Bryan Cardella
Scientific Method
Slide Duration:Table of Contents
Section 1: Introduction
Major Themes in AP Environmental Science
36m 44s
- Intro0:00
- 6 Main Themes0:05
- Human Population Growth0:17
- Sustainability and Carrying Capacity0:40
- Global Solutions1:33
- Urbanization2:14
- People and Nature2:35
- Science and Ethics3:10
- Human Population Growth4:03
- Largest Increase Began in the Last Half of the 20th Century4:15
- Famine and Food Crises6:41
- Sustainability and Carrying Capacity9:29
- Objective is Sustainability9:33
- Sustainable Global Economy10:17
- Carrying Capacity13:47
- Global Issues and Solutions14:49
- Global Perspective14:53
- Gaia Hypothesis15:57
- Urbanization17:04
- Trend of Moving Into Cities17:06
- Tokyo Currently has the Largest Population in a Single City18:13
- People and Nature20:04
- Misconceptions20:19
- Sustainable Environment and Sustainable Economy23:05
- Science and Ethics24:12
- Intellectual Standards24:20
- Precautionary Principle29:41
- Justifications30:46
Scientific Method
35m
- Intro0:00
- Origin of the Scientific Method0:04
- Babylonia and Ancient Egypt0:14
- Western Tradition1:35
- Scientific Revolution2:30
- Francis Bacon3:35
- Science is About Knowing3:53
- Disprovability5:19
- Steps of the Scientific Method5:43
- Observe5:47
- Formulate a Questions6:26
- Hypothesize6:54
- Design an Experiment7:26
- Collect Data9:48
- Interpret Data10:52
- Draw Conclusions11:02
- Future Experiments11:29
- Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning14:21
- Inductive Reasoning14:25
- Deductive Reasoning15:39
- Proof with Inductive Reasoning17:38
- Theories and Models19:00
- Scientific Theory19:02
- Models20:08
- Uncertainty and Accuracy22:08
- Objectivity is the Goal22:39
- Degree of Uncertainty24:02
- Accuracy25:59
- Precision26:50
- Pseudoscience28:48
- Pseudo28:51
- Examples28:59
The Big Picture of Environmental Science
27m 22s
- Intro0:00
- Types of Systems0:05
- Closed Systems0:12
- Open Systems1:09
- Static System1:54
- Dynamic System3:02
- Open Systems3:28
- Steady State3:41
- Nonsteady State4:08
- Balance of Nature4:34
- Residence Time5:40
- Feedback10:14
- Negative Feedback10:49
- Positive Feedback12:18
- Types of Flows14:18
- Flow vs. Flux14:28
- Linear Flow15:18
- Nonlinear Flow15:46
- Lag Time16:40
- Curves17:55
- Overshoots, Collapse, and Consequences19:35
- Overshoot19:46
- Collapse20:05
- Consequences21:00
- Earth as a System23:19
- Environmental Unity23:22
- Uniformitarianism24:40
- Gaia Hypothesis26:47
Section 2: Populations and the Environment
The Dynamic Human Population
47m 15s
- Intro0:00
- Populations Introduction0:05
- Population Dynamics0:10
- Population0:25
- Species1:02
- Demography1:47
- Abundance, Birth and Death Rate, Growth Rate, Age Structure1:59
- Human Population Curves2:28
- Four Phases3:46
- Hunter and Gatherer3:48
- Agriculture4:18
- Industrial Rev5:29
- Modern Era6:33
- Paris Example7:27
- Population Key Terms8:26
- Crude Birth, Death, and Growth Rate8:31
- Fertility9:20
- General Fertility Rate9:29
- Total Fertility Rate10:05
- Age-Specific Birth rate10:37
- Cause-Specific Death Rate11:02
- Morbidity11:39
- Incidence11:46
- Prevalence12:10
- Case Fatality Rate12:27
- Rate of Natural Increase13:16
- Doubling Time13:46
- Infant Mortality Rate13:58
- Life Expectancy at Birth14:43
- GNP Per Capita15:34
- Human Population Growth15:51
- Doubling Time15:53
- Logistic Growth17:46
- Three Possible Futures18:53
- Calculating Population Change20:23
- Population20:05
- Growth Rate21:57
- Doubling Time22:36
- Age Structure23:03
- Proportion of Each Ages Group in the Population23:04
- Examples23:42
- Demographic Transition27:31
- Three Stage Pattern of Change in Birth/ Death rates in Developed Nations27:33
- Crude Rate Over Time and Population Size Over Time27:49
- Life Expectancy and Death32:01
- Maximum Lifetime vs. Life Expectancy32:08
- Acute Disease33:21
- Chronic Disease34:00
- Crude Death Rate Differences34:35
- Human Population's Effect on Earth35:02
- Factor of the Number of People and Each Person's Effect35:09
- Formula37:07
- Key Is Improving the Standard of Living38:24
- Human Carrying Capacity39:02
- Max Number of People That Can Live on Earth39:07
- Limited by These Factors39:51
- Estimated in Different Ways42:45
- Zero Population Growth45:15
- Possible?45:18
- Several Approaches45:29
Ecosystems
35m 50s
- Intro0:00
- Key Terms0:05
- Ecosystem0:36
- Community Effect1:05
- Cycling of Chemical Elements and Flow of Energy2:43
- Food Webs4:18
- Network of Food Chains4:21
- Trophic Level4:47
- Ecosystem Boundaries6:10
- Energy Flow7:20
- Ecosystem Energy Flow7:27
- Laws of Thermodynamics8:05
- Chemistry of Energy Flow9:48
- Biomass and Biological Production11:51
- Biomass11:57
- Biological Production12:17
- Primary Production vs. Secondary Production14:01
- Energy Efficiency14:30
- Succession, Part I17:36
- Ecological succession17:42
- Examples21:18
- Commonalities of Succession27:37
- Chemical Cycling29:48
- Facilitation32:17
- Interference32:26
Section 3: Earth's Cycles and Environmental Change
Earth Cycles
42m 55s
- Intro0:00
- Earth History0:04
- About 4.5 Billion Years Old0:07
- Only Plant in Our Solar System with Liquid Water, Plate Tectonics, and Life0:56
- Atmosphere1:51
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium2:17
- Characteristics of a Living Planet2:21
- Thermodynamic Equilibrium3:18
- Planet Acts as a Pump to Keep the Atmosphere, Rocks, and Oceans from this Equilibrium3:28
- The Rise of Oxygen4:29
- Earth Had a Lot Less Oxygen Prior to 2.3 Billion Years Ago4:47
- Evidence is in Pyrite5:01
- Photosynthesis7:03
- Cells: Then and Now7:55
- Fermentation8:15
- Prokaryotes9:08
- Eukaryotes10:18
- Molecules of Life11:19
- Macronutrients11:20
- Micronutrients12:41
- Limiting Factors13:10
- Geologic Cycles13:42
- Includes These Cycles13:46
- About the Cycling of Molecules Throughout the Earth14:00
- Movement Through a Cycle14:23
- Flow14:26
- Flux14:29
- Residence Time14:41
- Source15:06
- Sink15:08
- Example15:17
- Tectonic Cycle15:36
- The Lithosphere15:45
- Lithosphere is Composed of Plates16:03
- Plate Tectonics16:09
- Types of Plate Boundaries17:23
- Hydrologic Cycle19:02
- Transfer of Water19:10
- Key Terms19:20
- Driven by Solar Energy20:34
- 97% in Oceans20:48
- Drainage Basins21:20
- Rock Cycle21:45
- Numerous Processes That Produce Rocks and Soils21:46
- Rocks are Classified: Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary22:01
- Intro to Biogeochemical Cycles25:05
- Includes the Complete Path That a Chemical takes on Earth25:11
- General Facts25:30
- Carbon Cycle26:29
- Basic Building Block of Life26:30
- Carbon Cycles Through the Biota26:57
- Pathways and Reservoirs27:55
- Carbon-Silicate Cycle31:10
- Nitrogen Cycle33:22
- Nitrogen is Converted to an Inorganic Compound33:32
- Nitrogen Fixation34:00
- Denitrification35:06
- Symbioses35:30
- Industrial Fertilizer35:40
- Pollution36:06
- Phosphorus Cycle36:28
- One of the 'Big Six' Required for Life36:30
- Slow Rate of Transfer37:39
- Tale of Guano38:14
- Bone Valley38:36
- Rising Phosphorus Prices39:14
- Potential Solutions40:44
Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Other Disasters
1h 8m 31s
- Intro0:00
- Geologic Overview0:06
- Time Scales0:13
- Key Principles of Geologic Time Scale0:39
- Earth's Crust7:42
- Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Internal Structure7:50
- Crust8:29
- Moho, Mantle, and Core9:53
- Moho10:00
- Mantle11:24
- Core11:47
- Plate Tectonics Summary12:14
- Continental Drift Theory12:17
- Five Main Factors to This Theory13:26
- Seafloor Spreading16:12
- Boundary Types19:18
- Results of Convergence22:26
- Oceanic Continental Convergence22:36
- Oceanic Oceanic Convergence23:38
- Earthquake Basics24:47
- Focus vs. Epicenter25:24
- Richter Scale27:38
- Seismograph, Seismogram28:59
- Earthquake Severity31:04
- What It Depends On31:06
- Severity Related to the Scale31:36
- Hurricanes and Tornadoes35:56
- Hurricanes35:58
- Tornadoes38:19
- Volcano Basics39:24
- Active Volcanoes Produce Magma at the Surface39:25
- 95% Are At Subduction Zones and Mid-Oceanic Ridges40:21
- Common Gases Released40:53
- Main Types of Volcano42:40
- Volcano Structure and Case Studies47:24
- Parts of the Volcano47:27
- Case Studies50:03
- Erosion51:27
- Natural and/or Human-caused51:48
- 3 Common Types55:01
- Desertification55:53
- Salinization57:16
- Waterlogging58:29
- Pesticides: Good and Bad59:52
- Pest1:00:24
- Positive1:00:53
- Negative1:02:11
- Types of Pesticides and Alternatives1:04:36
- Pesticide Types1:04:42
- Alternatives to Pesticide Use1:06:05
The Economics of Environmental Issues
35m 19s
- Intro0:00
- Environmental Economics Overview0:05
- Policy Instruments0:35
- Tangible and Intangible Factors1:17
- Public-Service Functions2:29
- The Commons5:16
- A Common is Land Owned Publicly5:19
- Tragedy of the Commons5:45
- Requires Cooperation and Unselfish Behavior to Work6:59
- Arctic Sea and Most of Antarctica7:26
- Atmosphere8:14
- National Parks8:43
- Resources and Profits10:12
- Resource Sustainability10:17
- Maximum Profit10:55
- Whale Example13:49
- Indirect vs. Direct Costs14:14
- Indirect Cost14:20
- Direct Costs15:30
- The Balancing Act16:18
- Natural Beauty and Its Cost17:15
- Landscape Aesthetics17:19
- Unity19:30
- Vividness19:39
- Variety19:42
- Value in the Future20:18
- 'A Bird in the hand is Worth Two in the Bush'20:20
- Future Value is Hard to Calculate21:34
- Rule of Thumb21:39
- Risk-Benefit Analysis22:58
- Riskiness of Present Action is Weighed Against the Benefit of the Action23:01
- Risk of Death from Various Causes24:15
- Fixing Air Pollution vs. Increased Ambulance Service26:08
- Cap, Trade, and Legal Controls28:15
- Example28:18
- Ways to Control Emissions29:03
- Example: Fisheries31:36
Biological Diversity
49m 57s
- Intro0:00
- The Basics0:05
- Biological Diversity0:07
- Reasons People Value Biodiversity1:12
- Kinds of Diversity3:46
- Genetic Diversity3:49
- Habitat Diversity4:45
- Species Diversity5:13
- Species Overview7:01
- 1.5 Million Species named7:15
- Relative Abundance8:48
- Domains10:05
- Archaea10:45
- Bacteria12:20
- Eukarya12:42
- Evolution of Life13:16
- Biological Evolution13:19
- Mutation14:35
- Natural Selection17:38
- More on Natural Selection20:41
- Inheritance of Genes20:46
- Environmental Variability21:45
- Differential Reproduction21:57
- Influence of the Environment on Survival22:08
- Migration and Genetic Drift22:53
- Migration22:59
- Adaptive Radiation23:11
- Genetic Drift25:43
- Founder Effect26:24
- Competition and Niches28:05
- Ecological Niche28:10
- Competitive Exclusion Principle28:34
- Tale of the Flour Beetles29:53
- Symbiosis31:46
- Living Together31:48
- Symbiont33:20
- Examples33:27
- Geography's Effect on Biology36:24
- Biogeography36:30
- Biotic Provinces36:45
- Biome Summary39:22
- A Kind of Ecosystem39:26
- Relationship Between Precipitation and Latitude39:42
- Patterns of Evolution42:18
- Divergent Evolution42:19
- Convergent Evolution43:48
- Invasive Species and Biological Invasions44:47
- Potential Benefits47:26
- Why is This a Serious Problem in Many Cases?48:31
Section 4: Impact of Human Activity
Ecological Restoration
26m 1s
- Intro0:00
- General Principles0:05
- Ecological Restoration0:07
- Ecosystems are Dynamic0:15
- No Simple Set of Rules0:57
- Consideration of Ecosystem Geology1:12
- Adaptive Management is Necessary1:27
- Goals of Restoration2:30
- What is Natural?2:32
- Goals Need to Be Reasonable and Realistic4:22
- Rivers and Streams5:23
- Degraded by Urbanization, Agriculture, Timber Harvesting, and Channelization5:28
- Kissimmee River in Florida6:48
- Wolves/ Elk/ Streams in Yellowstone9:12
- Wetlands11:16
- Cradle of Civilization12:18
- By 2000, 7% of Wetlands Remained12:48
- 58% Increase Since 1970s13:53
- Prairies14:08
- Once the Most Abundant Ecosystem in the U.S.14:11
- Restoration Process14:28
- Great Plains15:47
- Drastic Reduction in Bison15:54
- Fires16:58
- Island Foxes on Santa Cruz Island17:55
- Kept as Pets18:23
- 1990s: Fox Population Plummeted19:38
- Steps to Restoration21:48
- Reclamation22:41
- Reclamation22:44
- Potential to Disrupt Food Webs22:56
- Ex: British Peak District National Park23:35
- Ex: Butchart Gardens25:25
Pollution & Environmental Health
52m 47s
- Intro0:00
- Disease and Toxicity0:05
- Disease0:10
- Pollution2:41
- Toxin4:44
- Point Sources vs. Nonpoint Sources5:33
- Mobile Sources6:24
- Disease Caused by Microbes6:41
- Microbes6:48
- Epidemic10:45
- Pandemic11:05
- Toxic Heavy Metals11:40
- Heavy Metals11:49
- Found in Soil or Water11:58
- Body Burden12:20
- Biomagnification14:45
- Bioaccumulation14:52
- Examples15:38
- Organic Compounds, POPs, and HAAs18:53
- Organic Compounds19:00
- Persistent Organic Pollutant19:37
- Hormonally Active Agent24:33
- Thermal Pollution27:19
- Heat Pollution27:23
- Acute or Chronic, Natural or Human-Caused27:37
- Example: Electric Power Plants28:04
- Particulates30:08
- Dust Released into the Atmosphere30:10
- Examples30:39
- Electromagnetic Fields32:35
- EMFs32:36
- How Dangerous They Are32:49
- Connection Between EMFs and Cancer in Children32:55
- Noise Pollution35:20
- Unwanted Sounds35:23
- How Sound Travels35:33
- Examples37:06
- Pollutant Exposure and Assessing Risk41:05
- Dose, Response, and Dose Response41:08
- LD-5041:59
- ED-5043:04
- TD-5043:34
- Threshold44:09
- Ecological Gradient44:54
- Tolerance45:57
- Risk Assessment47:29
- Fluoride Example49:07
Agriculture & Aquaculture
1h 9m 54s
- Intro0:00
- Agroecosystem Basics0:06
- Ways It Differs from Natural Ecosystems0:26
- Plowing4:05
- Feeding the World5:13
- Undernourishment6:14
- Malnourishment6:48
- Give a Man a Fish9:55
- Crops11:01
- Crop Data11:10
- Small Grain Production11:44
- Forage13:12
- Livestock14:45
- Worldwide14:47
- Rangeland16:19
- Pasture16:39
- Ecological Considerations20:18
- Soils22:29
- Not Just Dirt22:31
- Soil Fertility28:20
- Restoring Soils29:44
- Fertilizers31:38
- Use of Organic Fertilizers31:39
- Industrial Fertilizers32:05
- Macronutrients and Micronutrients32:43
- Limiting Factors33:48
- Synergistic Effects34:50
- Pests and Pesticides36:29
- Total Losses from Pests Can be Huge36:30
- Known to Destroy Up to 1/3 of the Potential Harvest and 1/10 of the Harvested Crop38:41
- Arrival of Pesticides39:13
- Broad-Spectrum Toxins39:16
- Petroleum-Based Sprays40:07
- Artificial Organic Compounds41:16
- Integrated Pest Management and Biological Control42:43
- The Future of Agriculture46:22
- Increased Production Per Acre46:32
- Increased Farmland Area47:04
- New Crops and Hybrids47:51
- Better Irrigation48:19
- Organic Farming48:57
- Vegetarianism/ Veganism49:20
- GMOs51:02
- Genetically Modified Organisms51:11
- New Hybrids53:00
- Terminator Gene54:39
- Gene Transfer56:06
- Aquaculture58:05
- Popular Animals58:30
- Importance on Land59:52
- Fish Ponds1:01:16
- Mariculture1:01:51
- Farming of Ocean Fish1:02:05
- Oysters and Mussels1:02:19
- Negatives1:03:23
- The Future of Water Supply1:04:06
- Food Production Must be Doubled by 20251:04:28
- 20% of Water to Sustain Crops and Livestock Worldwide1:05:21
- Potential Solutions1:06:15
- Will Malthus Be Correct…?1:08:20
Forests, Parks, & the Wilderness
52m 12s
- Intro0:00
- Forests Introduction0:06
- Silviculture0:48
- Conflict on Forests1:44
- Forests in the United States4:12
- Commercial Grade Forests4:17
- Ownership5:16
- Likelihood of Indefinite Production of Timber by Forests6:14
- Worldwide Effect of Forests6:50
- Changes in the Color of Earth's Surface8:17
- Warmth8:49
- Increase in the Amount of Water Transpired and Evaporated9:05
- Carbon Dioxide Gas Concentration Changes9:27
- Change in Surface Roughness on the Earth9:46
- Ecology of Forests10:37
- Niche10:40
- White Birch11:37
- Douglas Fir12:06
- Determine Which Trees Will Last in Various Areas/ Climates12:31
- Forest Management13:17
- Stands13:20
- Old-Growth Forest14:44
- Second Growth Forest15:22
- Harvesting Forests17:20
- Site Quality17:24
- Tree Rings20:30
- Harvesting21:30
- More on Cutting24:48
- Clear-Cutting is Controversial24:51
- Clear-Cutting is Neither All Good Nor All Bad26:25
- Plantations27:04
- Stand of One Species Planted in Straight Rows27:05
- Maintained with Fertilization, Often by Helicopter27:20
- Could be Used More Readily to Supply the World's Timber27:40
- Sustainability and Practices28:48
- Sustainability28:50
- Certification of Forestry29:28
- Banning of Import of Wood From Unsustainable Forests30:00
- Deforestation30:37
- Estimated Annual Loss30:43
- Has Lad to More Erosion, Runoff, Floods, and Sediment Ending Up in Water31:52
- Brief History32:43
- Causes of Deforestation33:31
- Parks vs. Nature Reserves35:04
- Park35:08
- Nature Preserve36:05
- Boundaries36:32
- Why Parks and Nature Preserves are Here38:14
- Preservation of Nature, Wildlife, and Ecosystems38:21
- Conservation of Biological Diversity and a Habitat38:50
- Maintenance of Wildlife for Hunting39:09
- Aesthetics and the Identity of a Region39:31
- Maintenances for Recreation and Tourism39:49
- Maintenance for Scientific Research Purposes40:04
- Conflicts Related to Parks41:55
- Size, Access, Types of Activities41:59
- Interactions Between People and Wildlife43:40
- How Much Land Should Be Included?45:27
- Wilderness46:55
- Undisturbed by People46:56
- Some Countries Have Non Left47:06
- Natural vs. Naturalistic48:24
- Managing Wilderness49:30
Wildlife & Endangered Species
39m 18s
- Intro0:00
- Sustainable Yields and Viable Populations0:06
- Maximum Sustainable Yield0:11
- Minimum Viable Population0:31
- Optimum Sustainable Population1:36
- Examples2:10
- Carrying Capacity6:47
- Logistic Carrying Capacity is Reached6:59
- Number of Births in Unit Time is Equal to Number of Deaths8:11
- Managing Wildlife8:25
- IUCN 4 Principle Approach8:51
- Time Series11:12
- Age Structure and Harvests13:50
- Age Structure13:52
- Harvests as an Estimate of Numbers15:09
- Fisheries16:41
- Fish Provide 16% of World's Protein16:44
- Fish Harvests Increased Greatly in Mid-20th Century18:49
- Can Fisheries Be Sustainable?20:08
- World's Fish Catch Went from 39 to 68 Million MT20:12
- Fish Harvests Declining21:08
- Endangered Species22:51
- Why/ How Do We Want to Save These Species?22:53
- IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species25:20
- Extinction: Kinds and Causes28:19
- Local vs. Global Extinction28:20
- Causes of Extinction29:16
- Recovered Species33:14
- Overabundance and Human Fault34:46
- Too Many Individuals for a Species34:50
- Humans Affect Chances of Extinction36:54
Section 5: Energy, Water, and Air
Energy
34m 48s
- Intro0:00
- Past Struggles with Energy0:04
- Ancient Greece0:28
- Ancient Rome2:06
- Energy Basics3:44
- Work3:45
- Laws of Thermodynamics5:51
- Laws of Efficiency7:57
- Thermal Efficiency10:50
- U.S. Energy Consumption: Now and Later12:14
- 1950s12:21
- 1970s13:07
- 200913:34
- 203013:55
- 205014:03
- Energy Sources14:16
- U.S. Uses 20% of Energy14:17
- Alternative15:44
- Renewable16:46
- Conservation of Energy17:37
- Conservation17:39
- Energy Efficiency19:26
- Cogeneration20:34
- Building Design21:13
- Values and Choices22:31
- Sustainable-Energy Policy25:38
- Not Business as Usual26:02
- Energy Sustainability Policy26:38
- Micropower30:08
- Smaller, Distributed Systems for Electricity Production30:09
- Homes Have Their Own Small Power Systems31:12
- Distributive Power Systems32:33
Fossil Fuels
1h 2m 35s
- Intro0:00
- Fossil Fuel Basics0:04
- Matter Is Not Completely Oxidized0:37
- Converted Via Chemical Reactions1:12
- In a Sense, It's Stored Solar Energy1:45
- Fossil Fuel Usage Worldwide2:33
- 90% of the Energy Used Worldwide2:36
- World Energy Consumption Grew2:52
- Oil and Natural Gas Make up 70-80% of Primary Energy Usage4:14
- China and Coal4:53
- Crude Oil and Natural Gas Origins5:09
- Petroleum5:14
- Elevated Temperature and Pressure Facilitate the Production of the Oil or Natural Gas5:41
- Source Rock vs. Reservoir Rock6:05
- Upward Migration7:34
- Petroleum Production9:09
- Primary Production9:10
- Enhanced Recovery9:32
- Proven Oil Reserves10:02
- Overall Oil Resource Estimates11:06
- Petroleum Use Now and Later12:06
- Scientists Suggest That Proven Oil Reserves Will Only Last Several More Decades12:10
- Potential Crisis?12:55
- Natural Gas13:59
- Search for This Resource Has Not Been Around As Long As Oil14:02
- Worldwide Estimate15:14
- Coal-Bed Methane18:32
- Formation of Coal18:37
- Utah and Wyoming Have the Largest Known Coal-Bed Methane Sources in the U.S.19:04
- Benefits and Concerns19:53
- Black Shale (Tight) Natural Gas22:47
- Black Devonian Shale22:51
- Recovery is Costly and Controversial23:27
- Methane Hydrates25:14
- Exist Beneath Ocean Floor25:17
- White, Ice-like Compound of CH4 in a Frozen Water25:30
- Giant Craters from Methane Eruptions25:59
- Potentially Contain 2x the Energy of All the Other Fossil Fuels on Earth26:29
- Oil's Effect on the Environment27:34
- Use of Land for Wells, Pipes, Storage27:45
- Pollution of Surface Waters and Groundwater27:59
- Accidental Release of Mass Amounts of Oil28:17
- Accidental Release of Air Pollutants28:56
- Release of Drilling Muds29:01
- Land Subsidence29:26
- Loss/ Disruption of Ecosystems29:42
- Refining, Delivering and Using Oil29:57
- Fractional Distillation Oil Has Its Issues30:00
- Creating 'Fine Oil' Can Have its Environmental Costs30:58
- Delivery on Land Via Pipelines or in Ocean by Tankers31:46
- ANWR: Should We Drill?32:51
- Pros of Drilling33:35
- Cons of Drilling35:08
- Coal Introduction37:39
- Partial Decomposed Vegetation, Buried in Sediment, Can Eventually Become Coal37:45
- Classified As38:54
- Low Sulfur Content is Important39:50
- Coal Mining44:42
- Thousands of Square Kilometer in the U.S. Disturbed44:45
- Strip Mining45:52
- Mountaintop Removal of Coal48:29
- Growing Concern Over This Practice48:32
- Mountaintops are Destroyed, Valleys are Filled with Waste Rock and Mine Waste, Flood Hazard Increased49:17
- October 2000, SE Kentucky49:54
- Proponents Emphasize $ Value to Local Economy50:47
- Experts Claim That Reclamation Success Stories are Few and Far Between50:56
- Underground Mining of Coal51:20
- Accounts for About 40% of the Coal Mined in the U.S.51:21
- Dangers to Miners Are Well Documented51:34
- Environmental Issues52:05
- Transporting Coal53:00
- The Future of Coal53:51
- Burning Coal Produces Almost 50% of Electricity Used and 25% of Total Energy Consumed in U.S.53:52
- Recent Legislation Has Created a Demand For the Following54:02
- Oil Shale and Tar Sands58:04
- Oil Shale58:19
- Tar Sands59:43
Alternative Energy
41m 46s
- Intro0:00
- Non-renewable vs. Renewable Energy0:05
- Alternative Energy0:06
- Non-renewables0:29
- Renewables1:03
- Solar Energy Basics1:37
- Worldwide1:45
- Passive Solar Energy Systems2:44
- Active Solar Energy Systems4:02
- Active Solar Energy4:21
- Require Mechanical Power to Move Air and/or Water4:22
- Solar Collectors4:32
- Photovoltaics7:58
- Solar Thermal Generators8:54
- Solar One9:17
- Pros10:54
- Cons12:10
- Fuel Cells - A Great Alternative for Cars13:11
- Fuel Cars13:32
- The Only Waste is Water16:37
- Water Power Basics17:13
- Successful Since the Time of the Roman Empire17:17
- Hydroelectric Power Harnesses the Power of Water Stored Behind Dams17:34
- Pump Storage System18:12
- Small-Scale and Environmental Impact19:25
- Large Dam Locations and Use19:32
- Environmental Impact20:49
- Ocean Energy21:54
- Tidal Power22:07
- Flood Tide22:38
- Ebb Tide22:57
- Concerns23:33
- Wind Power25:12
- In Use with the Ancient Chinese and Persians25:13
- 18 km/hr Winds on Average26:24
- Today's Cheapest Alternative Energy28:18
- Pros and Cons28:36
- Biofuels32:13
- Energy Recovered from Biomass32:14
- Oldest Fuel Used by Humans32:47
- Pros and Cons33:46
- Geothermal Energy37:13
- Deep-Earth37:22
- Shallow-Earth38:21
- Geothermal's Future and the Environment39:39
- Geyers Geothermal Field39:40
- Deep-Earth and Shallow-Earth in the Future40:18
- Environmental Concerns40:37
Nuclear Energy
31m 59s
- Intro0:00
- Nuclear Fission0:04
- Atoms Split Into Two or More Smaller Nuclei Along with By-Products0:13
- Explosion0:39
- Amount of Energy Contained in Nuclear Fuel Is 10 Million Times More Than Coal and Petroleum1:31
- 1950s-60s Cesium-1372:36
- Nuclear Fuel6:17
- U-2356:26
- U-2388:42
- Pu-2399:11
- Electricity Production10:46
- Reasons for Recent Decline10:49
- Currently Provides 15% of Global Electricity12:49
- 200713:20
- Arguments in Favor of Nuclear Energy for Electricity13:31
- Nuclear Reactor Basics15:18
- Core15:33
- Fuel16:36
- Control Rods16:46
- Moderator17:07
- Coolant17:22
- Water Reactors17:37
- Light-Water Reactors17:50
- Heavy-Water Reactors20:08
- Graphite-Moderated and Exotics Reactors21:40
- Graphite-Moderated21:41
- Exotic Reactors22:21
- Overview of Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy22:48
- Pros22:54
- Cons22:36
- Safety Issues (and Chernobyl)25:01
- Up to 50,000 Sites Within the U.S. Have Radioactive Contamination and Require Cleanup25:05
- Estimated Nuclear Health Risks Per Year25:58
- Chernobyl, Ukraine26:48
- Nuclear Fusion30:12
- Extremely High Temps Can Force Nuclei of Lightweight Atoms to Fuse Together, Causing Large Amounts of Energy to be Released30:22
- For Contrast30:43
- The Same Electricity Production from Nuclear Fusion Would Create Only 4 lbs Harmless Helium as Waste31:19
Water Resources & Use
1h 5m 34s
- Intro0:00
- Water Basics0:05
- Polar Covalently Bonded Molecule0:22
- Hydrogen Bonds are Between Neighboring H2Os0:59
- High Specific Heat1:53
- Universal Solvent3:04
- High Surface Tension3:40
- Cohesion Adhesion4:18
- Solid Form is Less Dense Than the Liquid Form5:22
- Filters Out Harmful UV Radiation6:12
- Sunlight Penetrates Water to Variable Depths6:29
- Hydrologics: A Global Perspective6:39
- Earth's Water8:13
- Freshwater8:25
- Fresh Surface Water9:16
- Projection9:57
- Water Supply10:48
- Water Budget10:49
- Missouri River Example12:27
- Surface Water Supply Can Never Be As High As Average Annual Runoff14:08
- Groundwater and Streams14:56
- Groundwater14:59
- Recharge Zones vs. Discharge Zones15:37
- Aquifer16:20
- Streams: Effluent or Influent, Perennial or Ephemeral18:33
- Groundwater Use and Problems20:04
- Lots of Shallow Groundwater Available in U.S.20:08
- Groundwater Withdrawals Exceeds Natural Inflow in Many Areas20:51
- Area With the Worst Overdraft Problem22:01
- Desalination23:45
- More Fresh Water Can be Made Available Through This Process23:49
- Expensive24:57
- Concerns25:41
- Off-Stream and In-Stream Use26:16
- Off-Stream26:26
- In-Stream27:23
- Aral Sea Wake-Up Call31:16
- Dying Due to Diverting River Water for Agricultural Use31:28
- Environmental Hazards Result32:45
- Dam Constructed and Conservation Efforts33:35
- Water Transport and Trends in Use34:43
- Price Continues to Go Up34:47
- CA Dichotomy35:46
- Trends in Water Use from 1950-200536:45
- Water Conservation in Agriculture38:53
- Careful Use and Protection of Water38:59
- Suggestions for Conserving39:30
- Water Conservation for Homes/ Cities43:31
- Growing Populations in Numerous Cities are Heading for a Situation Where the Water Supply is Exhausted43:41
- Suggestions for Conserving44:23
- Water Sustainability49:17
- Careful Use and Protection of Water49:18
- Criteria for Sustainable Water Use49:33
- Example: Artificial Recharge50:42
- Virtual Water Footprint51:51
- Amount of Water Used to Produce a Product52:00
- Water Export/ Import Varies by Continent53:50
- Use of Water for Making Products is Important to Consider55:26
- Footprint: Total Volume Used to Product Services56:25
- Wetlands and Their Importance58:29
- Natural Sponge59:05
- Groundwater Recharge59:26
- Endangered Animals Rely on Them59:45
- Help Purify Water1:00:07
- Buffer for Storms/Waves1:00:24
- Lots of Carbon Storage1:00:38
- Aesthetically Pleasing1:00:58
- Dams and Their Effects1:01:26
- Environmental Effects of Dams1:01:31
- Three Gorges Dam, China1:03:46
- Marmot Dam Restoration, Oregon1:04:57
Water Pollution & Treatment
46m 39s
- Intro0:00
- Water Pollution Overview0:05
- Degradation of Water Quality0:09
- Sources of Pollution0:37
- Maximum Contaminant Levels2:50
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand4:08
- Biochemical Oxygen Demand4:09
- Dead Organic Matter Enters Streams From Natural Sources and Agriculture Runoff4:50
- Dissolved Oxygen Content of <5 mg/L is Threshold5:31
- Three Zones6:03
- Waterborne Illnesses9:34
- Not Immune to Outbreaks of Waterborne Disease9:35
- Fecal Coliform Bacteria9:53
- Water Unfit to Swim In11:02
- Nutrients in Water11:49
- Pollution from Human Sources12:11
- Eutrophication12:28
- Eutrophic vs. Oligotrophic Lake13:41
- Cultural Eutrophication14:36
- Oil and Sediment17:10
- Oil Has Caused Major Pollution Problems17:11
- Sediment Pollution is Also a Major Issue18:19
- Acid Mine Drainage18:57
- General Equation19:13
- Can Occur Near Abandoned Mines20:35
- Potential Solutions21:26
- Surface-Water Pollution22:41
- Point Sources22:45
- Urban-Runoff Naturalization23:43
- Groundwater Pollution26:18
- Groundwater to Drink26:19
- Example: Gasoline Pollution26:52
- Points to Consider27:38
- Different from Surface-Water Pollution28:21
- Wastewater Treatment29:37
- Sewage Treatment29:38
- Septic Tank Disposal Systems29:58
- Water Treatment Plant Receives Sewage from Pipes and After Treatment Discharges Water Into Ocean33:01
- Primary Water Treatment33:22
- Secondary Water Treatment34:20
- Advanced Treatment35:32
- Land Application of Wastewater36:28
- Recycling Wastewater is Becoming More Common37:09
- Man-Made Wetlands36:35
- Example: Arcata, ca38:27
- Water Reuse39:15
- Inadvertent Water Reuse39:24
- Indirect Water Reuse40:29
- Direct Water Reuse40:41
- Water Pollution and Environmental Law41:26
- Refuse Act41:40
- Water Quality Improvement Act42:07
- Federal Safe Drinking Water Act42:28
- Clean Water Act42:51
- Water Quality Act42:58
- The Hudson River Story43:46
- Flows in 2 Directions43:56
- History44:33
Air Pollution
1h 27m 40s
- Intro0:00
- Air Pollution Overview0:05
- People Have Recognized the Problem for a Long Time Now0:42
- Stationary Sources1:58
- Mobile Sources3:22
- General Effects of Air Pollutants3:39
- Affects Vegetation, Animals, Soils, Water Quality, Natural/ Art Structures, Human Health, and Visibility3:46
- Major Factor in the Death Rate in Large Cities5:23
- Effects on Humans5:45
- Synergistic Effects6:47
- Major Air Pollutants7:24
- Primary Pollutants7:33
- Secondary Pollutants8:15
- Primary Pollutants That Account for Most of the Problems9:33
- Criteria Pollutants11:08
- Sulfur Dioxide11:24
- Nitrogen Oxides12:57
- Carbon Monoxide16:03
- Ozone16:52
- Particulate Matter17:10
- Lead22:16
- Acid Rain23:41
- Precipitation Lower than 5.6pH22:44
- Determining the Effects of Acid Rain26:49
- Effects: Forests, Water, Humans28:12
- How to Control it30:46
- Air Toxics33:02
- H2S33:12
- HF34:11
- Hg34:55
- VOCs36:48
- C2H3NO37:30
- C6H638:44
- CH2CHCHO39:30
- Air Pollution Variability40:11
- Varies from Place to Place40:13
- Varies with Time of Year42:18
- Haze from Afar43:38
- Urban Air Pollution44:44
- Photochemical Smog44:49
- Sulfurous Smog45:23
- Primary Adverse Effects46:05
- Controlling Pollutants and Quality Standards50:43
- Preventing Entrance into Atmosphere50:45
- Air Pollution Legislation54:03
- High Altitude Depletion56:55
- Ozone Depletion is a Major Concern56:59
- Ozone Shield57:25
- Ozone Depletion1:00:02
- Antarctic Ozone Hole1:04:30
- Pole Stratospheric Clouds1:05:29
- Environmental Effects1:07:06
- The Future of Ozone Depletion1:09:31
- Indoor Air Pollution Intro1:10:15
- 70-90% Enclosed in Space1:10:16
- Coal Miners' Disease1:11:16
- One of the Biggest Hazards in Modern Workspace1:11:50
- Hurricane Katrina1:11:58
- Sources1:13:35
- Some Sources of Indoor Air Pollution1:13:44
- Heating, Ventilation1:13:50
- Furniture and Carpets1:14:07
- Machines, Computers, Printers1:14:21
- Pesticides1:14:49
- Indoor Smoking1:15:13
- Chemicals Used in Building Construction1:15:28
- Garbage Containers and Vehicle Exhaust1:15:40
- Cleaning Products1:16:15
- Dust Mites and Molds1:16:28
- Pollen1:16:37
- More on Indoor Pollution1:16:48
- Chimney Effect1:16:58
- Heating, Ventilation1:17:56
- Environmental Tobacco Smoke1:18:46
- Radon Gas1:20:37
- 'Sick Buildings'1:22:24
- Controlling Indoor Air Pollution1:25:04
- Make Homes/ Buildings Radon Resistant1:26:00
- Building Design1:26:33
Atmosphere & Climate Change
1h 16m 3s
- Intro0:00
- Fundamental Questions on Global Warming0:06
- Weather vs. Climate3:28
- Weather3:37
- Climate4:10
- Weather is Affected by Many Factors5:22
- Climate is Always Changing6:12
- Atmospheric Composition9:10
- Factors That Influence Climate11:12
- Air Mass and Pressure11:25
- Albedo11:55
- Altitude and Latitude12:51
- Humidity and Clouds13:58
- Angle of Sunlight14:31
- Carbon Cycle14:56
- Heat15:20
- Landmasses/ Mountains16:02
- Volcanoes16:14
- Pollution16:36
- Wind Patterns16:55
- Greenhouse Gases17:10
- Gases That Warm the Earth's Surface as They Accumulate in the Atmosphere17:11
- Examples19:04
- The Greenhouse Effect21:05
- Heat Trapped in Earth by Greenhouse Gases21:06
- Majority of Heat Radiates Back Into Outer Space21:18
- How It Works21:46
- The Atmosphere25:01
- Thermosphere25:49
- Mesosphere26:30
- Stratosphere26:53
- Troposphere27:52
- How We Study Climate31:13
- Instrumental Record31:17
- Historical Record32:59
- Paleo-Proxy Record34:03
- Climate Change and Feedback Loops40:57
- Negative Feedback41:08
- Positive Feedback45:20
- Causes of Climate Change48:07
- Milankovitch Cycles49:12
- Solar Cycles51:50
- Albedo Effects52:48
- Roughness of the Earth53:22
- Chemistry of Life53:48
- Climate Forcing54:13
- Oceans and Climate Change56:22
- Ocean/ Atmosphere Relationship56:23
- Ocean Conveyor Belt57:37
- El Niño58:16
- La Niña1:00:01
- Forecasting Climate Change1:00:06
- Past Observations and Research1:00:10
- Computer Simulations1:03:34
- Polar Amplification1:04:47
- Potential Environmental, Ecological, Human Effects1:05:51
- Changes in River Flow1:05:57
- Rise in Sea Levels1:06:26
- Glaciers and Sea Ice1:07:37
- Changes in Biodiversity1:08:37
- Agricultural Production1:09:53
- Human Health Effects1:10:47
- Options to Deal With It1:12:09
- Kyoto Protocol1:13:18
- International Agreement to Mitigate Global Warming1:13:23
- Cut of Carbon Dioxide Emissions1:13:48
- 2008: U.S. Agreed to 50% Reductions1:14:16
- 2010: No International Agreement with U.S.1:15:35
Section 6: Cities and the Future
The Urban Environment
51m 5s
- Intro0:00
- City Facts0:05
- 1950: Few people Lived in Cities1:22
- U.S. = 75% Urban, 25% Rural2:07
- 2002: Megacities2:41
- Urban Ecosystems3:19
- Location, Location, Location5:04
- Site5:29
- Situation5:42
- Fall Line7:44
- Site Modification9:11
- Negative Consequences: New Orleans9:22
- Bruges, Belgium11:06
- Environmental History of Cities12:19
- Stage 1: Rise of Cities12:27
- Stage 2: Urban Center13:33
- Stage 3: Industrial Metropolis15:22
- Stage 4: Center of Civilization17:29
- Planning and the Environment18:52
- Defense and Beauty19:15
- City Parks are Designed with Nature21:26
- Garden City with Green Belt23:33
- The City as an Environment24:14
- Cities Inevitably Change the Landscape24:17
- Energy Budget26:17
- Climate Effects28:00
- Solar Energy28:53
- Water and Soils30:13
- Pollution30:54
- Bringing Nature to the City31:52
- New York City's High Line31:59
- Rivers34:38
- Vegetation in Cities37:55
- Urban 'Wilds'38:59
- Animal Pests41:02
- Urban Sprawl45:02
- 1959: Blue Line46:38
- 1967: Greenbelt48:01
- 1976: 2% Increase in Residents Per Year48:25
- 2002: Only Increased 200048:41
Materials Management
1h 14m 52s
- Intro0:00
- The Importance of Resources0:04
- Renewable vs. Nonrenewables0:11
- Goal1:22
- Ways to Achieve Goal1:28
- Mineral Resources5:06
- Ore Deposits5:40
- Sedimentary Processes Result6:17
- Weathering6:59
- How Much is Left?8:15
- Resources8:22
- Reserves8:44
- Varied Use of Minerals Worldwide10:36
- When the Resources is Limited…11:59
- Mineral Development and Its Impact13:42
- Environmental Impacts13:46
- Social Impacts15:22
- Minimizing the Impact17:15
- Resource Cycle Flowchart18:47
- Materials Management and Waste21:38
- History or Waste Disposal21:39
- Industrial Ecology25:51
- Integrated Waste Management28:06
- IWM28:07
- Single Stream Recycling29:33
- Public Support30:33
- Recycling Human Waste32:19
- Solid-Waste Management35:48
- What It's Composed Of35:51
- Composting39:23
- Incineration41:11
- Open Dumps vs. Sanitary Landfills41:43
- Landfills: Site Selection and Monitoring43:51
- The Hazard of Leachate44:10
- Site Selection45:10
- Entrance into the Environment46:33
- Legislation and Waste Reduction in Landfills49:03
- Federal/ EPA Standards49:07
- Waste Reduction Strategies50:51
- Hazardous Waste54:20
- Illegal Dumping54:40
- Pollution of Groundwater and/or Soil57:49
- Hazardous Waste Disposal, Management59:35
- Resource Conservation and Recovery Act59:38
- CERCLA59:48
- Environmental Audits1:01:39
- Secure Landfill1:03:11
- Alternatives to Land Disposal1:03:58
- We Can Improve Hazardous Waste Disposal1:04:00
- Source Reduction1:05:00
- Recycling, Resource Recovery1:05:16
- Incineration1:05:30
- Ocean Dumping1:05:52
- Oceans Cover More Than 70% of Earth1:05:05
- Some of Marine Pollution's Harmful Effects1:06:40
- Microlayer Dangers1:08:43
- 'Plastic Island' in the Pacific1:10:09
- E-Waste1:10:56
- Danger of Electronic Waste1:10:59
- Treasure of the Cell Phone1:11:54
- Some Areas Factor Recycling/ Disposal Into Costs1:12:45
- We Can Do Better!1:14:10
The Future of the Environment
29m 9s
- Intro0:00
- Ecotopia!0:05
- Stable or Declining Human Population0:23
- All Resources are Sustainable0:51
- Enough Wilderness for People to Enjoy Recreation1:05
- Minimized Pollution1:24
- Risk of Extinction Minimized for Many Species1:37
- Healthy, Functioning Ecosystems2:14
- Enough Water and Food for All Life2:29
- Planning a Future2:48
- Self-Organizing Systems2:51
- Example: Town Formation vs. Deepwater Horizon3:43
- Democracy5:19
- Planning is a Social Experiment We All Participate In6:02
- Environment and the Law7:23
- 'A Horse, a Gun, and a Plan'7:27
- Three Stages8:45
- How Far Can Governments Go with Enacting Environmental Legislation?12:29
- Planning for Services and Recreation12:51
- Regional Planning12:55
- Planning Goes Into Providing Recreational National Park Space14:25
- Policy Implementation Examples15:32
- Skiing at Mineral King16:28
- Rewilding18:45
- Participation in Environmental Law20:13
- Environmental Groups Have Been a Powerful Force20:17
- Citizens Actions20:27
- Mediation21:41
- International Law and Security22:57
- More Than One Billion People on Earth Live in Poverty22:58
- United Nation's Annual Budget for Environment26:31
- Earth Summit of Sustainable Development27:14
- Johannesburg, South Africa27:15
- Objectives27:21
Section 7: Lichens
Lichens: A Closer Look
40m 6s
- Intro0:00
- Lichen Intro0:05
- Composite Organism from a Symbiotic Relationship0:49
- Thousands of Species1:58
- Can Live Anywhere2:43
- Found from Sea Level to Alpine Environments3:10
- Not Moss3:24
- Related to Environmental Science in Many Ways3:54
- Various Forms of Lichen5:48
- Categorized Based on Growth5:50
- Wide Variety of Colors7:07
- Range of Forms7:38
- Symbiosis: Not a Traditional Mutualism8:08
- 'Lichens are Fungi That Have Discovered Agriculture'8:14
- Mutualism8:53
- Some Lichens Live on Other Lichens12:01
- Reproduction of Lichens12:24
- Reproduction is Generally Asexual12:27
- Fungal Part Can Reproduce Sexually12:54
- Spore-Containing Bodies Grow from the Thallus13:25
- Energy Use of Lichens13:57
- Photobiont14:05
- Water14:34
- Temperature15:45
- Minerals16:41
- What Eats Lichens?17:07
- Lichens in North American Biomes18:04
- Arctic/ Alpine Region18:20
- Boreal Region19:36
- Temperate Region20:24
- Madrean21:31
- Tropical22:50
- Desert23:45
- Response to the Environment24:30
- Lichens are Efficient Accumulators of Minerals24:31
- Absorbed from the Atmosphere and Soil25:30
- Pollution Monitors26:28
- Transplants Programs28:27
- Ability to Absorb Metals Can Potentially Indicate Where Ore is Located30:02
- Some Lichens are Restricted to Old Growth Forests, With Undisturbed Growth30:48
- Human Use of Lichens32:12
- Exceptions32:33
- Clothing35:12
- Dyes35:40
- Perfumes35:55
- Medicines36:47
Section 8: Practice AP Test
AP Practice Exam: Math Problems
37m 14s
- Intro0:00
- Testing Basics0:07
- Advice on Preparation4:12
- Math Problem 17:46
- Math Problem 211:37
- Math Problem 313:11
- Math Problem 416:07
- Math Problem 520:41
- Math Problem 622:30
- Math Problem 723:14
- Math Problem 824:28
- Math Problem 925:29
- Math Problem 1027:30
- Math Problem 1129:26
- Math Problem 1231:15
- Math Problem 1332:36
- Math Problem 1434:44
AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice
41m 50s
- Intro0:00
- Explanation0:06
- Breakdown of Concepts1:57
- Question 12:19
- Question 22:47
- Question 33:36
- Question 44:35
- Question 55:32
- Question 65:48
- Question 76:39
- Question 87:19
- Question 97:59
- Question 109:10
- Question 119:37
- Question 1210:29
- Question 1311:21
- Question 1412:03
- Question 1512:42
- Question 1613:44
- Question 1714:20
- Question 1815:14
- Question 1916:23
- Question 2017:13
- Question 2118:24
- Question 2219:28
- Question 2320:12
- Question 2420:51
- Question 2521:54
- Question 2622:32
- Question 2723:44
- Question 2824:20
- Question 2925:08
- Question 3026:03
- Question 3126:35
- Question 3227:24
- Question 3328:11
- Question 3429:14
- Question 3529:53
- Question 3630:42
- Question 3731:22
- Question 3831:57
- Question 3932:32
- Question 4033:44
- Question 4134:27
- Question 4235:01
- Question 4335:28
- Question 4436:11
- Question 4536:51
- Question 4637:29
- Question 4737:55
- Question 4839:16
- Question 4940:11
- Question 5040:58
AP Practice Exam: Free Response
1h 1m 26s
- Intro0:00
- Free Response Summary0:05
- Advice on Preparation3:55
- Free Response Question 17:11
- Free Response Question 225:12
- Free Response Question 337:46
- Free Response Question 450:28
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For more information, please see full course syllabus of AP Environmental Science
For more information, please see full course syllabus of AP Environmental Science
AP Environmental Science Scientific Method
Lecture Description
In this lesson, our instructor Bryan Cardella gives an introduction on the scientific method. He explains the origin and steps of the scientific method, inductive and deductive reasoning, theories and models, uncertainty and accuracy, and pseudoscience.
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Last reply by: Bryan Cardella
Sun May 3, 2015 9:31 PM
Post by Sebastian cranston on May 3, 2015
Hi, I just signed up and when clicking on a video, it won't load and says: "error #2032" what can i do? I have the exam tomorrow?!