Doesn't slip	53:44
		Extra Example 1: Bear Retrieving Basket		19:42
		Extra Example 2: Sliding Cabinet		20:09
	Simple Harmonic Motion			93:39
		Intro		0:00
		(Six x)/x		0:09
			(Sin x)/x Lim-->0	0:17
			Definition of Sine	5:57
			Sine Expressed in Radians	8:09
			Example: Sin(5.73)	9:26
		Derivative Sin(Ax+b)		12:14
			f(x)=Sin(ax+b)	13:11
			Sin(α+β)	14:56
		Derivative Cos(Ax+b)		20:05
			F(x)=Cos(Ax+b)	20:10
		Harmonic Oscillation: Equation of Motion		26:00
			Example: Object Attached to Spring	26:25
			Object is Oscillating	27:04
			Force Acting on Object F=m*a	31:21
			Equation of Motion	34:41
		Solution to The Equation of Motion		36:40
			x(t) Function of time	38:50
			x=Cos(ωt+ø) Taking Derivative	41:33
		Period		50:37
			Pull The Spring With Mass and Time 't' Released	50:54
			Calculating Time Period =A cos(ωt - φ)	52:53
		Energy of Harmonic Oscillator		55:59
			Energy of The Oscillator	56:58
		Pendulum		58:10
			Mass Attached to String and Swing	58:20
		Extra Example 1: Two Springs Attached to Wall		20:46
		Extra Example 2: Simple Pendulum		5:29
		Extra Example 3: Block and Spring Oscillation		8:21
	Universal Gravitation			69:20
		Intro(Universal Gravitation)		0:00
		Newton's Law of Gravity		0:09
			Two Particles of Mass m1,m2	1:22
			Force of Attraction	3:02
			Sphere and Small Particle of Mass 'm'	4:39
			Two Spheres	5:35
		Variation of g With Altitude		7:24
			Consider Earth as an Object	7:33
			Force Applied To Object	9:27
			At or Near Surface of Earth	11:51
		Satellites		15:39
			Earth and Satellite	15:45
			Geosynchronous Satellite	21:25
		Gravitational Potential Energy		27:32
			Object and Earth Potential Energy=mgh	24:45
			P.E=0 When Objects are Infinitely Separated	30:32
			Total Energy	38:28
			If Object is Very Far From Earth, R=Infinity	40:25
		Escape		42:33
			Shoot an Object Which Should Not Come Back Down	43:06
			Conservation of Energy	48:48
			Object at Maximum Height (K.E=0)	45:22
			Escape Velocity (Rmax = Infinity)	46:50
		Extra Example 1: Density of Earth and Moon		7:09
		Extra Example 2: Satellite Orbiting Earth		11:54
	Fluids: Statics			101:00
		Intro		0:00
		Mass Density		0:23
			Density of Mass Solid	0:33
			Density of Liquid	1:06
			Density of Gas	1:22
			Density of Aluminum	2:03
			Density of Water	2:34
			Density of Air	2:45
			Example: Room	3:11
		Pressure		4:59
			Pressure at Different Points in Liquid	5:09
			Force on Face of Cube	6:40
			Molecules Collide on Face of Cube	9:34
			Newton's Third Law	10:20
		Variation of Pressure With Depth		15:12
			Atmospheric Pressure	16:08
			Cylinder in a Fluid of Height H	19:40
		Hydraulic Press		29:50
			Fluid Cylinder	30:12
			Hydraulics	35:56
		Archimedes Principle		40:23
			Object in a Fluid (Submerged)	40:55
			Volume of a Cylinder	45:24
			Mass of Displaced Fluid	45:48
			Buoyant Force	47:30
		Weighing a Crown		51:03
			Crown Suspended on Scale in Air	51:24
			Crown Weighed in Water	51:42
			Density of Gold	57:20
		Extra Example 1: Aluminum Ball in Water		11:59
		Extra Example 2: Swimming Pool		10:11
		Extra Example 3: Helium Balloon		10:24
		Extra Example 4: Ball in Water		10:16
	Fluids in Motion			68:43
		Intro		0:00
		Ideal Fluid Flow		0:15
			Fluid Flow is Steady	0:57
			Fluid is Incompressible (Density is Uniform)	2:50
			Fluid Flow is Non-Viscous	3:49
			Honey	4:10
			Water	4:32
			Fluid Flow (Rotational)	6:15
		Equation of Continuity		9:05
			Fluid Flowing in a Pipe	9:20
			Fluid Entering Pipe	11:00
			Fluid Leaving Pipe	15:26
		Garden Hose		21:20
			Filling a Bucket	22:30
			Speed of Water	24:05
		Bernoulli's Equation		28:45
			Pipe Varying with Height and Cross Section	29:18
			Net Work Done	35:37
		Venturi Tube		43:31
			Finding V1, V2 with Two Unknowns	46:20
			Equation of Continuity	46:55
		Extra Example 1: Water in a Pipe		6:56
		Extra Example 2: Water Tank with Hole		8:51
II. Thermodynamics
	Temperature			76:17
		Intro		0:00
		Celsius and Fahrenheit		0:20
			Thermometer in Ice Water	1:03
			Thermometer in Boiling Water	3:03
			Celsius to Fahrenheit Conversion	10:30
		Kelvin Temperature Scale		11:15
			Constant Volume Gas Thermometer	11:57
			Measuring Temperature of Liquid	12:25
			Temperature Increase, Pressure Increase	14:56
			Absolute Zero -273.15 Degree/Celsius	22:34
		Thermometers		25:44
			Thermometric Property	26:14
			Constant Volume Gas Thermometer	27:53
			Example: Electrical Resistance	29:05
		Linear Thermal Expansion		31:40
			Heated Metal Rod	31:58
		Expansion of Holes		41:05
			Sheet of Some Substance and Heat it	41:16
			Sheet with Hole	42:04
			As Temperature Increases, Hole Expands	46:42
		Volume Thermal Expansion		47:02
			Cube of Aluminum	47:14
			Water Expands More than Glass	53:44
		Behavior of Water Near 4c		54:33
			Plotting the Density of Water	54:55
		Extra Example 1: Volume of Diesel Fuel		6:54
		Extra Example 2: Brass Pendulum		9:40
	Heat			82:01
		Intro		0:00
		Heat and Internal Energy		0:09
			Cup of Hot Tea, Object is Hot	0:50
			Heat Flows From Hot Object to Cold Object	3:06
			Internal Energy , Kinetic+Potential Energy of All Atoms	5:50
		Specific Heat		9:01
			Object of Substance	9:18
			Temperature Change by Delta T	10:03
			Mass of Water	17:29
		Calorimeter		21:35
			Calorimeter-Thermal Insulated Container	22:23
		Latent Heat		30:23
			Ice at 0 degrees	30:52
			Heating the Ice	31:15
			Water-Latent Heat of Fusion	33:50
			Converting Ice from -20 to 0 Degree	38:35
		Example: Ice Water		42:10
			Water of Mass 0.2 Kg	42:23
			Mass of Ice that is Melted	48:23
		Transfer Of Heat		48:27
			Convection Mass Moment	49:00
			Conduction	53:14
			Radiation	57:42
		Extra Example 1: Electric Heater with Water		5:40
		Extra Example 2: Mass of Steam		7:11
		Extra Example 3: Water in Pool		8:32
	Kinetic Theory of Gases			74:37
		Intro		0:00
		Ideal Gas Law		0:08
			Ideal Gas Definition	0:24
			1 Mole of Gas	1:49
			Avogadro's Number	2:21
			Gas in a Container, Pressure Increases with Temperature	6:22
			Ideal Gas law	10:30
			Boltzmann's Constant	12:49
		Example		13:30
			Conceptual Example	13:48
			Shake and Open the Coke Bottle	14:36
			Quantitative Example: Container with Gas	19:50
			Heat the Gas to 127 Degrees	20:23
		Kinetic Theory		24:06
			Container in a Cube Shape	24:16
			Molecules Traveling with Velocity v	26:01
			Change in Momentum of Molecule Per Second	30:38
			Newton's Third law	31:58
		Example		45:40
			5 Moles of Helium in Container	45:50
			Finding Number of Atoms	47:23
			Calculating Pressure	48:46
		Distribution of Molecules		49:45
			Root Mean Square	53:10
		Extra Example 1: Helium Gas in Balloon		6:14
		Extra Example 2: Oxygen Molecules		8:57
	First Law of Thermodynamics			91:27
		Intro		0:00
		Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics		0:09
			Two Objects in Contact	0:29
			Thermometer in Thermal Equilibrium (Exchanged Energy)	5:20
		First Law of Thermodynamics		6:06
			Monatomic Ideal Gas	6:20
			Internal Energy	9:59
			Change in Internal Energy of System	18:35
		Work Done on a Gas		22:29
			Cylinder with Frictionless Piston	22:50
			Displacement of Piston	25:11
			Under Constant Pressure	27:37
			Work Done by Gas	34:24
		Example		35:29
			Ideal gas, Monatomic Expands Isobarically	35:48
			Isobaric: Process at Constant Atmospheric Pressure	37:33
			Work Done By Gas	40:21
		Example 2		47:19
			Steam	47:30
			Cylinder with Steam	49:20
			Work Done By Gas	51:20
			Change in Internal Energy of System	52:53
		Extra Example 1: Gas Expanding Isobarically		10:26
		Extra Example 2: Block of Aluminum		12:25
		Extra Example 3: Gas in Piston		11:30
	Thermal Process in an Ideal Gas			107:16
		Intro		0:00
		Isobaric and Isovolumetric Process		0:13
			Isobaric Definition	0:24
			PV Diagram	0:54
			Isovolumetric Process	1:37
			Total work done By gas	8:08
		Isothermal Expansion		11:20
			Isothermal Definition	11:42
			Piston on a Container	12:57
			Work Done by Gas	22:01
		Example		22:09
			5 Moles of Helium gas	22:20
			Determining T	26:20
		Molar Specific Heat		27:11
			Heating a Substance	27:30
			Ideal Monoatomics Gas	35:15
			Temperature Change in Constant Volume	35:31
			Temperature Change in Constant Pressure	39:10
		Adiabatic Process		48:44
			IsoVolumetric Process V=0	48:57
			Isobaric Process at P=0	49:15
			Isothermal C=0	49:36
			Adiabatic Process: Definition	50:33
		Extra Example 1: Gas in Cycle		14:06
		Extra Example 2: Gas Compressed Isothermally		13:45
		Extra Example 3: Two Compartments of Gas		18:22
	Heat Engines and Second Law of Thermodynamics			63:37
		Intro		0:00
		Introduction		0:13
			Statement of Conservation of Energy	0:44
			Flow of Heat from Hot to Cold	3:31
		Heat Engines: Kelvin-Plank Statement		4:36
			Steam Engine	4:55
			Efficiency of Engine	10:49
			Kelvin Plank Statement of Second Law	13:25
		Example		17:01
			Heat Engine with Efficiency 25%	17:10
			Work Done During 1 cycle	18:03
			Power	20:15
		Heat Pump: Clausius Statement		20:47
			Refrigerator	26:35
			Coefficient of Performance (COP)	27:48
			Clausius Statement	34:03
			Impossible Engine	35:15
		Equivalence of Two Statements		36:51
			Suppose Kelvin-Plank Statement is False	38:16
			Clausius Statement is False	43:46
		Extra Example 1: Heat Engine Cycle		6:02
		Extra Example 2: Refrigerator		6:34
	Carnot Engine			96:57
		Intro		0:00
		Reversible Process		0:55
			All Real Processes are Irreversible	3:20
			Ball Falls Onto Sand	3:49
			Heat Flow from Hot to Cold	7:30
			Container with Gas and Piston (Frictionless)	9:20
		Carnot Engine		15:29
			Cylinder With Piston	16:01
			Isothermal Expansion	19:15
			Insulate Base of Cylinder	19:39
		Efficiency		32:40
			Work Done by Gas	34:42
		Carnot Principle		46:44
			Heat Taken From Hot Reservoir	54:40
		Example		56:53
			Steam Engine with Two Temperatures	57:12
			Work Done	59:21
		Extra Example 1: Carnot Isothermal Expansion		5:22
		Extra Example 2: Energy In Out as Heat		6:07
		Extra Example 3: Gas through Cycle		24:32
	Entropy and Second Law of Thermodynamics			53:32
		Intro		0:00
		One Way Process		0:40
			Hot to Cold (Conserved Energy)	1:12
			Gas in a Insulated Container	2:03
			Entropy	9:05
		Change in Entropy		16:13
			System at Constant Temperature	16:35
			Insulated Container	19:51
			Work Done by Gas	26:40
		Second Law of Thermodynamics: Entropy Statement		29:30
			Irreversible Process	30:10
			Gas Reservoir	33:02
		Extra Example 1: Ice Melting		4:25
		Extra Example 2: Partition with Two Gases		7:33
		Extra Example 3: Radiation from Sun		5:45
III. Waves
	Traveling Waves			81:27
		Intro		0:00
		What is a Wave?		0:19
			Example: Rod and Swinging Balls	0:55
			Huge Number of Atoms	2:35
			Disturbance Propagates	5:51
			Source of Disturbance	8:25
			Wave Propagation	8:50
			Mechanism of Medium	10:18
			Disturbance Moves	12:19
		Types of Waves		12:52
			Transverse Wave	13:11
			Longitudinal Wave	17:30
		Sinusoidal Waves		26:47
			Every Cycle has 1 Wavelength	35:15
			Time for Each Cycle	36:32
			Speed of Wave	37:10
		Speed of Wave on Strings		42:24
			Formula for Wave Speed	51:11
		Example		51:25
			String with Blade Generate Pulse	51:35
		Reflection of Waves		55:18
			String Fixed at End	55:37
			Wave Inverted	58:31
			Wave on a Frictionless Ring	58:52
			Free End: No Inverted Reflection	60:18
		Extra Example 1: Tension in Cord		3:50
		Extra Example 2: Waves on String		7:17
		Extra Example 3: Mass on Cord with Pulse		9:53
	Sound			80:56
		Intro		0:00
		Longitudinal Sound Wave		0:12
			Tube Filled With Gas and Piston at One End	1:07
			Compression or Condensation	5:01
			Moving the Piston Back	6:16
			Rarefaction	7:06
			Wavelength	11:57
		Frequency		13:07
			Diaphragm of a Large Speaker	13:20
			Audible Wave Human Being	14:50
			Frequency Less Than 20 Khz Infrasonic Wave	15:40
			Larger Than 20 Khz Ultrasonic Wave	16:15
		Pressure as a Sound Wave		18:30
			Sound Wave Propagation in Tube	19:13
		Speed of Sound		25:10
			Speed of Sound in Gas	32:50
			Speed of Sound at 0 Degrees	36:50
			Speed of Sound in Liquid	41:48
			Speed of Sound in Solid	46:00
		Sound Intensity		46:29
			Energy Produced/Sec	49:12
		Decibels		51:10
			Sound Level or Intensity Level	54:30
			Threshold of Hearing	54:52
		Extra Example 1: Eardrum		5:11
		Extra Example 2: Sound Detector		7:50
		Extra Example 3: Lightning and Thunder		7:33
	Doppler Effect			93:51
		Intro		0:00
		Observer Moving, Source Stationary		0:10
			Observer Intercepts the Wave Front	1:47
			Number of Waves Intercepted	5:25
			Wave Fronts Integrated	6:05
			Towards the Source	11:15
			Moving Away from Source	15:02
			Example: Rain	19:42
		Observer Stationary Source Moving		20:40
			During Time	27:43
			Wavelength Measured by Observed	28:38
		General Case		33:27
			Source and Observer Moving	33:40
			Observer is Moving	33:50
			Observer is Stationary	34:24
		Supersonic Speed		43:30
			Airplane	44:03
		Extra Example 1: Oscillating Spring		18:25
		Extra Example 2: Police Siren		11:05
		Extra Example 3: Sonic Jet		6:14
	Interference			78:44
		Intro		0:00
		Principle of Linear Superposition		0:10
			Example: String Sending Two Pulses	1:26
			Sum of Two Pulses	3:38
		Interference		11:56
			Two Speakers Driven By Same Frequency	12:29
			Constructive Interference	22:09
			Destructive Interference	33:06
		Example		37:25
			Two Speakers	37:42
			Speed of Sound	38:25
		Diffraction		43:53
			Circular Aperture	49:59
		Beats		52:15
			Two Frequency	53:02
			Time Separated by 1 sec	59:55
		Extra Example 1: Two Speakers		11:38
		Extra Example 2: Tube and Sound Detector		6:30
	Standing Waves			94:34
		Intro		0:00
		Standing Wave on String		0:09
			Propagation Waves	0:59
			String with Both Ends Fixed	1:06
			Sine Wave	5:43
			Placing Two Nodes and Vibrating String	7:26
			Fundamental Frequency	13:50
			First Overtone	14:05
		Example		20:49
			Spring	21:08
			Hanging a Weight with a Pulley	21:26
		Air Columns		26:22
			Pipe Open at Both Ends	27:13
			Pipe Open at One End	36:55
		Example		41:56
			Container with Water	42:05
			Tuning Fork	43:00
			Resonance	44:07
			Length of Pipe Producing Wavelength	51:51
		Extra Example 1: String Sound Wave		10:50
		Extra Example 2: Block with Wire is Plucked		14:47
		Extra Example 3: Pipe Natural Frequencies		13:15
IV. Electricity and Magnetism
	Electric Force			56:18
		Intro		0:00
		Electric Charge		0:18
			Matter Consists of Atom	1:01
			Two Types of Particles: Protons & Neutrons	1:48
			Object with Excess Electrons: Negatively Charged	7:58
			Carbon Atom	8:30
			Positively Charged Object	9:55
		Electric Charge		10:07
			Rubber Rod Rubs Against Fur (Negative Charge)	10:16
			Glass Rod Rub Against Silk (Positive Charge)	11:48
			Hanging Rubber Rod	12:44
		Conductors and Insulators		16:00
			Electrons Close to Nucleus	18:34
			Conductors Have Mobile Charge	21:30
			Insulators: No Moving Electrons	23:06
			Copper Wire Connected to Excess Negative charge	23:22
			Other End Connected to Excess Positive Charge	24:09
		Charging a Metal Object		27:25
			By Contact	28:05
			Metal Sphere on an Insulating Stand	28:16
			Charging by Induction	30:59
			Negative Rubber Rod	31:26
			Size of Atom	36:08
		Extra Example 1: Three Metallic Objects		7:32
		Extra Example 2: Rubber Rod and Two Metal Spheres		6:25
	Coulomb's Law			87:18
		Intro		0:00
		Coulomb's Law		0:59
			Two Point Charges by Distance R	1:11
			Permittivity of Free Space	5:28
		Charges on the Vertices of a Triangle		8:00
			3 Charges on Vertices of Right Triangle	8:29
			Charge of 4, -5 and -2 micro-Coulombs	10:00
			Force Acting on Each Charge	10:58
		Charges on a Line		21:29
			2 Charges on X-Axis	22:40
			Where Should Q should be Placed, Net Force =0	23:23
		Two Small Spheres Attached to String		31:08
			Adding Some Charge	32:03
			Equilibrium Net Force on Each Sphere = 0	33:38
		Simple Harmonic Motion of Point Charge		37:40
			Two Charges on Y-Axis	37:55
			Charge is Attracted	39:52
			Magnitude of Net Force on Q	42:23
		Extra Example 1: Vertices of Triangle		9:39
		Extra Example 2: Tension in String		11:46
		Extra Example 3: Two Conducting Spheres		6:29
		Extra Example 4: Force on Charge		9:21
	Electric Field			97:24
		Intro		0:00
		Definition of Electric Field		0:11
			Q1 Produces Electric Field	3:23
			Charges on a Conductor	4:26
		Field of a Point Charge		13:10
			Charge Point Between Two Fields	13:20
			Electric Field E=kq/r2	14:29
			Direction of the Charge Field	15:10
			Positive Charge, Field is Radially Out	15:45
		Field of a Collection of a Point Charge		19:40
			Two Charges Q1,Q2	19:56
			Q1 Positive, Electric Field is Radially Out	20:32
			Q2 is Negative, Electric Field is Radially Inward	20:46
			4 Charges are Equal	23:54
		Parallel Plate Capacitor		25:42
			Two Plates ,Separated by a Distance	26:44
			Fringe Effect	30:26
			E=Constant Between the Parallel Plate Capacitor	30:40
		Electric Field Lines		35:16
			Pictorial Representation of Electric Field	35:30
			Electric Lines are Tangent to the Vector	35:57
			Lines Start at Positive Charge, End on Negative Charge	41:24
			Parallel Line Proportional to Charge	45:51
			Lines Never Cross	46:00
		Conductors and Shielding		49:33
			Static Equilibrium	51:09
			No Net Moment of Charge	53:09
			Electric Field is Perpendicular to the Surface of Conductor	55:40
		Extra Example 1: Plastic Sphere Between Capacitor		8:46
		Extra Example 2: Electron Between Capacitor		11:52
		Extra Example 3: Zero Electric Field		10:44
		Extra Example 4: Dimensional Analysis		6:01
	Electric Potential			77:09
		Intro		0:00
		Electric Potential Difference		0:11
			Example :Earth and Object	0:36
			Work Done	2:01
			Work Done Against Field	5:31
			Difference in Potential, Between Points	9:08
			Va=Vb+Ed	11:35
		Potential Difference in a Constant Electric Field		18:03
			Force Applied Along the Path	18:42
			Work Done Along the Path	23:28
			Potential Difference is Same	23:45
		Point Charge		28:50
			Electric Field of Point Charge is Radial	29:10
			Force Applied is Perpendicular to Displacement	32:01
			Independent of Path	41:08
		Collection of Point Charge		43:56
			Electric Potential at Charge Points	44:15
		Equipotential Surface		46:33
			Plane Perpendicular to Field	46:49
			Force Perpendicular to Surface	47:37
		Potential Energy: System of a Two Point Charges		54:17
			Work Done in Moving the Charge to Infinity	55:53
		Potential Energy: System of Point Charges		57:05
		Extra Example 1: Electric Potential of Particle		10:28
		Extra Example 2: Particle Fired at Other Particle		8:30
	Capacitor			84:14
		Intro		0:00
		Capacitance		0:09
			Consider Two Conductor s	0:25
			Electric Field Passing from Positive to Negative	1:19
			Potential Difference	3:31
			Defining Capacitance	3:51
		Parallel Plate Capacitance		8:30
			Two Metallic Plates of Area 'a' and Distance 'd'	8:46
			Potential Difference between Plates	13:12
		Capacitance with a Dielectric		22:14
			Applying Electric Field to a Capacitor	22:44
			Dielectric	30:32
		Example		34:56
			Empty Capacitor	35:12
			Connecting Capacitor to a Battery	35:26
			Inserting Dielectric Between Plates	39:02
		Energy of a Charged Capacitor		43:01
			Work Done in Moving a Charge, Difference in Potential	47:48
		Example		54:10
			Parallel Plate Capacitor	54:22
			Connect and Disconnect the Battery	55:27
			Calculating Q=cv	55:50
			Withdraw Mica Sheet	56:49
			Word Done in Withdrawing the Mica	60:23
		Extra Example 1: Parallel Plate Capacitor		8:41
		Extra Example 2: Mica Dielectric		15:01
	Combination of Capacitors			63:23
		Intro		0:00
		Parallel Combination		0:20
			Two Capacitors in Parallel With a Battery	0:40
			Electric Field is Outside	5:47
			Point A is Directly Connected to Positive Terminal	7:57
			Point B is Directly Connected to Negative Terminal	8:10
			Voltage Across Capacitor	12:54
			Energy Stored	14:52
		Series Combination		17:58
			Two Capacitors Connected End to End With a Battery	18:10
			Equivalent Capacitor	25:20
			A is Same Potential	26:59
			C is Same Potential	27:06
			Potential Difference Across First Capacitor (Va-Vb)	27:42
			(Vb-Vc) is Potential Difference Across Second Capacitor	28:10
			Energy Stored in C1,C2	29:53
		Example		31:07
			Two Capacitor in Series, 2 in Parallel, 3 in Parallel, 1 Capacitor Connected	31:28
			Final Equivalent Circuit	37:31
		Extra Example 1: Four Capacitors		16:50
		Extra Example 2: Circuit with Switches		8:25
	Electric Current			79:17
		Intro		0:00
		Definition		0:20
			Consider a Wire ,Cylindrical	0:40
			Cross Sectional Area	1:06
			Crossing Charges Will be Counted	2:50
			Amount of Charge Crosses Cross Sectional Area	3:29
			Current I=q/t	4:18
			Charges Flowing in Opposite Direction	5:58
			Current Density	6:19
			Applying Electric Field	11:50
		Current in a Wire		15:24
			Wire With a Cross Section Area 'A'	15:33
			Current Flowing to Right	18:57
			How Much Charge Crosses Area 'A'	19:15
			Drift Velocity	20:02
			Carriers in Cylinder	22:40
		Ohm's Law		24:58
			Va-Vb = Electric Field times Length of Wire	28:27
			Ohm's Law	28:54
			Consider a Copper Wire of 1m , Cross Sectional Area 1cm/sq	34:24
		Temperature Effect		37:07
			Heating a Wire	37:05
			Temperature Co-Efficient of Resistivity	39:57
		Battery EMF		43:00
			Connecting a Resistance to Battery	44:30
			Potential Difference at Terminal of Battery	45:15
		Power		53:30
			Battery Connected with a Resistance	53:47
			Work Done on Charge	56:55
			Energy Lost Per Second	60:35
		Extra Example 1: Current		9:46
		Extra Example 2: Water Heater		8:05
	Circuits			94:08
		Intro		0:00
		Simple Rules		0:16
			Resistance in Series	0:33
			Current Passing Per Second is Equal	1:36
			Potential Difference	3:10
			Parallel Circuit, R1, R2	5:08
			Battery, Current Starts From Positive Terminal to Negative Terminal	10:08
		Series Combination of Resistances		13:06
			R1, R2 Connected to Battery	13:35
			Va-Vb=Ir1,Vb-Vc=Ir2	16:59
			Three Resistance Connected in Series Req=r1+r2+r3	18:55
		Parallel Combination of Resistance		19:28
			R1 and R2 Combined Parallel	19:50
			I=i1+i2 (Total Current)	24:26
			Requ=I/E	24:51
		A Simple Circuit		27:57
			Intro	28:40
			Current Splits	29:15
			Total Resistance	31:52
			Current I= 6/17.2	35:10
		Another Simple Circuit		37:46
			Battery has Small Internal Resistance	38:02
			2 Ohms Internal Resistance, and Two Resistance in Parallel	38:24
			Drawing Circuit	48:53
			Finding Current	52:06
		RC Circuit		55:17
			Battery , Resistance and Capacitance Connected	55:30
			Current is Function of Time	58:00
			R, C are Time Constants	59:25
		Extra Example 1: Resistor Current/Power		4:17
		Extra Example 2: Find Current		6:03
		Extra Example 3: Find Current		10:00
		Extra Example 4: Find Current		13:49
	Kirchhoff's Rules			102:02
		Intro		0:00
		First Kirchhoff Rule		0:19
			Two Resistance Connected With a Battery	0:29
			Many Resistance	1:40
			Increase in Potential from A to B	4:46
			Charge Flowing from Higher Potential to Lower Potential	5:13
		Second Kirchhoff Rule		9:17
			Current Entering	9:27
			Total Current Arriving is Equal Current Leaving	13:20
		Example		14:10
			Battery 6 V, Resistance 20, 30 Ohms and Another Battery 4v	14:30
			Current Entering I2+I3	21:18
		Example 2		31:20
			2 Loop circuit with 6v and 12 v and Resistance, Find Current in Each Resistance	32:29
		Example 3		42:02
			Battery and Resistance in Loops	42:23
		Ammeters and Voltmeters		56:22
			Measuring Current is Introducing an Ammeter	56:35
			Connecting Voltmeter, High Resistance	57:31
		Extra Example 1: Find Current		18:47
		Extra Example 2: Find Current		13:35
		Extra Example 3: Find Current		10:23
	Magnetic Field			98:19
		Intro		0:00
		Magnets		0:13
			Compass Will Always Point North	3:49
			Moving a Compass Needle	5:50
		Force on a Charged Particles		10:37
			Electric Field and Charge Particle Q	10:48
			Charge is Positive Force	11:11
			Charge Particle is At Rest	13:38
			Taking a Charged Particle and Moving to Right	16:15
			Using Right Hand Rule	23:37
			C= Magnitude of A, B	26:30
			Magnitude of C	26:55
		Motion of Particle in Uniform Magnetic Field		33:30
			Magnetic Field has Same Direction	34:02
			Direction of Force	38:40
			Work Done By Force=0	41:40
			Force is Perpendicular With Velocity	42:00
		Bending an Electron Beam		48:09
			Heating a Filament	48:29
			Kinetic Energy of Battery	51:54
			Introducing Magnetic Field	52:10
		Velocity Selector		53:45
			Selecting Particles of Specific Velocity	54:00
			Parallel Plate Capacitor	54:30
			Magnetic Force	56:20
			Magnitude of Force	56:45
		Extra Example 1: Vectors		19:24
		Extra Example 2: Proton in Magnetic Field		8:33
		Extra Example 3: Proton Circular Path		10:46
	Force on a Current in a Magnetic Field			76:03
		Intro		0:00
		Effect of Magnetic Field on Current		0:44
			Conduction Wire, Horse Shoe Magnet	0:55
			Introducing a Battery to the Wire	3:10
			Wire Bends Pushing Left	3:50
			Wire Bends Toward Right	5:08
			In Absence of Magnetic Field	5:34
			Magnet and Wire Force Towards Upward	10:22
		Force		11:55
			Conductor Connected to Battery, Carrying Current to Right	12:52
			Magnetic Field Oriented into Page	13:20
			Force on 1 Change	20:00
			Total Force on Wire	21:45
			Vector of magnitude	25:40
			Direction is Scalar	26:12
			Force on Wire	31:00
		Torque on a Current loop		35:38
			Square of Rectangle of Wire in Loop	35:49
			Passing Current	36:14
			Force on 1	36:25
			Force on 3	40:46
			Force on 2	42:26
			Force on 4	45:12
		Example		49:33
			Wire of Length	49:50
			Magnetic Field, Force on Wire	52:37
		Extra Example 1: Lifting a Wire		5:35
		Extra Example 2: Rod on Two Rails		7:33
		Extra Example 3: Rod on Two Rails with Friction		6:54
	Magnetic Field Produced by Currents			76:19
		Intro		0:00
		Long Straight Wire		0:49
			Long Wire Connect to Battery (Imaginary Plane)	1:07
			Introducing a Compass	3:15
			Amperes Law/Biot-Savart law	8:01
			Wire With Current I	8:35
			Magnetic Permeability of Free Space	11:41
		Example		13:22
			Wire With Current 5 Amps	13:35
			Calculation Magnetic Field Produced By Wire	16:42
		Magnetic Force Between Parallel Current Carrying Wire		21:34
			Two Wires Carrying Current	21:45
			Calculating Force of Attraction	23:27
			Magnetic Field B Produced by First Wire	25:14
			Force on Second Wire	28:33
		Example		33:59
			Wire on Ground	34:10
			Another Wire	34:24
			Magnetic Force on Wire 2	37:35
		Coils		41:16
			Circular Loop	42:25
			Magnetic Field is Not Uniform	42:55
			Magnetic Field at Center	43:11
			Solenoid	46:20
			Wire of length L in Coil with a Battery	47:11
		Extra Example 1: Two Parallel Wires		9:14
		Extra Example 2: Magnetic Field of Wires		13:50
	Electromagnetic Induction			94:15
		Intro		0:00
		Induced EMF		0:51
			Electro Motive Force	1:05
			Hang a Wire Loop and Using a Magnet	3:02
			Magnetic Field is Strong	7:07
			Induced EMF is Not Related	9:20
		Motional EMF		11:43
			Conducting Metal	12:10
			Rod Moves to Right	12:52
			Force Exerted on Charge Carrier	15:20
			Potential Difference	20:05
		Example		25:57
			Rod in Magnetic Field, Connected by Wires	27:10
			Power Dissipated	32:18
			In 1 Minute, Total Energy Consumption	34:53
		Where Does the Energy Come From		37:50
			Magnetic Waves with Conductive Bar	38:12
			To Keep the Rod Moving With Constant Velocity	46:33
			Work Done By External Agent in 1 Min	46:50
		Relation to Magnetic Flux		51:03
			Area Swept by Rod	54:44
		Magnetic Flux		57:34
			Magnetic Field is Constant	57:50
			Area Perpendicular To field	58:02
		Extra Example 1: Motional EMF of Rod		5:04
		Extra Example 2: Motional EMF, Current, Power		8:05
		Extra Example 3: Current in Resistor		20:08
	Faraday's Law			90:49
		Intro		0:00
		Faraday's Law		0:57
			Coil Connected to Battery With Switch	1:14
			Closed Switch Ammeter Reads Current	3:45
			Current in First Coil Drops to Zero	8:30
			Change in Flux Generates Current	8:53
			Induced EMF	9:13
		Example		13:45
			Coil Has N Turns	13:55
			Connecting the Ends of Wire to Resistance	14:40
			Total Flux	16:55
		Motional EMF Revisited		25:04
			Rod Moving in a Magnetic Field	25:24
			Magnetic Force Pushes Electrons	28:01
			Magnetic Field is Perpendicular to Area	31:50
			Flux in Loop	32:15
		Lenz's Law		40:03
			Magnetic Field into Page	40:30
			Current Induced by 'Increased Flux'	44:35
			Current Induced to Oppose Change in Flux	49:28
			Flux is Increasing, Opposing Created Magnetic Field In Opposite Direction	55:01
		Extra Example 1: Loop of Wire in Magnetic Field		9:58
		Extra Example 2: Coil in Square		10:45
		Extra Example 3: Decreasing Magnetic Field		13:43
V. Optics
	Reflection of Light			72:22
		Intro		0:00
		Nature of Light		0:22
			Aristotle: Light Illuminated from Eye	0:58
		Light Rays		15:50
			Light Source Eliminates Stream Of Light	16:22
			Wave Fronts and Crests	16:57
		Reflection		18:50
			Sending Light on Surface	19:01
			Light Reflects Parallel Out	19:20
			Specular Reflection	20:06
			Surface is Not Smooth	20:16
			Reflected in Different Direction	20:35
		Law of Reflection		21:47
			Light Ray Hits the Plane Mirror	22:08
			Drawing Normal Perpendicular to Surface of Mirror	22:50
			Angle of Incidence	23:15
			Angle of Reflection	23:50
			Path of Least Time	26:43
			Fermat's Principle	30:14
			Light Takes Path of Shortest Time	38:49
		Formation of Image by Plane Mirror		40:11
			Plane Mirror and a Source	40:20
			Looking at first Reflection	42:30
			S is the Real Object	48:05
		Real and Virtual Object and Image		50:10
			Optical Instrument	50:37
			If Rays are Divergent Object is Real	51:42
			Rays are Convergent, Virtual Object	52:54
		Extra Example 1: Object Between Two Mirrors		10:08
		Extra Example 2: Plane Mirror Polished Side Up		4:50
	Spherical Mirror			90:39
		Intro		0:00
		Concave and Convex Mirror		0:17
			Piece of Mirror From a Spherical Mirror	1:00
			If Inner face is Polished, Concave Mirror	2:00
			Principal Axis	3:41
			Polished Outer Side, Convex Mirror	4:15
		Focal Point		5:21
			Consider a Concave Mirror	6:03
			Sending a Ray of Parallel Light	6:18
			Paraxial Rays	9:36
		Ray Diagrams		19:10
			Concave Mirror	19:25
			Principal Axis	19:40
			Rays Diverging Virtual Image	29:14
		Image Formation in Concave Mirrors: Real Object		30:20
			Real Object	30:51
			Draw a Ray to Principal Axis	31:05
			Put the Object beyond 'F'	38:13
		Image Formation in Concave Mirrors: Virtual Object		46:44
			Rays Leaving the Image: Diverging	48:00
		Summary of Concave Mirror		56:17
			Real Object real Image	56:52
			Real Object Virtual Image	57:11
			Virtual Object Real Image	57:24
			Virtual Object Virtual Image	57:40
		Extra Example 1: Concave Mirror Image Location		9:56
		Extra Example 2: Concave Mirror Focal Length		9:36
		Extra Example 3: Concave Mirror Image Location		10:41
	Convex Mirror			66:47
		Intro		0:00
		Image Formation: Real Object		0:21
			Drawing ray Parallel to Principal Axis	1:15
			Virtual Object Producing real Image	17:41
		Image Formation: Virtual Objects		18:21
			Ray Going through C and Reflects Back	18:40
			Real Object Virtual Image	26:20
			Virtual Object: Real Image	26:30
			Virtual Object: Virtual Image	27:00
		Summary		35:30
			Size of Image Over Size of Object	36:12
			Magnification	41:47
			Example: Convex Mirror	42:38
		Extra Example 1: Convex Mirror		8:07
		Extra Example 2: Convex or Concave		12:08
	Refraction of Light, Part 1			90:58
		Intro		0:00
		Index of Refraction		0:31
			Speed of Light	1:15
			Speed of Light in Medium	3:02
			Index of Refraction of Medium	3:33
			Index of Refraction of Water	4:52
			Index of Refraction of Glass	5:13
		Snell's Law		8:09
			Light is Incident from One Medium to Another	9:05
			Light Bends Toward the Normal	10:49
			Example: Air/Water	12:32
			Light is Incident at Angle of 53 Degrees	13:09
			Water is more Optically Dense Than Air	17:20
		Apparent Depth		18:19
			Container of Water	19:01
			Penny at the Bottom	19:17
			Light Ray is Perpendicular to the Surface	19:35
			From Snell's Law	29:39
		Derivation of Snell's Law		32:38
			Idea of Wave Fronts	33:05
		Second Derivation of Snell's Law		48:17
			Same as Fermat's Principal	48:38
			Air and Water	49:10
		Extra Example 1: Light Hits Glass		7:09
		Extra Example 2: Find Theta		14:42
		Extra Example 3: Index of Refraction		9:56
	Refraction of Light, Part 2			81:37
		Intro		0:00
		Prism and the Rainbow		0:13
			Monochromatic Light Through Prism	1:09
			Sending White Light Through Prism	7:08
			Violet Bends More Than Red Light	8:12
			Angle Between Incident Light and Red	13:25
			Water Drops in the Atmosphere	14:10
		Total Internal Reflection		18:13
			Surface has Air and Water	18:30
			Increase Angle	19:33
			Light Traveling in a Larger Index and Meets Lower Index	29:30
			Water and Air Angle of Refraction is 90 Degree	29:57
		Optical Fibers		32:22
			Long Coaxial Cable	32:40
			Choose Angle for No Light Leakage	35:03
		Thin Lenses		45:13
			Two Pieces of Transparent Glass	45:58
			Plano Convex	47:32
			Bi-Concave	47:50
			Plano Concave	48:05
			Lens Maker Formula	51:59
		Ray Diagrams		53:44
			Ray Through the Center	53:06
		Extra Example 1: Angle of Incidence		8:44
		Extra Example 2: Block Underwater		15:30
	Images Formed by Lenses			85:20
		Intro		0:00
			Converging Lenses: Real Objects	0:25
			Ray Going Through Center	1:50
		Converging Lens: Virtual Objects		18:30
			Reverse Path	20:40
			Virtual Object Real Image	22:47
		Diverging Lens		24:59
		Lens Summary		33:40
			Object, Lens, Image	34:52
			Object Distance to Lens	35:21
			Image Distance to Lens	36:01
			Focal Length	36:12
			Magnification	37:21
		Example: Converging Lens		38:07
			Q=50 cm Real Image	41:52
			Move Object 10 cm From the Lens	42:30
			Diverging Lens	45:20
		Extra Example 1: Converging Lens		9:57
		Extra Example 2: Diverging Lens		10:33
		Extra Example 3: Two Thing Converging Lenses		7:40
		Extra Example 4: Diverging Lens Final Image		6:58
	Interference of Light Waves			87:02
		Intro		0:00
			Condition for Interference	0:24
			Two Light Sources S1, S2	0:49
			Source are Incoherent	1:36
			Uniform Intensity on Screen	6:10
			Source Should be Coherent	6:31
			Source with Single Wavelength	7:30
			Two Slits with One Source	8:37
		Young's Double Slit Experiment		13:33
			Wave Front Looks Planer	14:15
			Light Propagates Like Waves	17:58
		Constructive and Destructive Interference		22:39
			Two Slits Separated by 'd'	23:01
			Consider a Point at Center of Screen	24:33
			Path Difference	34:46
			Constructive Interference	35:59
			Destructive Interference	36:05
		Example		43:52
			Two Slits Separated	44:09
			Screen is 2 ms Away	44:30
			Second Order Maximum	45:06
			First Maximum	48:48
		Extra Example 1: Double Slit Wavelength		5:58
		Extra Example 2: Two Radio Antennas		15:32
		Extra Example 3: Double Slit Thickness		13:42
	Thin Film Interference			64:58
		Intro		0:00
		Change of Phase Due to Reflection		0:37
			Plane Mirror	1:28
			Object Produces Virtual Image	1:48
			Consider a Screen and Point	2:04
			Path Difference	3:40
			Constructive Interferences	5:09
			Destructive Interference	5:26
			Two Media N1, N2	15:25
			N2>N1 Changes in Phase 180 Degrees	15:40
		Thin Film Interference		18:50
			Air and Film and Air Film of Thickness	19:12
			Angle of Incident is Very Small	19:40
			Two Waves are Destructive	22:14
			Path Difference	22:30
			If Delta=1, 2, 3 No Change in Phase	27:44
			Destructive Interference	29:12
			Constructive Interferences	32:45
		Example: Soap Bubbles		33:34
			Air, Soap, Air	33:55
			Thickness Results in Constructive Interference	35:58
		Example: Non-Reflective Coating For Solar Cells		38:05
			Sending Light	41:50
			Destructive Interference	44:08
		Extra Example 1: Spaced Plates Separation		7:27
		Extra Example 2: Oil Film		7:29
		Extra Example 3: Dark Bands
	Diffraction			78:22
		Intro		0:00
		Diffraction of Waves		0:18
			Source of Sound Waves	0:31
			Huygens' Principle	1:14
		Diffraction of Light from Narrow Slit		10:57
			Light From a Distant Source	11:48
			Pick Any Point	13:55
			Source of Wave Front	14:36
			Waves Traveling Parallel to Each Other	15:27
			Franhofer Diffraction	19:38
			Drawing Perpendicular	20:12
			First Maximum	23:12
			Every Wave Has Interference and Diffraction	27:44
		Width of Central Maximum		32:49
			Width of Slit is 0.2 mm	33:13
			Monochromatic Light	33:40
			If Angle is << 1	36:39
			If W= 2cms	41:15
		Intensity of Diffraction Patterns		44:21
			Plotting Intensity Versus Light	44:59
		Resolution		45:35
			Considering Two Source	45:55
			Two Objects Resolved	46:41
			Rayleigh Principle	47:44
		Diffraction Grating		51:18
			First Order Max	58:00
			Intensity Shown in Figure	58:21
		Extra Example 1: Slit Diffraction		5:50
		Extra Example 2: Minima in Diffraction Pattern		6:47
		Extra Example 3: Diffraction Grating		6:38
VI. Modern Physics
	Dual Nature of Light			79:02
		Intro		0:00
		Photoelectric Effect		0:13
			Shine Light on Metal Surface	2:39
			Another Metal Surface Both Enclosed and Connected to Battery	3:02
			Connecting Ammeter to Read Current	3:50
			Connecting a Variable Voltage	4:20
			Negative Voltage Has Stopping Potential	10:20
		Features of Photoelectric Effect		20:44
			Dependence on Intensity	21:01
			Energy Carried By Wave Proportional to Intensity	21:11
			Kinetic Energy	23:21
			Dependence of Photoemission on Time	23:40
			Dependence on Frequency	26:54
			Measuring Maximum Kinetic Energy	31:11
		Einstein and the Photoelectric Effect		31:21
			Stream of Quantum Particles	33:00
			Dim Blue Light, Few Photons	36:42
			Bright Red Light, Many Photons	37:31
			Electron is Bound to Surface of Metal	39:33
		Example		44:20
			Incident Light 200 nm	45:20
		Compton Scattering		50:22
			Shooting X-Rays at Targets	50:45
			Photons Colliding with Electrons	55:48
			Compton Wavelength of Electron	56:05
		Example		57:25
			Lambda=0.1nm	57:30
		Extra Example 1: Photoelectric Effect		9:31
		Extra Example 2: Different Frequency Radiation		9:49
	Matter Waves			90:10
		Intro		0:00
			De Broglie Wavelength	1:42
			Photon of light E=hf	4:23
			For particles Lambda=hp	12:20
			Davisson and Germer, Electron Diffraction	14:06
			Double Slit, Instead of Light Shooting Electrons	18:25
			Detecting Electrons on Fluorescent Screen	18:55
			Bright Fringes	21:37
		Example		26:03
			Electron Moves	26:18
			Kinetic Energy of Electron	32:20
			Wavelength of Baseball	33:59
			Refraction Pattern	40:00
		Uncertainty Principle		41:44
			Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle	42:05
			Sending an Electron Through a Hole	47:54
			In Y Direction the Position is Uncertain	51:54
			Example	57:00
			Speed of Electron	57:09
			Position of Electron	60:38
		Extra Example 1: Kinetic Energy of Electrons		13:23
		Extra Example 2: Uncertainty Principle		10:49
		Extra Example 3: Wavelength of Electron and Photon		5:10
	Hydrogen Atom			85:50
		Intro		0:00
		Nuclear Model		0:12
			J.J. Thomson Discovered Electrons	1:40
			Rutherford Experiment	2:52
			Example: Solar System	13:39
			Planetary Model	14:40
			Centripetal Acceleration	16:48
		Line Spectra		18:48
			Low Pressure Gas Connecting to High Voltage	19:37
			Group of Wavelength	21:06
			Emission Spectra	21:28
			Lyman	22:38
			Balmer Series	22:52
			Pascen Series	23:04
		Bohr's Model		27:14
			Electron in Circular Orbit	27:30
			Stationary Orbits	28:34
			Radiation is Emitted When Electron Makes Transition	29:37
			For Each Orbit Mass, Speed, Radius	33:55
		Quantized Energy of the Bohr Model		35:58
			Electron in Circular Orbit	36:24
			Total Energy	45:18
		Line Spectra Intercepted		46:12
			Energy of Orbit	46:30
			Balmer Series	53:36
			Paschen Series	53:56
		Example		54:57
			N=1 and N=2	55:01
		Extra Example 1: Balmer Series for Hydrogen		9:39
		Extra Example 2: Minimum n for Hydrogen		11:06
		Extra Example 3: Energy to Transition Electron		5:30
	Nuclear Physics			90:30
		Intro		0:00
			Nucleus	0:33
			Positively Charged Particles	0:53
			Z=Atomic Mass Number	2:08
			Example of Carbon, 6 Protons and 6 Neutrons	5:34
			Nucleus with 27 Protons	10:48
		Binding Energy		18:56
			Intro	19:10
			Helium Nucleus	19:51
			Binding Energy	24:28
		Alpha Decay		29:08
			Energy of Uranium	38:04
		Beta Decay		43:03
			Nuclei Emits Negative Particles	45:00
			Beta Particles are Electrons	45:24
		Gamma Decay		57:01
			Gamma Ray is Photon of High Energy	57:13
			Nucleus Emits a Photon	59:02
		Extra Example 1: Radium Alpha Decay		9:34
		Extra Example 2: Binding Energy of Iron		7:19
		Extra Example 3: Missing Particle		13:35

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Heat Engines and Second Law of Thermodynamics

Heat Engines and Second Law of Thermodynamics

AP Physics B

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