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Lecture Comments (5)

0 answers

Post by Lu Liu on August 15, 2020

For shelterwood cutting, what is the point of cutting the small trees?  What are they used for?

1 answer

Last reply by: Bryan Cardella
Sun Apr 15, 2018 1:38 PM

Post by Patricia Xiang on April 13, 2018

What does share the canopy means? Does it mean that they are under the canopy of the dominants?

1 answer

Last reply by: Bryan Cardella
Mon Apr 13, 2015 5:29 PM

Post by Caleb Kierum on April 13, 2015

With really old trees like what soil layer do their roots usually go to?  Does the ratio of one soil layer to another have to be different to accommodate trees with large roots?

Forests, Parks, & the Wilderness

  • Humans’ existence has always been closely related to forests. The practice of growing trees professionally is known as silviculture. There are a lot of crucial questions to consider regarding how we maintain forests and how they should sustain us
  • Forests cover much of the U.S. and the world as a whole. They make light reflect differently on the Earth (changes in albedo), affect the carbon and water cycles, and change the surface roughness of our planet
  • Each individual tree species (white birch, balsam fir, Douglas fir, giant sequoia) has its own niche with its preferred terrain and water availability
  • Forest management involves stands that are even-aged or uneven-aged. Forests can be old-growth or second-growth
  • Site quality has an affect on the harvest quality. Harvesting can be clear-cutting, selective cutting, strip cutting, shelterwood cutting, or seed-tree cutting
  • Clear-cutting is not ideal because it contributes to more erosion, significant changes in chemical cycling, more exposure to sun/rain, and process of decay and runoff are accelerated
  • Plantations are made of a stand of trees planted in straight rows, usually maintained by fertilization
  • Sustainability of silviculture, certification of forestry, and unsustainable forests are also important parts of the forestry discussion
  • Deforestation results in an annual loss of 5-6 million hectares worldwide, which results in more erosion, runoff, floods, and sediment ending up in the water supply. Deforestation happens mostly due to clearing land for construction and obtaining raw materials for lumber/paper/fuel
  • Parks are areas set aside by people with definite boundaries, usually for the enjoyment and recreation involved with a natural setting. Nature preserves are similar but they usually have more emphasis on conserving some particular resource
  • Parks provide a wide variety of services to people, but there are many topics to debate: size/access/types of activities, dangers of people interacting with nature and vice versa, and how much land should be devoted to the making of parks and nature preserves
  • Wilderness and wildness are two different concepts related to environmental science

Forests, Parks, & the Wilderness

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  1. Intro
    • Forests Introduction
    • Forests in the United States
    • Worldwide Effect of Forests
    • Ecology of Forests
    • Forest Management
    • Harvesting Forests
    • More on Cutting
    • Plantations
    • Sustainability and Practices
    • Deforestation
    • Parks vs. Nature Reserves
    • Why Parks and Nature Preserves are Here
    • Conflicts Related to Parks
    • Wilderness
    • Intro 0:00
    • Forests Introduction 0:06
      • Silviculture
      • Conflict on Forests
    • Forests in the United States 4:12
      • Commercial Grade Forests
      • Ownership
      • Likelihood of Indefinite Production of Timber by Forests
    • Worldwide Effect of Forests 6:50
      • Changes in the Color of Earth's Surface
      • Warmth
      • Increase in the Amount of Water Transpired and Evaporated
      • Carbon Dioxide Gas Concentration Changes
      • Change in Surface Roughness on the Earth
    • Ecology of Forests 10:37
      • Niche
      • White Birch
      • Douglas Fir
      • Determine Which Trees Will Last in Various Areas/ Climates
    • Forest Management 13:17
      • Stands
      • Old-Growth Forest
      • Second Growth Forest
    • Harvesting Forests 17:20
      • Site Quality
      • Tree Rings
      • Harvesting
    • More on Cutting 24:48
      • Clear-Cutting is Controversial
      • Clear-Cutting is Neither All Good Nor All Bad
    • Plantations 27:04
      • Stand of One Species Planted in Straight Rows
      • Maintained with Fertilization, Often by Helicopter
      • Could be Used More Readily to Supply the World's Timber
    • Sustainability and Practices 28:48
      • Sustainability
      • Certification of Forestry
      • Banning of Import of Wood From Unsustainable Forests
    • Deforestation 30:37
      • Estimated Annual Loss
      • Has Lad to More Erosion, Runoff, Floods, and Sediment Ending Up in Water
      • Brief History
      • Causes of Deforestation
    • Parks vs. Nature Reserves 35:04
      • Park
      • Nature Preserve
      • Boundaries
    • Why Parks and Nature Preserves are Here 38:14
      • Preservation of Nature, Wildlife, and Ecosystems
      • Conservation of Biological Diversity and a Habitat
      • Maintenance of Wildlife for Hunting
      • Aesthetics and the Identity of a Region
      • Maintenances for Recreation and Tourism
      • Maintenance for Scientific Research Purposes
    • Conflicts Related to Parks 41:55
      • Size, Access, Types of Activities
      • Interactions Between People and Wildlife
      • How Much Land Should Be Included?
    • Wilderness 46:55
      • Undisturbed by People
      • Some Countries Have Non Left
      • Natural vs. Naturalistic
      • Managing Wilderness

    Related Books

    Bryan Cardella

    Bryan Cardella

    Forests, Parks, & the Wilderness

    Slide Duration:

    Table of Contents

    Section 1: Introduction
    Major Themes in AP Environmental Science

    36m 44s

    Intro
    0:00
    6 Main Themes
    0:05
    Human Population Growth
    0:17
    Sustainability and Carrying Capacity
    0:40
    Global Solutions
    1:33
    Urbanization
    2:14
    People and Nature
    2:35
    Science and Ethics
    3:10
    Human Population Growth
    4:03
    Largest Increase Began in the Last Half of the 20th Century
    4:15
    Famine and Food Crises
    6:41
    Sustainability and Carrying Capacity
    9:29
    Objective is Sustainability
    9:33
    Sustainable Global Economy
    10:17
    Carrying Capacity
    13:47
    Global Issues and Solutions
    14:49
    Global Perspective
    14:53
    Gaia Hypothesis
    15:57
    Urbanization
    17:04
    Trend of Moving Into Cities
    17:06
    Tokyo Currently has the Largest Population in a Single City
    18:13
    People and Nature
    20:04
    Misconceptions
    20:19
    Sustainable Environment and Sustainable Economy
    23:05
    Science and Ethics
    24:12
    Intellectual Standards
    24:20
    Precautionary Principle
    29:41
    Justifications
    30:46
    Scientific Method

    35m

    Intro
    0:00
    Origin of the Scientific Method
    0:04
    Babylonia and Ancient Egypt
    0:14
    Western Tradition
    1:35
    Scientific Revolution
    2:30
    Francis Bacon
    3:35
    Science is About Knowing
    3:53
    Disprovability
    5:19
    Steps of the Scientific Method
    5:43
    Observe
    5:47
    Formulate a Questions
    6:26
    Hypothesize
    6:54
    Design an Experiment
    7:26
    Collect Data
    9:48
    Interpret Data
    10:52
    Draw Conclusions
    11:02
    Future Experiments
    11:29
    Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning
    14:21
    Inductive Reasoning
    14:25
    Deductive Reasoning
    15:39
    Proof with Inductive Reasoning
    17:38
    Theories and Models
    19:00
    Scientific Theory
    19:02
    Models
    20:08
    Uncertainty and Accuracy
    22:08
    Objectivity is the Goal
    22:39
    Degree of Uncertainty
    24:02
    Accuracy
    25:59
    Precision
    26:50
    Pseudoscience
    28:48
    Pseudo
    28:51
    Examples
    28:59
    The Big Picture of Environmental Science

    27m 22s

    Intro
    0:00
    Types of Systems
    0:05
    Closed Systems
    0:12
    Open Systems
    1:09
    Static System
    1:54
    Dynamic System
    3:02
    Open Systems
    3:28
    Steady State
    3:41
    Nonsteady State
    4:08
    Balance of Nature
    4:34
    Residence Time
    5:40
    Feedback
    10:14
    Negative Feedback
    10:49
    Positive Feedback
    12:18
    Types of Flows
    14:18
    Flow vs. Flux
    14:28
    Linear Flow
    15:18
    Nonlinear Flow
    15:46
    Lag Time
    16:40
    Curves
    17:55
    Overshoots, Collapse, and Consequences
    19:35
    Overshoot
    19:46
    Collapse
    20:05
    Consequences
    21:00
    Earth as a System
    23:19
    Environmental Unity
    23:22
    Uniformitarianism
    24:40
    Gaia Hypothesis
    26:47
    Section 2: Populations and the Environment
    The Dynamic Human Population

    47m 15s

    Intro
    0:00
    Populations Introduction
    0:05
    Population Dynamics
    0:10
    Population
    0:25
    Species
    1:02
    Demography
    1:47
    Abundance, Birth and Death Rate, Growth Rate, Age Structure
    1:59
    Human Population Curves
    2:28
    Four Phases
    3:46
    Hunter and Gatherer
    3:48
    Agriculture
    4:18
    Industrial Rev
    5:29
    Modern Era
    6:33
    Paris Example
    7:27
    Population Key Terms
    8:26
    Crude Birth, Death, and Growth Rate
    8:31
    Fertility
    9:20
    General Fertility Rate
    9:29
    Total Fertility Rate
    10:05
    Age-Specific Birth rate
    10:37
    Cause-Specific Death Rate
    11:02
    Morbidity
    11:39
    Incidence
    11:46
    Prevalence
    12:10
    Case Fatality Rate
    12:27
    Rate of Natural Increase
    13:16
    Doubling Time
    13:46
    Infant Mortality Rate
    13:58
    Life Expectancy at Birth
    14:43
    GNP Per Capita
    15:34
    Human Population Growth
    15:51
    Doubling Time
    15:53
    Logistic Growth
    17:46
    Three Possible Futures
    18:53
    Calculating Population Change
    20:23
    Population
    20:05
    Growth Rate
    21:57
    Doubling Time
    22:36
    Age Structure
    23:03
    Proportion of Each Ages Group in the Population
    23:04
    Examples
    23:42
    Demographic Transition
    27:31
    Three Stage Pattern of Change in Birth/ Death rates in Developed Nations
    27:33
    Crude Rate Over Time and Population Size Over Time
    27:49
    Life Expectancy and Death
    32:01
    Maximum Lifetime vs. Life Expectancy
    32:08
    Acute Disease
    33:21
    Chronic Disease
    34:00
    Crude Death Rate Differences
    34:35
    Human Population's Effect on Earth
    35:02
    Factor of the Number of People and Each Person's Effect
    35:09
    Formula
    37:07
    Key Is Improving the Standard of Living
    38:24
    Human Carrying Capacity
    39:02
    Max Number of People That Can Live on Earth
    39:07
    Limited by These Factors
    39:51
    Estimated in Different Ways
    42:45
    Zero Population Growth
    45:15
    Possible?
    45:18
    Several Approaches
    45:29
    Ecosystems

    35m 50s

    Intro
    0:00
    Key Terms
    0:05
    Ecosystem
    0:36
    Community Effect
    1:05
    Cycling of Chemical Elements and Flow of Energy
    2:43
    Food Webs
    4:18
    Network of Food Chains
    4:21
    Trophic Level
    4:47
    Ecosystem Boundaries
    6:10
    Energy Flow
    7:20
    Ecosystem Energy Flow
    7:27
    Laws of Thermodynamics
    8:05
    Chemistry of Energy Flow
    9:48
    Biomass and Biological Production
    11:51
    Biomass
    11:57
    Biological Production
    12:17
    Primary Production vs. Secondary Production
    14:01
    Energy Efficiency
    14:30
    Succession, Part I
    17:36
    Ecological succession
    17:42
    Examples
    21:18
    Commonalities of Succession
    27:37
    Chemical Cycling
    29:48
    Facilitation
    32:17
    Interference
    32:26
    Section 3: Earth's Cycles and Environmental Change
    Earth Cycles

    42m 55s

    Intro
    0:00
    Earth History
    0:04
    About 4.5 Billion Years Old
    0:07
    Only Plant in Our Solar System with Liquid Water, Plate Tectonics, and Life
    0:56
    Atmosphere
    1:51
    Thermodynamic Equilibrium
    2:17
    Characteristics of a Living Planet
    2:21
    Thermodynamic Equilibrium
    3:18
    Planet Acts as a Pump to Keep the Atmosphere, Rocks, and Oceans from this Equilibrium
    3:28
    The Rise of Oxygen
    4:29
    Earth Had a Lot Less Oxygen Prior to 2.3 Billion Years Ago
    4:47
    Evidence is in Pyrite
    5:01
    Photosynthesis
    7:03
    Cells: Then and Now
    7:55
    Fermentation
    8:15
    Prokaryotes
    9:08
    Eukaryotes
    10:18
    Molecules of Life
    11:19
    Macronutrients
    11:20
    Micronutrients
    12:41
    Limiting Factors
    13:10
    Geologic Cycles
    13:42
    Includes These Cycles
    13:46
    About the Cycling of Molecules Throughout the Earth
    14:00
    Movement Through a Cycle
    14:23
    Flow
    14:26
    Flux
    14:29
    Residence Time
    14:41
    Source
    15:06
    Sink
    15:08
    Example
    15:17
    Tectonic Cycle
    15:36
    The Lithosphere
    15:45
    Lithosphere is Composed of Plates
    16:03
    Plate Tectonics
    16:09
    Types of Plate Boundaries
    17:23
    Hydrologic Cycle
    19:02
    Transfer of Water
    19:10
    Key Terms
    19:20
    Driven by Solar Energy
    20:34
    97% in Oceans
    20:48
    Drainage Basins
    21:20
    Rock Cycle
    21:45
    Numerous Processes That Produce Rocks and Soils
    21:46
    Rocks are Classified: Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary
    22:01
    Intro to Biogeochemical Cycles
    25:05
    Includes the Complete Path That a Chemical takes on Earth
    25:11
    General Facts
    25:30
    Carbon Cycle
    26:29
    Basic Building Block of Life
    26:30
    Carbon Cycles Through the Biota
    26:57
    Pathways and Reservoirs
    27:55
    Carbon-Silicate Cycle
    31:10
    Nitrogen Cycle
    33:22
    Nitrogen is Converted to an Inorganic Compound
    33:32
    Nitrogen Fixation
    34:00
    Denitrification
    35:06
    Symbioses
    35:30
    Industrial Fertilizer
    35:40
    Pollution
    36:06
    Phosphorus Cycle
    36:28
    One of the 'Big Six' Required for Life
    36:30
    Slow Rate of Transfer
    37:39
    Tale of Guano
    38:14
    Bone Valley
    38:36
    Rising Phosphorus Prices
    39:14
    Potential Solutions
    40:44
    Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Other Disasters

    1h 8m 31s

    Intro
    0:00
    Geologic Overview
    0:06
    Time Scales
    0:13
    Key Principles of Geologic Time Scale
    0:39
    Earth's Crust
    7:42
    Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Internal Structure
    7:50
    Crust
    8:29
    Moho, Mantle, and Core
    9:53
    Moho
    10:00
    Mantle
    11:24
    Core
    11:47
    Plate Tectonics Summary
    12:14
    Continental Drift Theory
    12:17
    Five Main Factors to This Theory
    13:26
    Seafloor Spreading
    16:12
    Boundary Types
    19:18
    Results of Convergence
    22:26
    Oceanic Continental Convergence
    22:36
    Oceanic Oceanic Convergence
    23:38
    Earthquake Basics
    24:47
    Focus vs. Epicenter
    25:24
    Richter Scale
    27:38
    Seismograph, Seismogram
    28:59
    Earthquake Severity
    31:04
    What It Depends On
    31:06
    Severity Related to the Scale
    31:36
    Hurricanes and Tornadoes
    35:56
    Hurricanes
    35:58
    Tornadoes
    38:19
    Volcano Basics
    39:24
    Active Volcanoes Produce Magma at the Surface
    39:25
    95% Are At Subduction Zones and Mid-Oceanic Ridges
    40:21
    Common Gases Released
    40:53
    Main Types of Volcano
    42:40
    Volcano Structure and Case Studies
    47:24
    Parts of the Volcano
    47:27
    Case Studies
    50:03
    Erosion
    51:27
    Natural and/or Human-caused
    51:48
    3 Common Types
    55:01
    Desertification
    55:53
    Salinization
    57:16
    Waterlogging
    58:29
    Pesticides: Good and Bad
    59:52
    Pest
    1:00:24
    Positive
    1:00:53
    Negative
    1:02:11
    Types of Pesticides and Alternatives
    1:04:36
    Pesticide Types
    1:04:42
    Alternatives to Pesticide Use
    1:06:05
    The Economics of Environmental Issues

    35m 19s

    Intro
    0:00
    Environmental Economics Overview
    0:05
    Policy Instruments
    0:35
    Tangible and Intangible Factors
    1:17
    Public-Service Functions
    2:29
    The Commons
    5:16
    A Common is Land Owned Publicly
    5:19
    Tragedy of the Commons
    5:45
    Requires Cooperation and Unselfish Behavior to Work
    6:59
    Arctic Sea and Most of Antarctica
    7:26
    Atmosphere
    8:14
    National Parks
    8:43
    Resources and Profits
    10:12
    Resource Sustainability
    10:17
    Maximum Profit
    10:55
    Whale Example
    13:49
    Indirect vs. Direct Costs
    14:14
    Indirect Cost
    14:20
    Direct Costs
    15:30
    The Balancing Act
    16:18
    Natural Beauty and Its Cost
    17:15
    Landscape Aesthetics
    17:19
    Unity
    19:30
    Vividness
    19:39
    Variety
    19:42
    Value in the Future
    20:18
    'A Bird in the hand is Worth Two in the Bush'
    20:20
    Future Value is Hard to Calculate
    21:34
    Rule of Thumb
    21:39
    Risk-Benefit Analysis
    22:58
    Riskiness of Present Action is Weighed Against the Benefit of the Action
    23:01
    Risk of Death from Various Causes
    24:15
    Fixing Air Pollution vs. Increased Ambulance Service
    26:08
    Cap, Trade, and Legal Controls
    28:15
    Example
    28:18
    Ways to Control Emissions
    29:03
    Example: Fisheries
    31:36
    Biological Diversity

    49m 57s

    Intro
    0:00
    The Basics
    0:05
    Biological Diversity
    0:07
    Reasons People Value Biodiversity
    1:12
    Kinds of Diversity
    3:46
    Genetic Diversity
    3:49
    Habitat Diversity
    4:45
    Species Diversity
    5:13
    Species Overview
    7:01
    1.5 Million Species named
    7:15
    Relative Abundance
    8:48
    Domains
    10:05
    Archaea
    10:45
    Bacteria
    12:20
    Eukarya
    12:42
    Evolution of Life
    13:16
    Biological Evolution
    13:19
    Mutation
    14:35
    Natural Selection
    17:38
    More on Natural Selection
    20:41
    Inheritance of Genes
    20:46
    Environmental Variability
    21:45
    Differential Reproduction
    21:57
    Influence of the Environment on Survival
    22:08
    Migration and Genetic Drift
    22:53
    Migration
    22:59
    Adaptive Radiation
    23:11
    Genetic Drift
    25:43
    Founder Effect
    26:24
    Competition and Niches
    28:05
    Ecological Niche
    28:10
    Competitive Exclusion Principle
    28:34
    Tale of the Flour Beetles
    29:53
    Symbiosis
    31:46
    Living Together
    31:48
    Symbiont
    33:20
    Examples
    33:27
    Geography's Effect on Biology
    36:24
    Biogeography
    36:30
    Biotic Provinces
    36:45
    Biome Summary
    39:22
    A Kind of Ecosystem
    39:26
    Relationship Between Precipitation and Latitude
    39:42
    Patterns of Evolution
    42:18
    Divergent Evolution
    42:19
    Convergent Evolution
    43:48
    Invasive Species and Biological Invasions
    44:47
    Potential Benefits
    47:26
    Why is This a Serious Problem in Many Cases?
    48:31
    Section 4: Impact of Human Activity
    Ecological Restoration

    26m 1s

    Intro
    0:00
    General Principles
    0:05
    Ecological Restoration
    0:07
    Ecosystems are Dynamic
    0:15
    No Simple Set of Rules
    0:57
    Consideration of Ecosystem Geology
    1:12
    Adaptive Management is Necessary
    1:27
    Goals of Restoration
    2:30
    What is Natural?
    2:32
    Goals Need to Be Reasonable and Realistic
    4:22
    Rivers and Streams
    5:23
    Degraded by Urbanization, Agriculture, Timber Harvesting, and Channelization
    5:28
    Kissimmee River in Florida
    6:48
    Wolves/ Elk/ Streams in Yellowstone
    9:12
    Wetlands
    11:16
    Cradle of Civilization
    12:18
    By 2000, 7% of Wetlands Remained
    12:48
    58% Increase Since 1970s
    13:53
    Prairies
    14:08
    Once the Most Abundant Ecosystem in the U.S.
    14:11
    Restoration Process
    14:28
    Great Plains
    15:47
    Drastic Reduction in Bison
    15:54
    Fires
    16:58
    Island Foxes on Santa Cruz Island
    17:55
    Kept as Pets
    18:23
    1990s: Fox Population Plummeted
    19:38
    Steps to Restoration
    21:48
    Reclamation
    22:41
    Reclamation
    22:44
    Potential to Disrupt Food Webs
    22:56
    Ex: British Peak District National Park
    23:35
    Ex: Butchart Gardens
    25:25
    Pollution & Environmental Health

    52m 47s

    Intro
    0:00
    Disease and Toxicity
    0:05
    Disease
    0:10
    Pollution
    2:41
    Toxin
    4:44
    Point Sources vs. Nonpoint Sources
    5:33
    Mobile Sources
    6:24
    Disease Caused by Microbes
    6:41
    Microbes
    6:48
    Epidemic
    10:45
    Pandemic
    11:05
    Toxic Heavy Metals
    11:40
    Heavy Metals
    11:49
    Found in Soil or Water
    11:58
    Body Burden
    12:20
    Biomagnification
    14:45
    Bioaccumulation
    14:52
    Examples
    15:38
    Organic Compounds, POPs, and HAAs
    18:53
    Organic Compounds
    19:00
    Persistent Organic Pollutant
    19:37
    Hormonally Active Agent
    24:33
    Thermal Pollution
    27:19
    Heat Pollution
    27:23
    Acute or Chronic, Natural or Human-Caused
    27:37
    Example: Electric Power Plants
    28:04
    Particulates
    30:08
    Dust Released into the Atmosphere
    30:10
    Examples
    30:39
    Electromagnetic Fields
    32:35
    EMFs
    32:36
    How Dangerous They Are
    32:49
    Connection Between EMFs and Cancer in Children
    32:55
    Noise Pollution
    35:20
    Unwanted Sounds
    35:23
    How Sound Travels
    35:33
    Examples
    37:06
    Pollutant Exposure and Assessing Risk
    41:05
    Dose, Response, and Dose Response
    41:08
    LD-50
    41:59
    ED-50
    43:04
    TD-50
    43:34
    Threshold
    44:09
    Ecological Gradient
    44:54
    Tolerance
    45:57
    Risk Assessment
    47:29
    Fluoride Example
    49:07
    Agriculture & Aquaculture

    1h 9m 54s

    Intro
    0:00
    Agroecosystem Basics
    0:06
    Ways It Differs from Natural Ecosystems
    0:26
    Plowing
    4:05
    Feeding the World
    5:13
    Undernourishment
    6:14
    Malnourishment
    6:48
    Give a Man a Fish
    9:55
    Crops
    11:01
    Crop Data
    11:10
    Small Grain Production
    11:44
    Forage
    13:12
    Livestock
    14:45
    Worldwide
    14:47
    Rangeland
    16:19
    Pasture
    16:39
    Ecological Considerations
    20:18
    Soils
    22:29
    Not Just Dirt
    22:31
    Soil Fertility
    28:20
    Restoring Soils
    29:44
    Fertilizers
    31:38
    Use of Organic Fertilizers
    31:39
    Industrial Fertilizers
    32:05
    Macronutrients and Micronutrients
    32:43
    Limiting Factors
    33:48
    Synergistic Effects
    34:50
    Pests and Pesticides
    36:29
    Total Losses from Pests Can be Huge
    36:30
    Known to Destroy Up to 1/3 of the Potential Harvest and 1/10 of the Harvested Crop
    38:41
    Arrival of Pesticides
    39:13
    Broad-Spectrum Toxins
    39:16
    Petroleum-Based Sprays
    40:07
    Artificial Organic Compounds
    41:16
    Integrated Pest Management and Biological Control
    42:43
    The Future of Agriculture
    46:22
    Increased Production Per Acre
    46:32
    Increased Farmland Area
    47:04
    New Crops and Hybrids
    47:51
    Better Irrigation
    48:19
    Organic Farming
    48:57
    Vegetarianism/ Veganism
    49:20
    GMOs
    51:02
    Genetically Modified Organisms
    51:11
    New Hybrids
    53:00
    Terminator Gene
    54:39
    Gene Transfer
    56:06
    Aquaculture
    58:05
    Popular Animals
    58:30
    Importance on Land
    59:52
    Fish Ponds
    1:01:16
    Mariculture
    1:01:51
    Farming of Ocean Fish
    1:02:05
    Oysters and Mussels
    1:02:19
    Negatives
    1:03:23
    The Future of Water Supply
    1:04:06
    Food Production Must be Doubled by 2025
    1:04:28
    20% of Water to Sustain Crops and Livestock Worldwide
    1:05:21
    Potential Solutions
    1:06:15
    Will Malthus Be Correct…?
    1:08:20
    Forests, Parks, & the Wilderness

    52m 12s

    Intro
    0:00
    Forests Introduction
    0:06
    Silviculture
    0:48
    Conflict on Forests
    1:44
    Forests in the United States
    4:12
    Commercial Grade Forests
    4:17
    Ownership
    5:16
    Likelihood of Indefinite Production of Timber by Forests
    6:14
    Worldwide Effect of Forests
    6:50
    Changes in the Color of Earth's Surface
    8:17
    Warmth
    8:49
    Increase in the Amount of Water Transpired and Evaporated
    9:05
    Carbon Dioxide Gas Concentration Changes
    9:27
    Change in Surface Roughness on the Earth
    9:46
    Ecology of Forests
    10:37
    Niche
    10:40
    White Birch
    11:37
    Douglas Fir
    12:06
    Determine Which Trees Will Last in Various Areas/ Climates
    12:31
    Forest Management
    13:17
    Stands
    13:20
    Old-Growth Forest
    14:44
    Second Growth Forest
    15:22
    Harvesting Forests
    17:20
    Site Quality
    17:24
    Tree Rings
    20:30
    Harvesting
    21:30
    More on Cutting
    24:48
    Clear-Cutting is Controversial
    24:51
    Clear-Cutting is Neither All Good Nor All Bad
    26:25
    Plantations
    27:04
    Stand of One Species Planted in Straight Rows
    27:05
    Maintained with Fertilization, Often by Helicopter
    27:20
    Could be Used More Readily to Supply the World's Timber
    27:40
    Sustainability and Practices
    28:48
    Sustainability
    28:50
    Certification of Forestry
    29:28
    Banning of Import of Wood From Unsustainable Forests
    30:00
    Deforestation
    30:37
    Estimated Annual Loss
    30:43
    Has Lad to More Erosion, Runoff, Floods, and Sediment Ending Up in Water
    31:52
    Brief History
    32:43
    Causes of Deforestation
    33:31
    Parks vs. Nature Reserves
    35:04
    Park
    35:08
    Nature Preserve
    36:05
    Boundaries
    36:32
    Why Parks and Nature Preserves are Here
    38:14
    Preservation of Nature, Wildlife, and Ecosystems
    38:21
    Conservation of Biological Diversity and a Habitat
    38:50
    Maintenance of Wildlife for Hunting
    39:09
    Aesthetics and the Identity of a Region
    39:31
    Maintenances for Recreation and Tourism
    39:49
    Maintenance for Scientific Research Purposes
    40:04
    Conflicts Related to Parks
    41:55
    Size, Access, Types of Activities
    41:59
    Interactions Between People and Wildlife
    43:40
    How Much Land Should Be Included?
    45:27
    Wilderness
    46:55
    Undisturbed by People
    46:56
    Some Countries Have Non Left
    47:06
    Natural vs. Naturalistic
    48:24
    Managing Wilderness
    49:30
    Wildlife & Endangered Species

    39m 18s

    Intro
    0:00
    Sustainable Yields and Viable Populations
    0:06
    Maximum Sustainable Yield
    0:11
    Minimum Viable Population
    0:31
    Optimum Sustainable Population
    1:36
    Examples
    2:10
    Carrying Capacity
    6:47
    Logistic Carrying Capacity is Reached
    6:59
    Number of Births in Unit Time is Equal to Number of Deaths
    8:11
    Managing Wildlife
    8:25
    IUCN 4 Principle Approach
    8:51
    Time Series
    11:12
    Age Structure and Harvests
    13:50
    Age Structure
    13:52
    Harvests as an Estimate of Numbers
    15:09
    Fisheries
    16:41
    Fish Provide 16% of World's Protein
    16:44
    Fish Harvests Increased Greatly in Mid-20th Century
    18:49
    Can Fisheries Be Sustainable?
    20:08
    World's Fish Catch Went from 39 to 68 Million MT
    20:12
    Fish Harvests Declining
    21:08
    Endangered Species
    22:51
    Why/ How Do We Want to Save These Species?
    22:53
    IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species
    25:20
    Extinction: Kinds and Causes
    28:19
    Local vs. Global Extinction
    28:20
    Causes of Extinction
    29:16
    Recovered Species
    33:14
    Overabundance and Human Fault
    34:46
    Too Many Individuals for a Species
    34:50
    Humans Affect Chances of Extinction
    36:54
    Section 5: Energy, Water, and Air
    Energy

    34m 48s

    Intro
    0:00
    Past Struggles with Energy
    0:04
    Ancient Greece
    0:28
    Ancient Rome
    2:06
    Energy Basics
    3:44
    Work
    3:45
    Laws of Thermodynamics
    5:51
    Laws of Efficiency
    7:57
    Thermal Efficiency
    10:50
    U.S. Energy Consumption: Now and Later
    12:14
    1950s
    12:21
    1970s
    13:07
    2009
    13:34
    2030
    13:55
    2050
    14:03
    Energy Sources
    14:16
    U.S. Uses 20% of Energy
    14:17
    Alternative
    15:44
    Renewable
    16:46
    Conservation of Energy
    17:37
    Conservation
    17:39
    Energy Efficiency
    19:26
    Cogeneration
    20:34
    Building Design
    21:13
    Values and Choices
    22:31
    Sustainable-Energy Policy
    25:38
    Not Business as Usual
    26:02
    Energy Sustainability Policy
    26:38
    Micropower
    30:08
    Smaller, Distributed Systems for Electricity Production
    30:09
    Homes Have Their Own Small Power Systems
    31:12
    Distributive Power Systems
    32:33
    Fossil Fuels

    1h 2m 35s

    Intro
    0:00
    Fossil Fuel Basics
    0:04
    Matter Is Not Completely Oxidized
    0:37
    Converted Via Chemical Reactions
    1:12
    In a Sense, It's Stored Solar Energy
    1:45
    Fossil Fuel Usage Worldwide
    2:33
    90% of the Energy Used Worldwide
    2:36
    World Energy Consumption Grew
    2:52
    Oil and Natural Gas Make up 70-80% of Primary Energy Usage
    4:14
    China and Coal
    4:53
    Crude Oil and Natural Gas Origins
    5:09
    Petroleum
    5:14
    Elevated Temperature and Pressure Facilitate the Production of the Oil or Natural Gas
    5:41
    Source Rock vs. Reservoir Rock
    6:05
    Upward Migration
    7:34
    Petroleum Production
    9:09
    Primary Production
    9:10
    Enhanced Recovery
    9:32
    Proven Oil Reserves
    10:02
    Overall Oil Resource Estimates
    11:06
    Petroleum Use Now and Later
    12:06
    Scientists Suggest That Proven Oil Reserves Will Only Last Several More Decades
    12:10
    Potential Crisis?
    12:55
    Natural Gas
    13:59
    Search for This Resource Has Not Been Around As Long As Oil
    14:02
    Worldwide Estimate
    15:14
    Coal-Bed Methane
    18:32
    Formation of Coal
    18:37
    Utah and Wyoming Have the Largest Known Coal-Bed Methane Sources in the U.S.
    19:04
    Benefits and Concerns
    19:53
    Black Shale (Tight) Natural Gas
    22:47
    Black Devonian Shale
    22:51
    Recovery is Costly and Controversial
    23:27
    Methane Hydrates
    25:14
    Exist Beneath Ocean Floor
    25:17
    White, Ice-like Compound of CH4 in a Frozen Water
    25:30
    Giant Craters from Methane Eruptions
    25:59
    Potentially Contain 2x the Energy of All the Other Fossil Fuels on Earth
    26:29
    Oil's Effect on the Environment
    27:34
    Use of Land for Wells, Pipes, Storage
    27:45
    Pollution of Surface Waters and Groundwater
    27:59
    Accidental Release of Mass Amounts of Oil
    28:17
    Accidental Release of Air Pollutants
    28:56
    Release of Drilling Muds
    29:01
    Land Subsidence
    29:26
    Loss/ Disruption of Ecosystems
    29:42
    Refining, Delivering and Using Oil
    29:57
    Fractional Distillation Oil Has Its Issues
    30:00
    Creating 'Fine Oil' Can Have its Environmental Costs
    30:58
    Delivery on Land Via Pipelines or in Ocean by Tankers
    31:46
    ANWR: Should We Drill?
    32:51
    Pros of Drilling
    33:35
    Cons of Drilling
    35:08
    Coal Introduction
    37:39
    Partial Decomposed Vegetation, Buried in Sediment, Can Eventually Become Coal
    37:45
    Classified As
    38:54
    Low Sulfur Content is Important
    39:50
    Coal Mining
    44:42
    Thousands of Square Kilometer in the U.S. Disturbed
    44:45
    Strip Mining
    45:52
    Mountaintop Removal of Coal
    48:29
    Growing Concern Over This Practice
    48:32
    Mountaintops are Destroyed, Valleys are Filled with Waste Rock and Mine Waste, Flood Hazard Increased
    49:17
    October 2000, SE Kentucky
    49:54
    Proponents Emphasize $ Value to Local Economy
    50:47
    Experts Claim That Reclamation Success Stories are Few and Far Between
    50:56
    Underground Mining of Coal
    51:20
    Accounts for About 40% of the Coal Mined in the U.S.
    51:21
    Dangers to Miners Are Well Documented
    51:34
    Environmental Issues
    52:05
    Transporting Coal
    53:00
    The Future of Coal
    53:51
    Burning Coal Produces Almost 50% of Electricity Used and 25% of Total Energy Consumed in U.S.
    53:52
    Recent Legislation Has Created a Demand For the Following
    54:02
    Oil Shale and Tar Sands
    58:04
    Oil Shale
    58:19
    Tar Sands
    59:43
    Alternative Energy

    41m 46s

    Intro
    0:00
    Non-renewable vs. Renewable Energy
    0:05
    Alternative Energy
    0:06
    Non-renewables
    0:29
    Renewables
    1:03
    Solar Energy Basics
    1:37
    Worldwide
    1:45
    Passive Solar Energy Systems
    2:44
    Active Solar Energy Systems
    4:02
    Active Solar Energy
    4:21
    Require Mechanical Power to Move Air and/or Water
    4:22
    Solar Collectors
    4:32
    Photovoltaics
    7:58
    Solar Thermal Generators
    8:54
    Solar One
    9:17
    Pros
    10:54
    Cons
    12:10
    Fuel Cells - A Great Alternative for Cars
    13:11
    Fuel Cars
    13:32
    The Only Waste is Water
    16:37
    Water Power Basics
    17:13
    Successful Since the Time of the Roman Empire
    17:17
    Hydroelectric Power Harnesses the Power of Water Stored Behind Dams
    17:34
    Pump Storage System
    18:12
    Small-Scale and Environmental Impact
    19:25
    Large Dam Locations and Use
    19:32
    Environmental Impact
    20:49
    Ocean Energy
    21:54
    Tidal Power
    22:07
    Flood Tide
    22:38
    Ebb Tide
    22:57
    Concerns
    23:33
    Wind Power
    25:12
    In Use with the Ancient Chinese and Persians
    25:13
    18 km/hr Winds on Average
    26:24
    Today's Cheapest Alternative Energy
    28:18
    Pros and Cons
    28:36
    Biofuels
    32:13
    Energy Recovered from Biomass
    32:14
    Oldest Fuel Used by Humans
    32:47
    Pros and Cons
    33:46
    Geothermal Energy
    37:13
    Deep-Earth
    37:22
    Shallow-Earth
    38:21
    Geothermal's Future and the Environment
    39:39
    Geyers Geothermal Field
    39:40
    Deep-Earth and Shallow-Earth in the Future
    40:18
    Environmental Concerns
    40:37
    Nuclear Energy

    31m 59s

    Intro
    0:00
    Nuclear Fission
    0:04
    Atoms Split Into Two or More Smaller Nuclei Along with By-Products
    0:13
    Explosion
    0:39
    Amount of Energy Contained in Nuclear Fuel Is 10 Million Times More Than Coal and Petroleum
    1:31
    1950s-60s Cesium-137
    2:36
    Nuclear Fuel
    6:17
    U-235
    6:26
    U-238
    8:42
    Pu-239
    9:11
    Electricity Production
    10:46
    Reasons for Recent Decline
    10:49
    Currently Provides 15% of Global Electricity
    12:49
    2007
    13:20
    Arguments in Favor of Nuclear Energy for Electricity
    13:31
    Nuclear Reactor Basics
    15:18
    Core
    15:33
    Fuel
    16:36
    Control Rods
    16:46
    Moderator
    17:07
    Coolant
    17:22
    Water Reactors
    17:37
    Light-Water Reactors
    17:50
    Heavy-Water Reactors
    20:08
    Graphite-Moderated and Exotics Reactors
    21:40
    Graphite-Moderated
    21:41
    Exotic Reactors
    22:21
    Overview of Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy
    22:48
    Pros
    22:54
    Cons
    22:36
    Safety Issues (and Chernobyl)
    25:01
    Up to 50,000 Sites Within the U.S. Have Radioactive Contamination and Require Cleanup
    25:05
    Estimated Nuclear Health Risks Per Year
    25:58
    Chernobyl, Ukraine
    26:48
    Nuclear Fusion
    30:12
    Extremely High Temps Can Force Nuclei of Lightweight Atoms to Fuse Together, Causing Large Amounts of Energy to be Released
    30:22
    For Contrast
    30:43
    The Same Electricity Production from Nuclear Fusion Would Create Only 4 lbs Harmless Helium as Waste
    31:19
    Water Resources & Use

    1h 5m 34s

    Intro
    0:00
    Water Basics
    0:05
    Polar Covalently Bonded Molecule
    0:22
    Hydrogen Bonds are Between Neighboring H2Os
    0:59
    High Specific Heat
    1:53
    Universal Solvent
    3:04
    High Surface Tension
    3:40
    Cohesion Adhesion
    4:18
    Solid Form is Less Dense Than the Liquid Form
    5:22
    Filters Out Harmful UV Radiation
    6:12
    Sunlight Penetrates Water to Variable Depths
    6:29
    Hydrologics: A Global Perspective
    6:39
    Earth's Water
    8:13
    Freshwater
    8:25
    Fresh Surface Water
    9:16
    Projection
    9:57
    Water Supply
    10:48
    Water Budget
    10:49
    Missouri River Example
    12:27
    Surface Water Supply Can Never Be As High As Average Annual Runoff
    14:08
    Groundwater and Streams
    14:56
    Groundwater
    14:59
    Recharge Zones vs. Discharge Zones
    15:37
    Aquifer
    16:20
    Streams: Effluent or Influent, Perennial or Ephemeral
    18:33
    Groundwater Use and Problems
    20:04
    Lots of Shallow Groundwater Available in U.S.
    20:08
    Groundwater Withdrawals Exceeds Natural Inflow in Many Areas
    20:51
    Area With the Worst Overdraft Problem
    22:01
    Desalination
    23:45
    More Fresh Water Can be Made Available Through This Process
    23:49
    Expensive
    24:57
    Concerns
    25:41
    Off-Stream and In-Stream Use
    26:16
    Off-Stream
    26:26
    In-Stream
    27:23
    Aral Sea Wake-Up Call
    31:16
    Dying Due to Diverting River Water for Agricultural Use
    31:28
    Environmental Hazards Result
    32:45
    Dam Constructed and Conservation Efforts
    33:35
    Water Transport and Trends in Use
    34:43
    Price Continues to Go Up
    34:47
    CA Dichotomy
    35:46
    Trends in Water Use from 1950-2005
    36:45
    Water Conservation in Agriculture
    38:53
    Careful Use and Protection of Water
    38:59
    Suggestions for Conserving
    39:30
    Water Conservation for Homes/ Cities
    43:31
    Growing Populations in Numerous Cities are Heading for a Situation Where the Water Supply is Exhausted
    43:41
    Suggestions for Conserving
    44:23
    Water Sustainability
    49:17
    Careful Use and Protection of Water
    49:18
    Criteria for Sustainable Water Use
    49:33
    Example: Artificial Recharge
    50:42
    Virtual Water Footprint
    51:51
    Amount of Water Used to Produce a Product
    52:00
    Water Export/ Import Varies by Continent
    53:50
    Use of Water for Making Products is Important to Consider
    55:26
    Footprint: Total Volume Used to Product Services
    56:25
    Wetlands and Their Importance
    58:29
    Natural Sponge
    59:05
    Groundwater Recharge
    59:26
    Endangered Animals Rely on Them
    59:45
    Help Purify Water
    1:00:07
    Buffer for Storms/Waves
    1:00:24
    Lots of Carbon Storage
    1:00:38
    Aesthetically Pleasing
    1:00:58
    Dams and Their Effects
    1:01:26
    Environmental Effects of Dams
    1:01:31
    Three Gorges Dam, China
    1:03:46
    Marmot Dam Restoration, Oregon
    1:04:57
    Water Pollution & Treatment

    46m 39s

    Intro
    0:00
    Water Pollution Overview
    0:05
    Degradation of Water Quality
    0:09
    Sources of Pollution
    0:37
    Maximum Contaminant Levels
    2:50
    Biochemical Oxygen Demand
    4:08
    Biochemical Oxygen Demand
    4:09
    Dead Organic Matter Enters Streams From Natural Sources and Agriculture Runoff
    4:50
    Dissolved Oxygen Content of <5 mg/L is Threshold
    5:31
    Three Zones
    6:03
    Waterborne Illnesses
    9:34
    Not Immune to Outbreaks of Waterborne Disease
    9:35
    Fecal Coliform Bacteria
    9:53
    Water Unfit to Swim In
    11:02
    Nutrients in Water
    11:49
    Pollution from Human Sources
    12:11
    Eutrophication
    12:28
    Eutrophic vs. Oligotrophic Lake
    13:41
    Cultural Eutrophication
    14:36
    Oil and Sediment
    17:10
    Oil Has Caused Major Pollution Problems
    17:11
    Sediment Pollution is Also a Major Issue
    18:19
    Acid Mine Drainage
    18:57
    General Equation
    19:13
    Can Occur Near Abandoned Mines
    20:35
    Potential Solutions
    21:26
    Surface-Water Pollution
    22:41
    Point Sources
    22:45
    Urban-Runoff Naturalization
    23:43
    Groundwater Pollution
    26:18
    Groundwater to Drink
    26:19
    Example: Gasoline Pollution
    26:52
    Points to Consider
    27:38
    Different from Surface-Water Pollution
    28:21
    Wastewater Treatment
    29:37
    Sewage Treatment
    29:38
    Septic Tank Disposal Systems
    29:58
    Water Treatment Plant Receives Sewage from Pipes and After Treatment Discharges Water Into Ocean
    33:01
    Primary Water Treatment
    33:22
    Secondary Water Treatment
    34:20
    Advanced Treatment
    35:32
    Land Application of Wastewater
    36:28
    Recycling Wastewater is Becoming More Common
    37:09
    Man-Made Wetlands
    36:35
    Example: Arcata, ca
    38:27
    Water Reuse
    39:15
    Inadvertent Water Reuse
    39:24
    Indirect Water Reuse
    40:29
    Direct Water Reuse
    40:41
    Water Pollution and Environmental Law
    41:26
    Refuse Act
    41:40
    Water Quality Improvement Act
    42:07
    Federal Safe Drinking Water Act
    42:28
    Clean Water Act
    42:51
    Water Quality Act
    42:58
    The Hudson River Story
    43:46
    Flows in 2 Directions
    43:56
    History
    44:33
    Air Pollution

    1h 27m 40s

    Intro
    0:00
    Air Pollution Overview
    0:05
    People Have Recognized the Problem for a Long Time Now
    0:42
    Stationary Sources
    1:58
    Mobile Sources
    3:22
    General Effects of Air Pollutants
    3:39
    Affects Vegetation, Animals, Soils, Water Quality, Natural/ Art Structures, Human Health, and Visibility
    3:46
    Major Factor in the Death Rate in Large Cities
    5:23
    Effects on Humans
    5:45
    Synergistic Effects
    6:47
    Major Air Pollutants
    7:24
    Primary Pollutants
    7:33
    Secondary Pollutants
    8:15
    Primary Pollutants That Account for Most of the Problems
    9:33
    Criteria Pollutants
    11:08
    Sulfur Dioxide
    11:24
    Nitrogen Oxides
    12:57
    Carbon Monoxide
    16:03
    Ozone
    16:52
    Particulate Matter
    17:10
    Lead
    22:16
    Acid Rain
    23:41
    Precipitation Lower than 5.6pH
    22:44
    Determining the Effects of Acid Rain
    26:49
    Effects: Forests, Water, Humans
    28:12
    How to Control it
    30:46
    Air Toxics
    33:02
    H2S
    33:12
    HF
    34:11
    Hg
    34:55
    VOCs
    36:48
    C2H3NO
    37:30
    C6H6
    38:44
    CH2CHCHO
    39:30
    Air Pollution Variability
    40:11
    Varies from Place to Place
    40:13
    Varies with Time of Year
    42:18
    Haze from Afar
    43:38
    Urban Air Pollution
    44:44
    Photochemical Smog
    44:49
    Sulfurous Smog
    45:23
    Primary Adverse Effects
    46:05
    Controlling Pollutants and Quality Standards
    50:43
    Preventing Entrance into Atmosphere
    50:45
    Air Pollution Legislation
    54:03
    High Altitude Depletion
    56:55
    Ozone Depletion is a Major Concern
    56:59
    Ozone Shield
    57:25
    Ozone Depletion
    1:00:02
    Antarctic Ozone Hole
    1:04:30
    Pole Stratospheric Clouds
    1:05:29
    Environmental Effects
    1:07:06
    The Future of Ozone Depletion
    1:09:31
    Indoor Air Pollution Intro
    1:10:15
    70-90% Enclosed in Space
    1:10:16
    Coal Miners' Disease
    1:11:16
    One of the Biggest Hazards in Modern Workspace
    1:11:50
    Hurricane Katrina
    1:11:58
    Sources
    1:13:35
    Some Sources of Indoor Air Pollution
    1:13:44
    Heating, Ventilation
    1:13:50
    Furniture and Carpets
    1:14:07
    Machines, Computers, Printers
    1:14:21
    Pesticides
    1:14:49
    Indoor Smoking
    1:15:13
    Chemicals Used in Building Construction
    1:15:28
    Garbage Containers and Vehicle Exhaust
    1:15:40
    Cleaning Products
    1:16:15
    Dust Mites and Molds
    1:16:28
    Pollen
    1:16:37
    More on Indoor Pollution
    1:16:48
    Chimney Effect
    1:16:58
    Heating, Ventilation
    1:17:56
    Environmental Tobacco Smoke
    1:18:46
    Radon Gas
    1:20:37
    'Sick Buildings'
    1:22:24
    Controlling Indoor Air Pollution
    1:25:04
    Make Homes/ Buildings Radon Resistant
    1:26:00
    Building Design
    1:26:33
    Atmosphere & Climate Change

    1h 16m 3s

    Intro
    0:00
    Fundamental Questions on Global Warming
    0:06
    Weather vs. Climate
    3:28
    Weather
    3:37
    Climate
    4:10
    Weather is Affected by Many Factors
    5:22
    Climate is Always Changing
    6:12
    Atmospheric Composition
    9:10
    Factors That Influence Climate
    11:12
    Air Mass and Pressure
    11:25
    Albedo
    11:55
    Altitude and Latitude
    12:51
    Humidity and Clouds
    13:58
    Angle of Sunlight
    14:31
    Carbon Cycle
    14:56
    Heat
    15:20
    Landmasses/ Mountains
    16:02
    Volcanoes
    16:14
    Pollution
    16:36
    Wind Patterns
    16:55
    Greenhouse Gases
    17:10
    Gases That Warm the Earth's Surface as They Accumulate in the Atmosphere
    17:11
    Examples
    19:04
    The Greenhouse Effect
    21:05
    Heat Trapped in Earth by Greenhouse Gases
    21:06
    Majority of Heat Radiates Back Into Outer Space
    21:18
    How It Works
    21:46
    The Atmosphere
    25:01
    Thermosphere
    25:49
    Mesosphere
    26:30
    Stratosphere
    26:53
    Troposphere
    27:52
    How We Study Climate
    31:13
    Instrumental Record
    31:17
    Historical Record
    32:59
    Paleo-Proxy Record
    34:03
    Climate Change and Feedback Loops
    40:57
    Negative Feedback
    41:08
    Positive Feedback
    45:20
    Causes of Climate Change
    48:07
    Milankovitch Cycles
    49:12
    Solar Cycles
    51:50
    Albedo Effects
    52:48
    Roughness of the Earth
    53:22
    Chemistry of Life
    53:48
    Climate Forcing
    54:13
    Oceans and Climate Change
    56:22
    Ocean/ Atmosphere Relationship
    56:23
    Ocean Conveyor Belt
    57:37
    El Niño
    58:16
    La Niña
    1:00:01
    Forecasting Climate Change
    1:00:06
    Past Observations and Research
    1:00:10
    Computer Simulations
    1:03:34
    Polar Amplification
    1:04:47
    Potential Environmental, Ecological, Human Effects
    1:05:51
    Changes in River Flow
    1:05:57
    Rise in Sea Levels
    1:06:26
    Glaciers and Sea Ice
    1:07:37
    Changes in Biodiversity
    1:08:37
    Agricultural Production
    1:09:53
    Human Health Effects
    1:10:47
    Options to Deal With It
    1:12:09
    Kyoto Protocol
    1:13:18
    International Agreement to Mitigate Global Warming
    1:13:23
    Cut of Carbon Dioxide Emissions
    1:13:48
    2008: U.S. Agreed to 50% Reductions
    1:14:16
    2010: No International Agreement with U.S.
    1:15:35
    Section 6: Cities and the Future
    The Urban Environment

    51m 5s

    Intro
    0:00
    City Facts
    0:05
    1950: Few people Lived in Cities
    1:22
    U.S. = 75% Urban, 25% Rural
    2:07
    2002: Megacities
    2:41
    Urban Ecosystems
    3:19
    Location, Location, Location
    5:04
    Site
    5:29
    Situation
    5:42
    Fall Line
    7:44
    Site Modification
    9:11
    Negative Consequences: New Orleans
    9:22
    Bruges, Belgium
    11:06
    Environmental History of Cities
    12:19
    Stage 1: Rise of Cities
    12:27
    Stage 2: Urban Center
    13:33
    Stage 3: Industrial Metropolis
    15:22
    Stage 4: Center of Civilization
    17:29
    Planning and the Environment
    18:52
    Defense and Beauty
    19:15
    City Parks are Designed with Nature
    21:26
    Garden City with Green Belt
    23:33
    The City as an Environment
    24:14
    Cities Inevitably Change the Landscape
    24:17
    Energy Budget
    26:17
    Climate Effects
    28:00
    Solar Energy
    28:53
    Water and Soils
    30:13
    Pollution
    30:54
    Bringing Nature to the City
    31:52
    New York City's High Line
    31:59
    Rivers
    34:38
    Vegetation in Cities
    37:55
    Urban 'Wilds'
    38:59
    Animal Pests
    41:02
    Urban Sprawl
    45:02
    1959: Blue Line
    46:38
    1967: Greenbelt
    48:01
    1976: 2% Increase in Residents Per Year
    48:25
    2002: Only Increased 2000
    48:41
    Materials Management

    1h 14m 52s

    Intro
    0:00
    The Importance of Resources
    0:04
    Renewable vs. Nonrenewables
    0:11
    Goal
    1:22
    Ways to Achieve Goal
    1:28
    Mineral Resources
    5:06
    Ore Deposits
    5:40
    Sedimentary Processes Result
    6:17
    Weathering
    6:59
    How Much is Left?
    8:15
    Resources
    8:22
    Reserves
    8:44
    Varied Use of Minerals Worldwide
    10:36
    When the Resources is Limited…
    11:59
    Mineral Development and Its Impact
    13:42
    Environmental Impacts
    13:46
    Social Impacts
    15:22
    Minimizing the Impact
    17:15
    Resource Cycle Flowchart
    18:47
    Materials Management and Waste
    21:38
    History or Waste Disposal
    21:39
    Industrial Ecology
    25:51
    Integrated Waste Management
    28:06
    IWM
    28:07
    Single Stream Recycling
    29:33
    Public Support
    30:33
    Recycling Human Waste
    32:19
    Solid-Waste Management
    35:48
    What It's Composed Of
    35:51
    Composting
    39:23
    Incineration
    41:11
    Open Dumps vs. Sanitary Landfills
    41:43
    Landfills: Site Selection and Monitoring
    43:51
    The Hazard of Leachate
    44:10
    Site Selection
    45:10
    Entrance into the Environment
    46:33
    Legislation and Waste Reduction in Landfills
    49:03
    Federal/ EPA Standards
    49:07
    Waste Reduction Strategies
    50:51
    Hazardous Waste
    54:20
    Illegal Dumping
    54:40
    Pollution of Groundwater and/or Soil
    57:49
    Hazardous Waste Disposal, Management
    59:35
    Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
    59:38
    CERCLA
    59:48
    Environmental Audits
    1:01:39
    Secure Landfill
    1:03:11
    Alternatives to Land Disposal
    1:03:58
    We Can Improve Hazardous Waste Disposal
    1:04:00
    Source Reduction
    1:05:00
    Recycling, Resource Recovery
    1:05:16
    Incineration
    1:05:30
    Ocean Dumping
    1:05:52
    Oceans Cover More Than 70% of Earth
    1:05:05
    Some of Marine Pollution's Harmful Effects
    1:06:40
    Microlayer Dangers
    1:08:43
    'Plastic Island' in the Pacific
    1:10:09
    E-Waste
    1:10:56
    Danger of Electronic Waste
    1:10:59
    Treasure of the Cell Phone
    1:11:54
    Some Areas Factor Recycling/ Disposal Into Costs
    1:12:45
    We Can Do Better!
    1:14:10
    The Future of the Environment

    29m 9s

    Intro
    0:00
    Ecotopia!
    0:05
    Stable or Declining Human Population
    0:23
    All Resources are Sustainable
    0:51
    Enough Wilderness for People to Enjoy Recreation
    1:05
    Minimized Pollution
    1:24
    Risk of Extinction Minimized for Many Species
    1:37
    Healthy, Functioning Ecosystems
    2:14
    Enough Water and Food for All Life
    2:29
    Planning a Future
    2:48
    Self-Organizing Systems
    2:51
    Example: Town Formation vs. Deepwater Horizon
    3:43
    Democracy
    5:19
    Planning is a Social Experiment We All Participate In
    6:02
    Environment and the Law
    7:23
    'A Horse, a Gun, and a Plan'
    7:27
    Three Stages
    8:45
    How Far Can Governments Go with Enacting Environmental Legislation?
    12:29
    Planning for Services and Recreation
    12:51
    Regional Planning
    12:55
    Planning Goes Into Providing Recreational National Park Space
    14:25
    Policy Implementation Examples
    15:32
    Skiing at Mineral King
    16:28
    Rewilding
    18:45
    Participation in Environmental Law
    20:13
    Environmental Groups Have Been a Powerful Force
    20:17
    Citizens Actions
    20:27
    Mediation
    21:41
    International Law and Security
    22:57
    More Than One Billion People on Earth Live in Poverty
    22:58
    United Nation's Annual Budget for Environment
    26:31
    Earth Summit of Sustainable Development
    27:14
    Johannesburg, South Africa
    27:15
    Objectives
    27:21
    Section 7: Lichens
    Lichens: A Closer Look

    40m 6s

    Intro
    0:00
    Lichen Intro
    0:05
    Composite Organism from a Symbiotic Relationship
    0:49
    Thousands of Species
    1:58
    Can Live Anywhere
    2:43
    Found from Sea Level to Alpine Environments
    3:10
    Not Moss
    3:24
    Related to Environmental Science in Many Ways
    3:54
    Various Forms of Lichen
    5:48
    Categorized Based on Growth
    5:50
    Wide Variety of Colors
    7:07
    Range of Forms
    7:38
    Symbiosis: Not a Traditional Mutualism
    8:08
    'Lichens are Fungi That Have Discovered Agriculture'
    8:14
    Mutualism
    8:53
    Some Lichens Live on Other Lichens
    12:01
    Reproduction of Lichens
    12:24
    Reproduction is Generally Asexual
    12:27
    Fungal Part Can Reproduce Sexually
    12:54
    Spore-Containing Bodies Grow from the Thallus
    13:25
    Energy Use of Lichens
    13:57
    Photobiont
    14:05
    Water
    14:34
    Temperature
    15:45
    Minerals
    16:41
    What Eats Lichens?
    17:07
    Lichens in North American Biomes
    18:04
    Arctic/ Alpine Region
    18:20
    Boreal Region
    19:36
    Temperate Region
    20:24
    Madrean
    21:31
    Tropical
    22:50
    Desert
    23:45
    Response to the Environment
    24:30
    Lichens are Efficient Accumulators of Minerals
    24:31
    Absorbed from the Atmosphere and Soil
    25:30
    Pollution Monitors
    26:28
    Transplants Programs
    28:27
    Ability to Absorb Metals Can Potentially Indicate Where Ore is Located
    30:02
    Some Lichens are Restricted to Old Growth Forests, With Undisturbed Growth
    30:48
    Human Use of Lichens
    32:12
    Exceptions
    32:33
    Clothing
    35:12
    Dyes
    35:40
    Perfumes
    35:55
    Medicines
    36:47
    Section 8: Practice AP Test
    AP Practice Exam: Math Problems

    37m 14s

    Intro
    0:00
    Testing Basics
    0:07
    Advice on Preparation
    4:12
    Math Problem 1
    7:46
    Math Problem 2
    11:37
    Math Problem 3
    13:11
    Math Problem 4
    16:07
    Math Problem 5
    20:41
    Math Problem 6
    22:30
    Math Problem 7
    23:14
    Math Problem 8
    24:28
    Math Problem 9
    25:29
    Math Problem 10
    27:30
    Math Problem 11
    29:26
    Math Problem 12
    31:15
    Math Problem 13
    32:36
    Math Problem 14
    34:44
    AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice

    41m 50s

    Intro
    0:00
    Explanation
    0:06
    Breakdown of Concepts
    1:57
    Question 1
    2:19
    Question 2
    2:47
    Question 3
    3:36
    Question 4
    4:35
    Question 5
    5:32
    Question 6
    5:48
    Question 7
    6:39
    Question 8
    7:19
    Question 9
    7:59
    Question 10
    9:10
    Question 11
    9:37
    Question 12
    10:29
    Question 13
    11:21
    Question 14
    12:03
    Question 15
    12:42
    Question 16
    13:44
    Question 17
    14:20
    Question 18
    15:14
    Question 19
    16:23
    Question 20
    17:13
    Question 21
    18:24
    Question 22
    19:28
    Question 23
    20:12
    Question 24
    20:51
    Question 25
    21:54
    Question 26
    22:32
    Question 27
    23:44
    Question 28
    24:20
    Question 29
    25:08
    Question 30
    26:03
    Question 31
    26:35
    Question 32
    27:24
    Question 33
    28:11
    Question 34
    29:14
    Question 35
    29:53
    Question 36
    30:42
    Question 37
    31:22
    Question 38
    31:57
    Question 39
    32:32
    Question 40
    33:44
    Question 41
    34:27
    Question 42
    35:01
    Question 43
    35:28
    Question 44
    36:11
    Question 45
    36:51
    Question 46
    37:29
    Question 47
    37:55
    Question 48
    39:16
    Question 49
    40:11
    Question 50
    40:58
    AP Practice Exam: Free Response

    1h 1m 26s

    Intro
    0:00
    Free Response Summary
    0:05
    Advice on Preparation
    3:55
    Free Response Question 1
    7:11
    Free Response Question 2
    25:12
    Free Response Question 3
    37:46
    Free Response Question 4
    50:28
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