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Lecture Comments (47)

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Sun Feb 12, 2017 10:08 PM

Post by Ay Ayy on February 7, 2017

I have this question
1. (a) Determine the digital resolution of a 12 ppm proton spectrum collected on a 300 MHz NMR instrument.  Number of data points collected for this spectrum was 1K (1024 bytes). [Hint: On a 300MHz instrument, 1PPM=300Hz]              
(b). What would be the resolution of the above spectrum if 2000 data points were collected?            
C. If we increase the spectral width from 12 to 20 ppm and keep all other acquisition parameters same as in problem 1(a) and collect a proton spectrum, what would be the acquisition time and resolution of the newly acquired proton spectrum?

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Fri Feb 3, 2017 9:52 PM

Post by Kaye Lim on November 30, 2016

I have a question regarding how NMR instrument works. This is what I thought, please check if it is correct.

So there is only 1 MHz value of radio wave applied on the sample (like 42.6 MHz for 1 Tesla magnetic field). That powerful pulse of radiowave excites all nuclei including nuclei of F,N,C as well. Then the radio receiver would tune into a correct MHz value to read the released energy from the nuclei (example, 42.6MHz to read proton nuclei, and other corresponding MHz to read nuclei of other atom type). Is everything above correct?

Thank you!

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Fri May 6, 2016 12:50 AM

Post by Tram T on May 4, 2016

For protons on Carbon table at 37:04, Why proton of Methyl is more upfield (more shielded)than methylene and methine proton?

I thought that since alkyl R is EDG, the more alkyl R group like in the case of methine proton, the more electron rich the area thus methine proton would give the most upfield signal instead of proton on methyl.

Please explain! Thank you! Great lecture!

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Wed Nov 11, 2015 9:10 PM

Post by Jeremy Cohen on November 11, 2015

Dr. Starkey, I didn't know where to put this but I just wanted to say thank you for all of your help this semester.  Your lectures have been incredibly helpful in getting me through orgo 1.

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Fri Jul 17, 2015 1:27 PM

Post by Akilah Futch on July 16, 2015

what if you are not given the formula of the structure and all you have is the H nmr.

3 answers

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Mon Jul 7, 2014 12:05 AM

Post by Anhtuan Tran on July 1, 2014

Hi Dr. Starkey,
When it comes to calculate the chemical shifts for CH2 group, we use the formula: 1.2 + ΔR1 + ΔR2 and we look up the table for the values of Δ. My question is where those values are coming from and how did they calculate those values and what is the difference between the Δ values and the regular values that we use for H that has only one neighbor.
Thank you.

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Mon Feb 3, 2014 12:04 AM

Post by Andrea Cola on January 31, 2014

How many 1H NMR signals would 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene give?

5 answers

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Tue Jul 8, 2014 12:03 PM

Post by brian loui on April 2, 2013

on example 2, (the one w/ the carbonyl) aren't the "e" methyls diastereotopic and therefore not equivalent? i made models... and they're not superimposable and aren't enantiomers.

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Sun Feb 17, 2013 5:29 PM

Post by Betty Vowles on February 17, 2013

Like Marina, I too am having difficulties with the last portion of the video. Have the technical difficulties been resolved?

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Thu Feb 7, 2013 10:58 AM

Post by Synthia Gratia on February 6, 2013

On the last example on example 5, when figuring out the number of signals in an NMR, I'm a little confused on how you designated the different protons. when you did the stereochemistry for the H and t-butyl group that's not a real stereocenter right? I mean that C has a t-butyl group a H and when you try to figure out the other 2 groups it is the same because the molecule is symmetrical. So how did you apply stereochemistry there? Or was that to explain the different H's?

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Fri Dec 14, 2012 11:21 AM

Post by Natalie Bossi on December 13, 2012

How can I move on ahead of what the lecturer is talking about?? It appears that I am stuck with wherever she is talking about, no matter what I click on in the contents. This is wasting a huge amount of time.
Please help.
Natalie

2 answers

Last reply by: Amirali Aghili
Sat Apr 6, 2013 4:38 PM

Post by Marina Bossi on November 22, 2012

In addition to this, if the video reaches a certain point where the data hasn't been loaded yet, it goes back to the very beginning again!

2 answers

Last reply by: Marina Bossi
Tue Nov 27, 2012 6:50 AM

Post by Marina Bossi on November 22, 2012

Hi,

The lectures are very helpful but why can't wait click on the exact position we wish to see? It is quite frustrating because I have to watch the whole lecture before I get to the bit I was up to. Thanks

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Fri Sep 21, 2012 12:11 PM

Post by fiorella alzamora on September 19, 2012

Hello,
Why is Toluene 7ppm? y wouldnt it be 2.3 ? Thanks

2 answers

Last reply by: Gabriella Kaminer-Levin
Tue Jul 3, 2012 4:58 PM

Post by Gabriella Kaminer-Levin on June 29, 2012

Dear Dr. Starkey:

How come hydrogens bonded to an oxygen (say in an alcohol group) don't show up on an NMR (or do they)? At around 45 minutes in this video you are describing the approximate positions of hydrogens in an ester/ alcohol and you do not include the hydrogen bonded to an oxygen in an alcohol group in your analysis.
Thanks!
Gabriella

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Fri Feb 17, 2012 8:33 PM

Post by janine jones on February 15, 2012

trying to work a problem that I am stuck on about signals is there any way I can upload an image to you>

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Starkey
Sun Feb 5, 2012 10:02 PM

Post by Kimberly McDevitt on February 5, 2012

Can you please inform me how to fast forward the lectures or to select the section that I previously left off on without having to watch the entire lecture over again?

2 answers

Last reply by: Sitora Muhamedova
Wed Jun 19, 2013 4:19 PM

Post by Jason Jarduck on October 17, 2011

Hi
Excellent lecture very detailed explanation.

Thank You

Jason Jarduck

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Part I

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  1. Intro
    • Purpose of NMR
    • How NMR Works
    • Information Obtained From a ¹H NMR Spectrum
    • Number of Signals in NMR (Chemical Equivalence)
    • Size of Signals in NMR (Peak Area or Integration)
    • Using Integral Trails
    • Location of NMR Signal (Chemical Shift)
    • ¹H NMR Chemical Shifts
    • ¹H NMR Chemical Shifts (Protons on Carbon)
    • Chemical Shifts of H's on N or O
    • Estimating Chemical Shifts
    • Calculating Chemical Shifts
    • Effects of Resonance on Chemical Shifts
    • Shape of NMR Signal (Splitting Patterns)
    • Understanding Splitting Patterns: The 'n+1 Rule'
    • Explanation of n+1 Rule
    • Summary of Splitting Patterns
    • Predicting ¹H NMR Spectra
    • Intro 0:00
    • Purpose of NMR 0:14
      • Purpose of NMR
    • How NMR Works 2:17
      • How NMR Works
    • Information Obtained From a ¹H NMR Spectrum 5:51
      • # of Signals, Integration, Chemical Shifts, and Splitting Patterns
    • Number of Signals in NMR (Chemical Equivalence) 7:52
      • Example 1: How Many Signals in ¹H NMR?
      • Example 2: How Many Signals in ¹H NMR?
      • Example 3: How Many Signals in ¹H NMR?
      • Example 4: How Many Signals in ¹H NMR?
      • Example 5: How Many Signals in ¹H NMR?
    • Size of Signals in NMR (Peak Area or Integration) 21:23
      • Size of Signals in NMR (Peak Area or Integration)
    • Using Integral Trails 25:15
      • Example 1: C₈H₁₈O
      • Example 2: C₃H₈O
      • Example 3: C₇H₈
    • Location of NMR Signal (Chemical Shift) 29:05
      • Location of NMR Signal (Chemical Shift)
    • ¹H NMR Chemical Shifts 33:20
      • ¹H NMR Chemical Shifts
    • ¹H NMR Chemical Shifts (Protons on Carbon) 37:03
      • ¹H NMR Chemical Shifts (Protons on Carbon)
    • Chemical Shifts of H's on N or O 39:01
      • Chemical Shifts of H's on N or O
    • Estimating Chemical Shifts 41:13
      • Example 1: Estimating Chemical Shifts
      • Example 2: Estimating Chemical Shifts
      • Functional Group Effects are Additive
    • Calculating Chemical Shifts 47:38
      • Methylene Calculation
      • Methine Calculation
      • Protons on sp³ Carbons: Chemical Shift Calculation Table
      • Example: Estimate the Chemical Shift of the Selected H
    • Effects of Resonance on Chemical Shifts 53:11
      • Example 1: Effects of Resonance on Chemical Shifts
      • Example 2: Effects of Resonance on Chemical Shifts
      • Example 3: Effects of Resonance on Chemical Shifts
    • Shape of NMR Signal (Splitting Patterns) 59:17
      • Shape of NMR Signal (Splitting Patterns)
    • Understanding Splitting Patterns: The 'n+1 Rule' 1:01:24
      • Understanding Splitting Patterns: The 'n+1 Rule'
    • Explanation of n+1 Rule 1:02:42
      • Explanation of n+1 Rule: One Neighbor
      • Explanation of n+1 Rule: Two Neighbors
    • Summary of Splitting Patterns 1:06:24
      • Summary of Splitting Patterns
    • Predicting ¹H NMR Spectra 1:10:46
      • Example 1: Predicting ¹H NMR Spectra
      • Example 2: Predicting ¹H NMR Spectra
      • Example 3: Predicting ¹H NMR Spectra
      • Example 4: Predicting ¹H NMR Spectra
    Dr. Laurie Starkey

    Dr. Laurie Starkey

    Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Part I

    Duration: 1:32:14 min.

    Table of Contents

    Section 1: Reagent Table
    Completing the Reagent Table for Prelab

    21m 9s

    Intro
    0:00
    Sample Reagent Table
    0:11
    Reagent Table Overview
    0:12
    Calculate Moles of 2-bromoaniline
    6:44
    Calculate Molar Amounts of Each Reagent
    9:20
    Calculate Mole of NaNO₂
    9:21
    Calculate Moles of KI
    10:33
    Identify the Limiting Reagent
    11:17
    Which Reagent is the Limiting Reagent?
    11:18
    Calculate Molar Equivalents
    13:37
    Molar Equivalents
    13:38
    Calculate Theoretical Yield
    16:40
    Theoretical Yield
    16:41
    Calculate Actual Yield (%Yield)
    18:30
    Actual Yield (%Yield)
    18:31
    Section 2: Melting Points
    Introduction to Melting Points

    16m 10s

    Intro
    0:00
    Definition of a Melting Point (mp)
    0:04
    Definition of a Melting Point (mp)
    0:05
    Solid Samples Melt Gradually
    1:49
    Recording Range of Melting Temperature
    2:04
    Melting Point Theory
    3:14
    Melting Point Theory
    3:15
    Effects of Impurities on a Melting Point
    3:57
    Effects of Impurities on a Melting Point
    3:58
    Special Exception: Eutectic Mixtures
    5:09
    Freezing Point Depression by Solutes
    5:39
    Melting Point Uses
    6:19
    Solid Compound
    6:20
    Determine Purity of a Sample
    6:42
    Identify an Unknown Solid
    7:06
    Recording a Melting Point
    9:03
    Pack 1-3 mm of Dry Powder in MP Tube
    9:04
    Slowly Heat Sample
    9:55
    Record Temperature at First Sign of Melting
    10:33
    Record Temperature When Last Crystal Disappears
    11:26
    Discard MP Tube in Glass Waste
    11:32
    Determine Approximate MP
    11:42
    Tips, Tricks and Warnings
    12:28
    Use Small, Tightly Packed Sample
    12:29
    Be Sure MP Apparatus is Cool
    12:45
    Never Reuse a MP Tube
    13:16
    Sample May Decompose
    13:30
    If Pure Melting Point (MP) Doesn't Match Literature
    14:20
    Melting Point Lab

    8m 17s

    Intro
    0:00
    Melting Point Tubes
    0:40
    Melting Point Apparatus
    3:42
    Recording a melting Point
    5:50
    Section 3: Recrystallization
    Introduction to Recrystallization

    22m

    Intro
    0:00
    Crystallization to Purify a Solid
    0:10
    Crude Solid
    0:11
    Hot Solution
    0:20
    Crystals
    1:09
    Supernatant Liquid
    1:20
    Theory of Crystallization
    2:34
    Theory of Crystallization
    2:35
    Analysis and Obtaining a Second Crop
    3:40
    Crystals → Melting Point, TLC
    3:41
    Supernatant Liquid → Crude Solid → Pure Solid
    4:18
    Crystallize Again → Pure Solid (2nd Crop)
    4:32
    Choosing a Solvent
    5:19
    1. Product is Very Soluble at High Temperatures
    5:20
    2. Product has Low Solubility at Low Temperatures
    6:00
    3. Impurities are Soluble at All Temperatures
    6:16
    Check Handbooks for Suitable Solvents
    7:33
    Why Isn't This Dissolving?!
    8:46
    If Solid Remains When Solution is Hot
    8:47
    Still Not Dissolved in Hot Solvent?
    10:18
    Where Are My Crystals?!
    12:23
    If No Crystals Form When Solution is Cooled
    12:24
    Still No Crystals?
    14:59
    Tips, Tricks and Warnings
    16:26
    Always Use a Boiling Chip or Stick!
    16:27
    Use Charcoal to Remove Colored Impurities
    16:52
    Solvent Pairs May Be Used
    18:23
    Product May 'Oil Out'
    20:11
    Recrystallization Lab

    19m 7s

    Intro
    0:00
    Step 1: Dissolving the Solute in the Solvent
    0:12
    Hot Filtration
    6:33
    Step 2: Cooling the Solution
    8:01
    Step 3: Filtering the Crystals
    12:08
    Step 4: Removing & Drying the Crystals
    16:10
    Section 4: Distillation
    Introduction to Distillation

    25m 54s

    Intro
    0:00
    Distillation: Purify a Liquid
    0:04
    Simple Distillation
    0:05
    Fractional Distillation
    0:55
    Theory of Distillation
    1:04
    Theory of Distillation
    1:05
    Vapor Pressure and Volatility
    1:52
    Vapor Pressure
    1:53
    Volatile Liquid
    2:28
    Less Volatile Liquid
    3:09
    Vapor Pressure vs. Boiling Point
    4:03
    Vapor Pressure vs. Boiling Point
    4:04
    Increasing Vapor Pressure
    4:38
    The Purpose of Boiling Chips
    6:46
    The Purpose of Boiling Chips
    6:47
    Homogeneous Mixtures of Liquids
    9:24
    Dalton's Law
    9:25
    Raoult's Law
    10:27
    Distilling a Mixture of Two Liquids
    11:41
    Distilling a Mixture of Two Liquids
    11:42
    Simple Distillation: Changing Vapor Composition
    12:06
    Vapor & Liquid
    12:07
    Simple Distillation: Changing Vapor Composition
    14:47
    Azeotrope
    18:41
    Fractional Distillation: Constant Vapor Composition
    19:42
    Fractional Distillation: Constant Vapor Composition
    19:43
    Distillation Lab

    24m 13s

    Intro
    0:00
    Glassware Overview
    0:04
    Heating a Sample
    3:09
    Bunsen Burner
    3:10
    Heating Mantle 1
    4:45
    Heating Mantle 2
    6:18
    Hot Plate
    7:10
    Simple Distillation Lab
    8:37
    Fractional Distillation Lab
    17:13
    Removing the Distillation Set-Up
    22:41
    Section 5: Chromatography
    Introduction to TLC (Thin-Layer Chromatography)

    28m 51s

    Intro
    0:00
    Chromatography
    0:06
    Purification & Analysis
    0:07
    Types of Chromatography: Thin-layer, Column, Gas, & High Performance Liquid
    0:24
    Theory of Chromatography
    0:44
    Theory of Chromatography
    0:45
    Performing a Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC) Analysis
    2:30
    Overview: Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC) Analysis
    2:31
    Step 1: 'Spot' the TLC Plate
    4:11
    Step 2: Prepare the Developing Chamber
    5:54
    Step 3: Develop the TLC Plate
    7:30
    Step 4: Visualize the Spots
    9:02
    Step 5: Calculate the Rf for Each Spot
    12:00
    Compound Polarity: Effect on Rf
    16:50
    Compound Polarity: Effect on Rf
    16:51
    Solvent Polarity: Effect on Rf
    18:47
    Solvent Polarity: Effect on Rf
    18:48
    Example: EtOAc & Hexane
    19:35
    Other Types of Chromatography
    22:27
    Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC)
    22:28
    Column Chromatography
    22:56
    High Performance Liquid (HPLC)
    23:59
    Gas Chromatography (GC)
    24:38
    Preparative 'prep' Scale Possible
    28:05
    TLC Analysis Lab

    20m 50s

    Intro
    0:00
    Step 1: 'Spot' the TLC Plate
    0:06
    Step 2: Prepare the Developing Chamber
    4:06
    Step 3: Develop the TLC Plate
    6:26
    Step 4: Visualize the Spots
    7:45
    Step 5: Calculate the Rf for Each Spot
    11:48
    How to Make Spotters
    12:58
    TLC Plate
    16:04
    Flash Column Chromatography
    17:11
    Section 6: Extractions
    Introduction to Extractions

    34m 25s

    Intro
    0:00
    Extraction Purify, Separate Mixtures
    0:07
    Adding a Second Solvent
    0:28
    Mixing Two Layers
    0:38
    Layers Settle
    0:54
    Separate Layers
    1:05
    Extraction Uses
    1:20
    To Separate Based on Difference in Solubility/Polarity
    1:21
    To Separate Based on Differences in Reactivity
    2:11
    Separate & Isolate
    2:20
    Theory of Extraction
    3:03
    Aqueous & Organic Phases
    3:04
    Solubility: 'Like Dissolves Like'
    3:25
    Separation of Layers
    4:06
    Partitioning
    4:14
    Distribution Coefficient, K
    5:03
    Solutes Partition Between Phases
    5:04
    Distribution Coefficient, K at Equilibrium
    6:27
    Acid-Base Extractions
    8:09
    Organic Layer
    8:10
    Adding Aqueous HCl & Mixing Two Layers
    8:46
    Neutralize (Adding Aqueous NaOH)
    10:05
    Adding Organic Solvent Mix Two Layers 'Back Extract'
    10:24
    Final Results
    10:43
    Planning an Acid-Base Extraction, Part 1
    11:01
    Solute Type: Neutral
    11:02
    Aqueous Solution: Water
    13:40
    Solute Type: Basic
    14:43
    Solute Type: Weakly Acidic
    15:23
    Solute Type: Acidic
    16:12
    Planning an Acid-Base Extraction, Part 2
    17:34
    Planning an Acid-Base Extraction
    17:35
    Performing an Extraction
    19:34
    Pour Solution into Sep Funnel
    19:35
    Add Second Liquid
    20:07
    Add Stopper, Cover with Hand, Remove from Ring
    20:48
    Tip Upside Down, Open Stopcock to Vent Pressure
    21:00
    Shake to Mix Two Layers
    21:30
    Remove Stopper & Drain Bottom Layer
    21:40
    Reaction Work-up: Purify, Isolate Product
    22:03
    Typical Reaction is Run in Organic Solvent
    22:04
    Starting a Reaction Work-up
    22:33
    Extracting the Product with Organic Solvent
    23:17
    Combined Extracts are Washed
    23:40
    Organic Layer is 'Dried'
    24:23
    Finding the Product
    26:38
    Which Layer is Which?
    26:39
    Where is My Product?
    28:00
    Tips, Tricks and Warnings
    29:29
    Leaking Sep Funnel
    29:30
    Caution When Mixing Layers & Using Ether
    30:17
    If an Emulsion Forms
    31:51
    Extraction Lab

    14m 49s

    Intro
    0:00
    Step 1: Preparing the Separatory Funnel
    0:03
    Step 2: Adding Sample
    1:18
    Step 3: Mixing the Two Layers
    2:59
    Step 4: Draining the Bottom Layers
    4:59
    Step 5: Performing a Second Extraction
    5:50
    Step 6: Drying the Organic Layer
    7:21
    Step 7: Gravity Filtration
    9:35
    Possible Extraction Challenges
    12:55
    Section 7: Spectroscopy
    Infrared Spectroscopy, Part I

    1h 4m

    Intro
    0:00
    Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
    0:09
    Introduction to Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy
    0:10
    Intensity of Absorption Is Proportional to Change in Dipole
    3:08
    IR Spectrum of an Alkane
    6:08
    Pentane
    6:09
    IR Spectrum of an Alkene
    13:12
    1-Pentene
    13:13
    IR Spectrum of an Alkyne
    15:49
    1-Pentyne
    15:50
    IR Spectrum of an Aromatic Compound
    18:02
    Methylbenzene
    18:24
    IR of Substituted Aromatic Compounds
    24:04
    IR of Substituted Aromatic Compounds
    24:05
    IR Spectrum of 1,2-Disubstituted Aromatic
    25:30
    1,2-dimethylbenzene
    25:31
    IR Spectrum of 1,3-Disubstituted Aromatic
    27:15
    1,3-dimethylbenzene
    27:16
    IR Spectrum of 1,4-Disubstituted Aromatic
    28:41
    1,4-dimethylbenzene
    28:42
    IR Spectrum of an Alcohol
    29:34
    1-pentanol
    29:35
    IR Spectrum of an Amine
    32:39
    1-butanamine
    32:40
    IR Spectrum of a 2° Amine
    34:50
    Diethylamine
    34:51
    IR Spectrum of a 3° Amine
    35:47
    Triethylamine
    35:48
    IR Spectrum of a Ketone
    36:41
    2-butanone
    36:42
    IR Spectrum of an Aldehyde
    40:10
    Pentanal
    40:11
    IR Spectrum of an Ester
    42:38
    Butyl Propanoate
    42:39
    IR Spectrum of a Carboxylic Acid
    44:26
    Butanoic Acid
    44:27
    Sample IR Correlation Chart
    47:36
    Sample IR Correlation Chart: Wavenumber and Functional Group
    47:37
    Predicting IR Spectra: Sample Structures
    52:06
    Example 1
    52:07
    Example 2
    53:29
    Example 3
    54:40
    Example 4
    57:08
    Example 5
    58:31
    Example 6
    59:07
    Example 7
    1:00:52
    Example 8
    1:02:20
    Infrared Spectroscopy, Part II

    48m 34s

    Intro
    0:00
    Interpretation of IR Spectra: a Basic Approach
    0:05
    Interpretation of IR Spectra: a Basic Approach
    0:06
    Other Peaks to Look for
    3:39
    Examples
    5:17
    Example 1
    5:18
    Example 2
    9:09
    Example 3
    11:52
    Example 4
    14:03
    Example 5
    16:31
    Example 6
    19:31
    Example 7
    22:32
    Example 8
    24:39
    IR Problems Part 1
    28:11
    IR Problem 1
    28:12
    IR Problem 2
    31:14
    IR Problem 3
    32:59
    IR Problem 4
    34:23
    IR Problem 5
    35:49
    IR Problem 6
    38:20
    IR Problems Part 2
    42:36
    IR Problem 7
    42:37
    IR Problem 8
    44:02
    IR Problem 9
    45:07
    IR Problems10
    46:10
    Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Part I

    1h 32m 14s

    Intro
    0:00
    Purpose of NMR
    0:14
    Purpose of NMR
    0:15
    How NMR Works
    2:17
    How NMR Works
    2:18
    Information Obtained From a ¹H NMR Spectrum
    5:51
    # of Signals, Integration, Chemical Shifts, and Splitting Patterns
    5:52
    Number of Signals in NMR (Chemical Equivalence)
    7:52
    Example 1: How Many Signals in ¹H NMR?
    7:53
    Example 2: How Many Signals in ¹H NMR?
    9:36
    Example 3: How Many Signals in ¹H NMR?
    12:15
    Example 4: How Many Signals in ¹H NMR?
    13:47
    Example 5: How Many Signals in ¹H NMR?
    16:12
    Size of Signals in NMR (Peak Area or Integration)
    21:23
    Size of Signals in NMR (Peak Area or Integration)
    21:24
    Using Integral Trails
    25:15
    Example 1: C₈H₁₈O
    25:16
    Example 2: C₃H₈O
    27:17
    Example 3: C₇H₈
    28:21
    Location of NMR Signal (Chemical Shift)
    29:05
    Location of NMR Signal (Chemical Shift)
    29:06
    ¹H NMR Chemical Shifts
    33:20
    ¹H NMR Chemical Shifts
    33:21
    ¹H NMR Chemical Shifts (Protons on Carbon)
    37:03
    ¹H NMR Chemical Shifts (Protons on Carbon)
    37:04
    Chemical Shifts of H's on N or O
    39:01
    Chemical Shifts of H's on N or O
    39:02
    Estimating Chemical Shifts
    41:13
    Example 1: Estimating Chemical Shifts
    41:14
    Example 2: Estimating Chemical Shifts
    43:22
    Functional Group Effects are Additive
    45:28
    Calculating Chemical Shifts
    47:38
    Methylene Calculation
    47:39
    Methine Calculation
    48:20
    Protons on sp³ Carbons: Chemical Shift Calculation Table
    48:50
    Example: Estimate the Chemical Shift of the Selected H
    50:29
    Effects of Resonance on Chemical Shifts
    53:11
    Example 1: Effects of Resonance on Chemical Shifts
    53:12
    Example 2: Effects of Resonance on Chemical Shifts
    55:09
    Example 3: Effects of Resonance on Chemical Shifts
    57:08
    Shape of NMR Signal (Splitting Patterns)
    59:17
    Shape of NMR Signal (Splitting Patterns)
    59:18
    Understanding Splitting Patterns: The 'n+1 Rule'
    1:01:24
    Understanding Splitting Patterns: The 'n+1 Rule'
    1:01:25
    Explanation of n+1 Rule
    1:02:42
    Explanation of n+1 Rule: One Neighbor
    1:02:43
    Explanation of n+1 Rule: Two Neighbors
    1:06:23
    Summary of Splitting Patterns
    1:06:24
    Summary of Splitting Patterns
    1:10:45
    Predicting ¹H NMR Spectra
    1:10:46
    Example 1: Predicting ¹H NMR Spectra
    1:13:30
    Example 2: Predicting ¹H NMR Spectra
    1:19:07
    Example 3: Predicting ¹H NMR Spectra
    1:23:50
    Example 4: Predicting ¹H NMR Spectra
    1:29:27
    Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy, Part II

    2h 3m 48s

    Intro
    0:00
    ¹H NMR Problem-Solving Strategies
    0:18
    Step 1: Analyze IR Spectrum (If Provided)
    0:19
    Step 2: Analyze Molecular Formula (If Provided)
    2:06
    Step 3: Draw Pieces of Molecule
    3:49
    Step 4: Confirm Piecs
    6:30
    Step 5: Put the Pieces Together!
    7:23
    Step 6: Check Your Answer!
    8:21
    Examples
    9:17
    Example 1: Determine the Structure of a C₉H₁₀O₂ Compound with the Following ¹H NMR Data
    9:18
    Example 2: Determine the Structure of a C₉H₁₀O₂ Compound with the Following ¹H NMR Data
    17:27
    ¹H NMR Practice
    20:57
    ¹H NMR Practice 1: C₁₀H₁₄
    20:58
    ¹H NMR Practice 2: C₄H₈O₂
    29:50
    ¹H NMR Practice 3: C₆H₁₂O₃
    39:19
    ¹H NMR Practice 4: C₈H₁₈
    50:19
    More About Coupling Constants (J Values)
    57:11
    Vicinal (3-bond) and Geminal (2-bond)
    57:12
    Cyclohexane (ax-ax) and Cyclohexane (ax-eq) or (eq-eq)
    59:50
    Geminal (Alkene), Cis (Alkene), and Trans (Alkene)
    1:02:40
    Allylic (4-bond) and W-coupling (4-bond) (Rigid Structures Only)
    1:04:05
    ¹H NMR Advanced Splitting Patterns
    1:05:39
    Example 1: ¹H NMR Advanced Splitting Patterns
    1:05:40
    Example 2: ¹H NMR Advanced Splitting Patterns
    1:10:01
    Example 3: ¹H NMR Advanced Splitting Patterns
    1:13:45
    ¹H NMR Practice
    1:22:53
    ¹H NMR Practice 5: C₁₁H₁₇N
    1:22:54
    ¹H NMR Practice 6: C₉H₁₀O
    1:34:04
    ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy
    1:44:49
    ¹³C NMR Spectroscopy
    1:44:50
    ¹³C NMR Chemical Shifts
    1:47:24
    ¹³C NMR Chemical Shifts Part 1
    1:47:25
    ¹³C NMR Chemical Shifts Part 2
    1:48:59
    ¹³C NMR Practice
    1:50:16
    ¹³C NMR Practice 1
    1:50:17
    ¹³C NMR Practice 2
    1:58:30
    Mass Spectrometry

    1h 28m 35s

    Intro
    0:00
    Introduction to Mass Spectrometry
    0:37
    Uses of Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Mass
    0:38
    Uses of Mass Spectrometry: Molecular Formula
    1:04
    Uses of Mass Spectrometry: Structural Information
    1:21
    Uses of Mass Spectrometry: In Conjunction with Gas Chromatography
    2:03
    Obtaining a Mass Spectrum
    2:59
    Obtaining a Mass Spectrum
    3:00
    The Components of a Mass Spectrum
    6:44
    The Components of a Mass Spectrum
    6:45
    What is the Mass of a Single Molecule
    12:13
    Example: CH₄
    12:14
    Example: ¹³CH₄
    12:51
    What Ratio is Expected for the Molecular Ion Peaks of C₂H₆?
    14:20
    Other Isotopes of High Abundance
    16:30
    Example: Cl Atoms
    16:31
    Example: Br Atoms
    18:33
    Mass Spectrometry of Chloroethane
    19:22
    Mass Spectrometry of Bromobutane
    21:23
    Isotopic Abundance can be Calculated
    22:48
    What Ratios are Expected for the Molecular Ion Peaks of CH₂Br₂?
    22:49
    Determining Molecular Formula from High-resolution Mass Spectrometry
    26:53
    Exact Masses of Various Elements
    26:54
    Fragmentation of various Functional Groups
    28:42
    What is More Stable, a Carbocation C⁺ or a Radical R?
    28:43
    Fragmentation is More Likely If It Gives Relatively Stable Carbocations and Radicals
    31:37
    Mass Spectra of Alkanes
    33:15
    Example: Hexane
    33:16
    Fragmentation Method 1
    34:19
    Fragmentation Method 2
    35:46
    Fragmentation Method 3
    36:15
    Mass of Common Fragments
    37:07
    Mass of Common Fragments
    37:08
    Mass Spectra of Alkanes
    39:28
    Mass Spectra of Alkanes
    39:29
    What are the Peaks at m/z 15 and 71 So Small?
    41:01
    Branched Alkanes
    43:12
    Explain Why the Base Peak of 2-methylhexane is at m/z 43 (M-57)
    43:13
    Mass Spectra of Alkenes
    45:42
    Mass Spectra of Alkenes: Remove 1 e⁻
    45:43
    Mass Spectra of Alkenes: Fragment
    46:14
    High-Energy Pi Electron is Most Likely Removed
    47:59
    Mass Spectra of Aromatic Compounds
    49:01
    Mass Spectra of Aromatic Compounds
    49:02
    Mass Spectra of Alcohols
    51:32
    Mass Spectra of Alcohols
    51:33
    Mass Spectra of Ethers
    54:53
    Mass Spectra of Ethers
    54:54
    Mass Spectra of Amines
    56:49
    Mass Spectra of Amines
    56:50
    Mass Spectra of Aldehydes & Ketones
    59:23
    Mass Spectra of Aldehydes & Ketones
    59:24
    McLafferty Rearrangement
    1:01:29
    McLafferty Rearrangement
    1:01:30
    Mass Spectra of Esters
    1:04:15
    Mass Spectra of Esters
    1:01:16
    Mass Spectrometry Discussion I
    1:05:01
    For the Given Molecule (M=58), Do You Expect the More Abundant Peak to Be m/z 15 or m/z 43?
    1:05:02
    Mass Spectrometry Discussion II
    1:08:13
    For the Given Molecule (M=74), Do You Expect the More Abundant Peak to Be m/z 31, m/z 45, or m/z 59?
    1:08:14
    Mass Spectrometry Discussion III
    1:11:42
    Explain Why the Mass Spectra of Methyl Ketones Typically have a Peak at m/z 43
    1:11:43
    Mass Spectrometry Discussion IV
    1:14:46
    In the Mass Spectrum of the Given Molecule (M=88), Account for the Peaks at m/z 45 and m/z 57
    1:14:47
    Mass Spectrometry Discussion V
    1:18:25
    How Could You Use Mass Spectrometry to Distinguish Between the Following Two Compounds (M=73)?
    1:18:26
    Mass Spectrometry Discussion VI
    1:22:45
    What Would be the m/z Ratio for the Fragment for the Fragment Resulting from a McLafferty Rearrangement for the Following Molecule (M=114)?
    1:22:46
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