Mike Wheeler
Personality: Trait Theory & Projective Personality Tests
Slide Duration:Table of Contents
Section 1: Introduction to Psychology
What is Psychology & Where Did It Come From?
11m 53s
- Intro0:00
- What is Psychology?0:15
- Types of Questions Psychology Looks to Answer0:35
- Biological Psychology0:41
- Personality Psychology0:46
- Developmental Psychology0:53
- Social Psychology1:01
- What Types of Questions Does Psychology Address?1:20
- Psychology of Memory1:22
- Psychological Disorders1:33
- Social-Cultural Psychology1:48
- Learning and Evolutionary Psychology1:59
- Cognitive Psychology2:28
- Industrial Psychology2:53
- Roots of Psychology3:03
- Philosophy and Biology3:14
- Ancient Greek Philosophers3:22
- William James: Inner Sensations and Introspection3:48
- Wilhelm Wundt: Sensation and Perception4:20
- Father of Psychology4:56
- Perspectives or Theories5:12
- Psychoanalysis5:53
- The Science of Mental Life6:13
- Watson and Skinner: Behaviorism6:26
- Humanistic Approach7:10
- Cognitive Approach8:27
- Biopsychosocial Approach9:45
- Psychology Defined10:34
- Scientific Study10:44
- Behavior11:18
- Mental Processes11:23
- Definition Reflects a Focus on Behavior, Emotions, and Cognitions11:36
Psychological Perspectives & Subfields
24m 7s
- Intro0:00
- Psychological Perspectives0:08
- Defined Psychology as the Scientific Study of Behavior and Mental Processes0:09
- Major Approaches/ Perspectives0:21
- Psychoanalysis1:38
- Sigmund Freud1:39
- Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Early Childhood Influences and Unconscious Motives and Desires3:06
- Look Deep Into Unconscious to Identify Issues That Form the Root Cause of Symptoms4:08
- Defense Mechanisms4:39
- Rationalizing5:05
- Psychodynamic Therapists6:17
- Behaviorism6:58
- John Watson and B.F. Skinner: Reward and Punishment7:26
- Environmental Conditioning7:40
- Everything We Do Has Been Rewarded8:11
- Behaviorism Did Not Consider Genetics or Biology8:26
- Humanism9:14
- Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers9:15
- Focus on Healing and Growth10:01
- Focus on Becoming Healthier and Happier by Loving and Accepting Ourselves10:42
- Self-actualize is the Ultimate Goal10:49
- Impacted Much of How We Look At Raising and Educating Children11:24
- Cognitive Perspective11:43
- Gained Prominence as Computers Became Part of Every Day Life11:58
- Focuses on How People Process Information, Solve Problems, and Make Decisions12:26
- Integrated in Sub-Disciplines in Psychology and Other Disciplines12:30
- Biological Perspective12:57
- Biological Creatures13:08
- Brain Circuitry and Biological Processes13:56
- Drug Therapy14:26
- Biopsychosocial Perspective15:31
- Interaction of Biology, Cognitions, and the Social Situation or Environment15:50
- Biopsychosocial Model16:39
- Types of Psychologists16:47
- Applied17:20
- Research18:18
- Clinical/ Educational Psychologist19:09
- Developmental Psychologist19:49
- Cognitive Psychologist19:59
- Biological Psychologist/ Neuropsychologist20:03
- Social Psychologist20:10
- Industrial Organizational Psychologist20:49
- Personality Psychologist21:13
- Forensic Psychologist22:08
- Abnormal Psychologist22:22
- Experimental Qualitative Psychologist22:29
- Summary22:54
- Perspectives in Psychology Try to Explain The Same Thing22:58
- Psychologists Apply Their Knowledge of Human Behavior in Many Different Fields23:34
Psychology as a Science
12m 44s
- Intro0:00
- Critical Analysis0:10
- Hindsight Bias0:41
- Judgmental Overconfidence1:50
- Scientific Method2:58
- Psychology is a Science3:00
- Making Observations3:57
- Developing Theories/ Hypotheses4:09
- Testing Hypotheses4:46
- Analyzing Results4:56
- Scientific Attitude5:13
- Scientists Need to Be Critical Thinkers with Scientific Attitude5:19
- Search for the Truth7:14
- Scientific Terms7:48
- Hypothesis7:52
- Operational Definition8:03
- Replication9:11
- Scientific Example10:17
- Summary12:02
Data Collection & Analysis
32m 15s
- Intro0:00
- Data Collection0:13
- Naturalistic Observation0:18
- Case Study1:25
- Survey3:27
- Data Analysis: Correlation6:14
- Correlation Looks At Whether or Not Two Variables are Related6:36
- Correlation Provides Information on Direction and Strength8:19
- Direction of the Correlation9:14
- Strength of the Correlation12:56
- Cannot Infer Causality17:28
- Data Analysis: Experiment20:40
- Show Cause and Effect Relationship20:43
- Independent Variable24:25
- Dependent Variable25:58
- Placebo Effect27:49
- Blind Study29:47
- Double Blind Study30:35
Section 2: Biology and Behavior
Neurons, the Source of Internal Communication
14m 6s
- Intro0:00
- Neurons0:10
- Neural Communication0:11
- The Neuron0:53
- Structure of a Neuron1:58
- Dendrites2:02
- Axon2:18
- Axon Terminals2:22
- Function of a Neuron2:54
- Structure of a Neuron: Myelin2:55
- Resting Potential4:02
- Action Potential4:38
- Neurotransmitters7:03
- Chemicals That Carry Message from one Neuron to Another7:18
- Common Neurotransmitters8:02
- Synapse11:29
- Drugs That Mimic Neurotransmitters12:54
The Nervous System
15m 6s
- Intro0:00
- The Nervous System0:08
- Central Nervous System0:45
- Peripheral Nervous System1:01
- Sensory Neurons2:12
- Motor Neurons2:52
- Interneurons3:20
- The Peripheral Nervous System4:12
- Somatic Nervous System4:41
- Autonomic Nervous System5:10
- Sympathetic Branch7:24
- Parasympathetic Branch7:52
- The Spinal Cord8:25
- Information Going To and From the Brain Passes Through the Spinal Cord8:26
- Interneurons Within the Spinal Cord8:49
- Responsible for Reflex Behavior Including the Spinal Reflex9:00
- The Endocrine System11:46
- Glands Secrete Hormones Into the Blood Stream12:26
- Hormones are Chemical Messengers12:39
- Pituitary Gland is the Master Gland13:31
- Thyroid Gland Influences Metabolism13:58
- Adrenal Glands Secrete Epinephrine and Norepinephrine14:11
The Brain
29m 4s
- Intro0:00
- The Brain0:06
- Upper and Lower Brain Structures0:09
- Lower Brain Structures0:44
- Lower Brain Structures2:03
- Brainstem2:07
- Thalamus3:39
- Reticular Formation4:30
- Cerebellum5:08
- Limbic System6:15
- Cerebral Cortex9:28
- 85% of the Brain's Weight in Humans10:30
- 20 Billion Neurons Reside in Cerebral Cortex10:38
- Thinking, Speaking, Perceiving11:23
- 'Smarter' Mammals Have a Larger Cerebral Cortex11:51
- 4 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex12:44
- Frontal Lobe13:43
- Parietal Lobe16:01
- Temporal Lobe17:54
- Occipital Lobe20:03
- Association Areas of the Cerebral Cortex21:13
- Remaining Area of Lobes with No Known Specific Function21:51
- Enable Judgment, Planning, Processing New Memories, and Math and Special Reasoning22:19
- The Split Brain22:38
- Split Brain Procedure23:48
- Left Hemisphere24:54
- Right Hemisphere25:17
Section 3: Developing Through the Life Span
Cognitive & Moral Development Through the Lifespan
27m 36s
- Intro0:00
- Prenatal and Newborn Development0:08
- Prenatal Development0:12
- Newborn Development1:07
- Development in Infancy3:18
- Born With Nearly All Neurons We Will Ever Have3:19
- Stronger Connections with More Stimulation3:28
- Memories Consolidate Starting Age 44:18
- Jean Piaget5:15
- Theories6:24
- Schema7:00
- Piaget's Cognitive Stages of Development10:59
- Sensorimotor Stage11:11
- Preoperational Stage12:34
- Concrete Operations Stage15:41
- Formal Operations Stage17:11
- Moral Development19:32
- Preconvenitonal Morality19:48
- Conventional Morality20:30
- Postconvenitonal Morality21:25
- Cognitive Development in Adulthood22:38
- Memory in Adulthood22:57
- Intelligence in Adulthood24:24
Social Development Through the Lifespan
39m 6s
- Intro0:00
- Psychosocial Stages of Development0:07
- Erik Erikson Theorized the Psychosocial Stages of Development0:08
- Each Stage Poses a Social Issue0:15
- Trust vs. Mistrust0:54
- Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt2:08
- Initiative vs. Guilt3:01
- Industry vs. Inferiority4:38
- Identity vs. Role Confusion6:19
- Intimacy vs. Isolation8:04
- Generativity vs. Stagnation10:45
- Integrity vs. Despair12:43
- Social Development in Infancy13:49
- Secure Attachment14:14
- Insecure Attachment19:29
- Parenting Styles21:41
- Authoritarian Style22:13
- Permissive Style23:21
- Authoritative Style24:02
- Research on Parenting Style25:12
- Social Development in Adolescence26:35
- Forming an Identity26:59
- Teens Who Seek Counseling27:35
- 81% of American Teens Are Content With Their Lives28:08
- Social Development in Adulthood28:43
- Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood Varies Among Cultures29:05
- Western Cultures Take Longer30:44
- Form Close Emotional Relationships31:44
- Social Development in Middle Adulthood32:12
- Family and Career32:24
- Do Not Experience Distress In Their 40's32:59
- Married Adults Report Higher Levels of Happiness33:56
- Social Development in Late Adulthood34:55
- Working Less, Decline in Physical Abilities, Shrinking Group of Close Friends35:04
- Happiness Levels35:45
- Do Not Process Negative Information as Readily36:26
- Death Can Have a Strong Negative Impact37:37
- Opportunities38:03
Section 4: Learning
Forms of Learning: Classical Conditioning
29m 16s
- Intro0:00
- Forms of Learning0:03
- Defining Learning0:11
- Primary Forms of Learning1:03
- Classical Conditioning1:16
- Operant Conditioning2:04
- Observational Learning3:25
- Classical Conditioning3:54
- Ivan Pavlov4:01
- Learning by Associating Two Things That Occur Together5:04
- How It Works5:14
- Example of Classical Conditioning7:12
- Unconditioned Stimulus9:19
- Unconditioned Response9:33
- Conditioned Stimulus9:42
- Conditioned Response9:50
- Example: Dogs10:00
- Example: Peoples11:28
- Stages of Classical Conditioning13:44
- Acquisition13:50
- Extinction14:29
- Spontaneous Recovery15:58
- Generalization18:02
- Discrimination21:24
- Features of Classical Conditioning23:05
- Time Delay23:14
- Stronger When Biological Predisposition In Place25:47
- Learning Happens Automatically26:53
- Conditioned Response Usually Is Not Stronger Than Unconditioned Response28:12
Forms of Learning: Operant Conditioning
35m 1s
- Intro0:00
- Forms of Learning0:03
- Classical Conditioning0:22
- Operant Conditioning1:24
- Observational Learning1:59
- Operant Conditioning2:26
- Actions or Behaviors Lead to Consequences2:32
- Examples2:54
- E.L. Thorndike: Law of Effect4:23
- B.F. Skinner: Skinner Box4:29
- Shaping is a Method of Rewarding Small Steps Toward a Larger Goal5:22
- Example5:39
- Positive Reinforcement7:45
- Reinforcement8:01
- Defining Positive Reinforcement8:54
- Negative Reinforcement10:45
- Defining Negative Reinforcement10:57
- Examples12:04
- Reinforcers14:12
- Defining Reinforcer14:27
- Primary Reinforcer14:47
- Secondary Reinforcer15:49
- Punishment17:03
- Defining Punishment17:10
- Examples17:46
- Punishment20:04
- Punishment Teaches What Not To Do20:05
- Negative Side Effects20:39
- Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement23:17
- Continuous Reinforcement is Reinforcement Given After Every Correct Response23:18
- Reinforcing Less Frequently Can Lead to Stronger Behaviors That Don't Extinguish as Quickly23:49
- Fixed-Ratio24:40
- Variable-Ratio25:53
- Fixed-Interval27:37
- Variable-Interval28:29
- Latent Learning30:34
- Cognitive Processes Play a Role in Operant Conditioning30:35
- Biological Constraints Predispose Organisms to Learn Associations That are Naturally Adaptive32:34
Forms of Learning: Observational Learning
13m 49s
- Intro0:00
- Forms of Learning0:06
- Classical Conditioning0:13
- Operant Conditioning0:41
- Observational Learning1:20
- Observational Learning1:49
- Defining Observational Learning1:51
- Albert Bandura: Bobo Doll Experiment2:08
- Modeling4:07
- Bandura's Studies4:12
- Modeling is Observing and Imitating What is Seen4:54
- Prosocial Modeling5:17
- Impact of Watching Violence on TV6:24
- Antisocial Modeling6:26
- Relationship Between Viewing Violent TV and Acting Violently7:28
- Mirror Neurons10:27
- Specialized Neurons Fire When We Observe Others Enabling Us to Imitate What the Person is Doing10:54
- Enable Empathy11:36
- Underlie Our Intensely Social Nature13:07
Section 5: Memory
The Three Stages of Memory
26m 39s
- Intro0:00
- Memory0:10
- Memory Is a Large Part of Who We Are0:16
- Definition of Memory0:44
- Three Stages of Memory1:19
- Three Stage Processing Model1:22
- Information Processing Model1:32
- Three Stage Processing Model of Memory2:09
- Sensory Memory2:13
- Iconic Memory3:23
- Echoic Memory4:58
- The Specific Auditory or Visual Information We Choose to Focus on Moves to Short-Term Memory6:48
- Short-Term Memory6:57
- Working Memory7:00
- You Can See It and Work On It7:37
- Auditory or Visual Information7:51
- Recalling a Memory From the Past8:33
- Capacity of Short-Term Memory9:15
- Duration of Short-Term Memory9:39
- Maintenance Rehearsal14:37
- Long-Term Memory15:25
- Everything in Your Memory17:33
- Information We Can Store18:23
- Stored Throughout the Brain in Synaptic Interconnections19:54
- Long Term Potentiation20:33
- Types of Long-Term Memories21:56
- Semantic Memories22:23
- Episodic Memories22:45
- Procedural Memories23:03
- Explicit Memories23:26
- Implicit Memories24:55
Memory-Encoding Information
19m 36s
- Intro0:00
- Levels of Processing0:12
- Automatic Processing0:50
- Effortful Processing2:11
- Encoding2:57
- Rehearsal3:04
- Spacing Effect3:40
- Serial Position Effect5:18
- How We Encode7:40
- Semantic Encoding8:06
- Visual Encoding9:02
- Auditory Encoding10:03
- Mnemonics11:13
- Mnemonics Example: ROY G BIV12:06
- Visual Image is Created13:09
- Organizing Information Into Hierarchies14:47
- Key to Encoding Into Long-Term Memory is Making if Meaningful or Familiar16:04
- New Terms Are Difficult to Encode17:10
Memory: Storage & Retrieval of Information
16m 45s
- Intro0:00
- Explicit and Implicit Memory Storage0:11
- Explicit Memory0:24
- Implicit Memory0:50
- Where Explicit Memories Are Stored1:07
- Explicit Memory Storage1:48
- Left Side: Verbal Information2:00
- Right Side: Visual Design Memories2:13
- Spatial Memory2:23
- Additional Sub-regions2:31
- Flashbulb Memory3:04
- Stronger Emotional Experiences3:52
- Emotions Enhance Memory4:00
- The Amygdala4:19
- Amnesia4:48
- Infantile Amnesia5:17
- Implicit Memory Storage6:21
- Formed and Stored in the Cerebellum6:26
- Cerebellum is Key in Forming Memories Created by Classical Conditioning6:48
- Two-Way Memory System7:12
- Memory Retrieval8:17
- Retrieval of Information8:49
- Recognition vs. Recall9:03
- Retrieval Cues10:10
- Retrieval Cues10:24
- Priming11:39
- Context12:58
- Mood15:20
Memory: Why Do We Forget?
21m 48s
- Intro0:00
- Encoding Failure0:10
- We Do Not Remember Every Detail of Our Lives0:46
- Encoding Failure1:28
- Storage Decay3:06
- Information Decays From Our Memory Over Time3:16
- Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve3:58
- Retrieval Failure5:33
- Lack of Cues6:05
- Context Cues6:26
- State of Mind7:38
- Interference8:31
- Retroactive Interference8:59
- Proactive Interference10:03
- Research Shows Sleeping an Hour After Studying Maximizes Memory11:41
- Repression12:44
- Freud's First Theory on Repressing Traumatic Memories12:56
- Research Shows Most Traumatic Events are Highly Emotional and Stronger Memories13:30
- Memory Construction13:58
- Combination of What We Saw and What We Think We Should Have Seen14:07
- Misinformation Effect15:00
- Source Amnesia17:05
- Improving Memory18:35
- Study Repeatedly18:42
- Make the Material Meaningful19:09
- Use Mnemonic Techniques19:22
- Activate Retrieval Cues19:55
- Minimize Interference20:27
- Sleep More21:01
- Test Yourself21:17
Section 6: Personality
Personality: The Psychoanalytic Approach
29m 30s
- Intro0:00
- Theories of Personality0:14
- Pattern of Thinking, Feeling, and Acting0:18
- Personality Theories Explain Where Our Personalities Come From0:44
- Trait Theory1:14
- Psychoanalytic Approach1:45
- Sigmund Freud1:49
- Psychoanalysis2:28
- Main Ideas2:51
- The Unconscious3:56
- Conscious4:07
- Preconscious4:19
- Unconscious4:48
- Levels of Consciousness5:17
- Conscious5:20
- Preconscious5:23
- Unconscious5:28
- Most of Our Behavior, Personality, Beliefs, Habits, and Illnesses Stem From Unconscious Thoughts5:56
- Psychoanalysis6:27
- Root Cause of Behavioral Issues Stem from Unresolved Issues from Past6:28
- Freud's Method of Treatment: Psychoanalysis6:52
- Free Association7:21
- Structure of Personality8:09
- Id8:35
- Superego8:54
- Ego9:28
- Defense Mechanisms11:14
- Rationalization11:47
- Projection12:59
- Reaction Formation13:29
- Anger Displacement14:38
- Psychosexual Stages of Development16:35
- Oral Stage18:06
- Anal Stage19:23
- Phallic Stage20:57
- Latency Stage22:52
- Genital Stage23:04
- The Neo-Freudians23:43
- Freud's Followers Who Differed in Several Ways23:48
- Believed the Conscious Mind Had a Role in Interpreting Experience and Coping the with Environment24:44
- Sex Drive and Aggression25:14
- Alfred Adler: Inferiority25:35
- Karen Horney: Love and Security26:25
- Carl Jung: Collective Unconscious26:49
Personality: The Behaviorist, Humanistic & Social-Cognitive Perspectives
19m 7s
- Intro0:00
- Theories of Personality0:14
- Pattern of Thinking, Feeling, and Acting0:19
- Personality Theories Explain Where Our Personalities Come From0:58
- Trait Theory1:15
- Behaviorist Approach1:33
- Environmental Conditioning2:00
- Operant Conditioning2:18
- Humanistic Approach4:18
- Focuses on the Positive Side of Human Potential4:53
- Humanistic Approach5:06
- Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow5:28
- Humanistic Approach Focus5:34
- Self-Actualization6:57
- Maslow and Self-Actualization7:00
- Self-Actualization7:39
- Famous People in History8:04
- Characteristics of Self-Actualization8:21
- Person-Centered Approach9:34
- Carl Rogers9:38
- Three Conditions to Live a Full Life9:58
- Person-Centered Perspective11:40
- Questionnaire12:30
- Social-Cognitive Perspective13:22
- Looks at Behavior as a Function of the Interaction Between the Person and the Environment13:24
- Considers How We Influence the Environment13:55
- Reciprocal Determinism15:05
- Social-Cognitive Perspective16:30
- Expectations and Personality16:34
- Behavior Influenced By Biology, Experiences, and Cognitive Interpretation18:06
Personality: Trait Theory & Projective Personality Tests
25m 4s
- Intro0:00
- Theories of Personality0:13
- Defining Personality0:15
- Personality Theories0:49
- Personality Traits1:10
- Personality Traits1:11
- Measured on a Scale from Low to High1:34
- Factor Analysis2:14
- Trait of Conscientiousness2:57
- Stability of Personality3:29
- Traits Must Be Fairly Consistent Over Time3:30
- Personality is Consistent3:44
- Temperament and Extraversion5:10
- The Big Five Factor Model7:01
- Five Traits7:28
- All Other Traits7:52
- Big Five Factor Model8:06
- Extroversion9:00
- Agreeableness9:54
- Conscientiousness10:08
- Neuroticism10:41
- Openness to Experience11:22
- Why Measure Personality?12:09
- Employment Selection12:25
- Job or Occupation Choices13:14
- Gain a Better Understanding of Behavior14:24
- Team Building15:06
- The MMPI15:43
- Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is Designed to Diagnose Disorders16:07
- Structure of the Exam16:29
- Projective Personality Tests20:17
- Purpose of Projective Personality Tests20:27
- Rorschach Inkblot Test21:02
- Thematic Apperception Test22:35
- Summary of Projective Personality Testing23:52
- Most Psychologists Do Not See Significant Benefits from Projective Forms of Personality Testing23:57
- Some Therapists Use Them As An Additional Tool24:34
Section 7: Social Psychology
Social Psychology: Attitudes & Behavior
15m 22s
- Intro0:00
- Social Psychology0:11
- Influence On Our Attitudes and Behavior Can Be Strong0:30
- Social Psychology0:36
- Attribution Theory1:02
- Attribute Others' Behavior To Internal Dispositions or to External Situations1:03
- Fundamental Attribution Error2:08
- Attitudes and Behavior2:45
- Defining Attitude2:46
- Defining Behavior2:57
- Cognitive Dissonance3:42
- Cognitive Dissonance4:43
- Smoker Example4:44
- People Often Refuse to Believe Something That Goes Against What They Think is True6:31
- Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon7:53
- Dissonance Created Leads to a Change in Attitude9:26
- Adopting a Role10:37
- Behave as Society Expects a Person In That 'Role' to Behave10:42
- Our Behavior in a Role Influences Our Attitudes11:22
- Stanford Prison Study11:32
- Changing Attitudes and Behavior13:57
- Can Change How We Think About Others and Feel About Ourselves14:15
- Various Therapies Involve Acting in a More Positive Manner14:22
Social Psychology: Conformity & Obedience
18m 45s
- Intro0:00
- Social Psychology0:11
- Influence On Our Attitudes and Behavior Can Be Strong0:14
- Social Psychology0:37
- Conformity0:53
- Mimic the Behavior or Others1:02
- Mimicking Has Many Beneficial Outcomes1:43
- Negative Behaviors are Also Mimicked2:59
- Group Pressure and Conformity3:24
- Conformity3:26
- Solomon Ash4:02
- The Experiment4:17
- When Does Conformity Increase5:56
- Why We Feel Pressure to Conform7:35
- Normative Social Influence7:59
- Informational Social Influence9:30
- Obedience10:18
- Compliance and Obedience10:24
- Stanley Milgram Conducted a Now Famous Experiment11:18
- The Experiment12:03
- Point of the Experiment12:08
- Milgram's Experiment Showed How Influential Orders from an Authority Figure Can Be14:40
- Factors That Lead to More Obedience16:00
- If the Situation is Powerful Enough, Normal People Can Become Agents to Terrible Acts18:05
Social Psychology: Group Influence
17m 48s
- Intro0:00
- Social Facilitation0:09
- Social Psychology0:11
- Social Facilitation1:06
- Social Loafing2:22
- Defining Social Loafing2:42
- Each Person in a Group Tends to 'Slack' Because of These Reasons3:08
- Reducing Social Loafing3:57
- Deindividuation4:30
- Defining Deindividuation4:34
- Involves Feelings of Depersonalization6:11
- Studies Show That Changing Ones Appearance Increases Levels of Anonymity7:05
- Group Polarization7:51
- Defining Group Polarization7:59
- It Can Be Positive8:39
- It Can Be Negative9:59
- Groupthink10:33
- Defining Groupthink11:36
- When Does Groupthink Occur12:06
- Examples12:45
- The Power of Individuals15:13
- Minority Influence15:58
- People Who Have Influenced Millions of People16:05
- When Minority Influence is the Strongest16:44
Social Relations: Prejudice & Aggression
24m 24s
- Intro0:00
- Prejudice0:09
- Social Psychology0:14
- Prejudice0:40
- Usually Directed at Different Cultural, Ethnic, or Gender Groups0:50
- Prejudice Involves Beliefs, Emotions, and Predisposition to Action1:03
- Attitudinal Roots of Prejudice1:48
- Developing Prejudice Attitudes1:53
- Just-World Phenomenon2:57
- Stereotypes Rationalize Inequalities3:52
- Blame-the-Victim4:34
- Ingroup Bias5:46
- The Groups We Associated With Help Define Us5:55
- 'Us' and 'Them'7:00
- Ingroup Bias7:21
- Ingroup Bias Occurs Naturally7:30
- Ingroup Bias Predisposes Prejudice Against Strangers8:59
- Emotional Roots of Prejudice9:53
- Prejudice Usually Carries an Emotional Element10:03
- Scapegoat Theory of Prejudice10:33
- When Is Prejudice Higher11:14
- Anger and Frustration Create Aggression Which Raises Prejudice Attitudes to a Violent Level12:17
- Cognitive Roots of Prejudice12:40
- Cognitively Process Information Can Lead to Prejudice13:13
- Own-Race Bias14:06
- Remember and Over generalize Memorable Or Vivid Stories14:49
- Aggression15:32
- Defining Aggression15:37
- Stems From the Interaction of Biology and Psychology15:55
- Biologically, Aggression Comes from Genetics, Neural System, and Biochemicals16:22
- Frustration-Aggression Principle18:22
- Social and Cultural Factors Play a Role in Aggression20:42
- Learned Behavior: Rewarded or Punished20:52
- Fight for What You Need and Don't Back Down21:32
- Watching Violence on TV Desensitizes Those to Violence and Correlates with Feelings of Hostility and Aggression22:36
- Summary23:44
Social Relations: Altruism, Attraction, & the Bystander Effect
31m 15s
- Intro0:00
- Altruism0:10
- Social Psychology0:11
- Altruism0:38
- Kitty Genovese Example1:07
- Bystander Intervention1:38
- Theory of Bystander Intervention1:40
- Notice the Incident2:03
- Interpret It As An Emergency2:11
- Assume Responsibility3:22
- Bystander Effect3:45
- The Bystander Effect3:57
- Someone Alone Is More Likely to Help Someone in an Emergency4:03
- Person in a Group is Less Likely to Help Someone in an Emergency4:06
- Diffusion of Responsibility4:43
- Social Exchange Theory4:58
- Defining the Social Exchange Theory5:04
- Helping is Intrinsically Rewarding for Most People6:48
- Reciprocity Norms7:30
- Social Responsibility Norms8:15
- Attraction8:52
- Factors That Strongly Impact Attraction9:30
- Proximity9:42
- Mere Exposure Effect10:20
- Physical Attractiveness10:56
- Similarity13:26
- Reward Theory of Attraction14:36
- Romantic Love15:17
- Romantic Love15:25
- Passionate Love15:32
- Companionate Love15:56
- Long Lasting Relationships16:47
- Equity17:06
- Self-disclosure17:31
- Conflict19:14
- Defining Conflict19:20
- Social Traps20:40
- View Other People and Nations as Untrustworthy and Evil22:39
- Mirror-Image Perceptions23:21
- Promoting Peace24:44
- Enemy Can Quickly Become an Ally24:46
- Four Conditions Contribute to Peacefulness25:04
- Contact25:21
- Cooperation26:10
- Communication28:51
- Conciliation29:53
Section 8: Psychological Disorders
Psychological Disorders: Definition & Classification
22m 37s
- Intro0:00
- Psychological Disorders0:11
- World Health Organization Reports That Worldwide 450 Million People Suffer from a Psychological Disorder0:12
- Feel the Pain0:34
- 'To Study the Abnormal is the Best Way of Understanding the Normal'1:01
- Defining Psychological Disorders1:17
- Deviant1:42
- Distressful3:25
- Dysfunctional4:04
- Major Categories of Disorders5:32
- Mood Disorders5:39
- Schizophrenia5:58
- Anxiety Disorders6:04
- Somatoform Disorders6:50
- Dissociative Disorders7:04
- Personality Disorders7:16
- Medical Model7:38
- Strange Behavior Was Often Attributed to Evil Spirits7:40
- Severe Stress, Inhumane Conditions, and Disease Are Underlying Causes of Many Odd Behaviors8:15
- Asylums Gave Rise to Medical Model8:43
- Biopsychosocial Model9:36
- Medical Model Looks for Physical Causes of Mental Disorders and Attempts to Cure the Person Through Treatment9:40
- Psychologists Believe the Medical Model to Be Incomplete9:57
- Biopsychosocial Model10:07
- Classification of Disorders11:15
- Classification11:16
- Diagnostic Classification12:20
- Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders13:01
- DSM-V14:01
- DSM-I14:03
- Proponents14:40
- Critics15:09
- Many Studies Have Shown That Biased Perceptions Elecity the Very Behavior Expected16:40
- Famous Study17:05
- Effects of Labeling18:16
- Labeling Someone18:18
- Refusing to Seek Treatment Due to the Stigma of Having a 'Psychological Issue'18:24
- Individuals Labeled with a Mental Disorder Are Often Portrayed as Dangerous18:46
- Prevalence of Psychological Disorders19:15
- 26% of American Adults19:16
- Highest Rate19:36
- Lowest Rate20:04
- Rates of Serious Psychological Disorders is Doubled in Areas Below the Poverty Line20:46
- Psychological Disorders21:37
Mood Disorders
12m 28s
- Intro0:00
- Mood Depressive Disorder0:07
- Mood Disorders0:13
- Major Depressive Disorder0:46
- Depression1:34
- Major Depressive Disorder1:43
- Depression Often Follows Stressful Events1:46
- Rates of Depression1:58
- Women are Twice as Likely To Suffer2:18
- Men are More Vulnerable to Externalized Disorders2:44
- Depression Subsides on Its Own2:49
- About 50% of People Who Recover from Depression Will Experience it Again Within Two Years3:28
- Experience Behavioral Changes and Cognitive Changes3:49
- Causes of Depression4:26
- Stems from Interaction of Biology, Cognitions and the Environment4:27
- Biology and Genetics5:07
- Imbalance of Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine7:06
- Social Cognitive Perspective8:25
- Bipolar Disorder9:56
- Lows of Depression are Sometimes Followed by Extreme Hyperactivity9:58
- Defining Bipolar Disorder10:30
- Manic Phase10:49
- Some Artists With Bipolar Disease Created Some of Their Greatest Works During Milder Manic Phases11:22
- Summary11:53
Anxiety Disorders
21m 53s
- Intro0:00
- Anxiety Disorders0:06
- Characterized by Persistent, Intense Feelings of Anxiousness and Fear0:09
- Some Anxiety Disorders Include0:18
- 15% of Americans Suffer from One or More Anxiety Disorders0:42
- Occur Twice as Frequently in Females0:57
- Generalized Anxiety Disorder1:12
- Characterized by Negative Feelings, Tension, Constant Worrying, and Apprehension1:17
- Often Resort to Maladaptive Behaviors and Suffer Physical Problems1:58
- Panic Disorder3:09
- Characterized by Panic Attacks3:11
- Panic Attacks Usually Last 10-20 Mins3:47
- Often Experience Anxiety Anticipating Another Panic Attack4:10
- Phobias4:33
- Characterized by an Intense, Irrational Fear4:36
- Most Common Phobias5:30
- 9-18% of Americans Suffer from Phobias6:45
- More Prevalent in Adults Than Children, and More in Females than Males6:50
- Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder7:19
- Characterized by Repetitive Thoughts and/or Actions7:23
- More Common Among Teens and Young Adults8:41
- Most Common Obsessions and Compulsions8:51
- Most Common Obsessions8:53
- Most Common Compulsions9:59
- Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder10:55
- Characterized by Haunting Memories, Nightmares, Social Withdrawal, Jumpy Anxiety, or Insomnia That Lingers After a Traumatic Experience11:03
- Factors That Increase the Risk of PTSD13:05
- Causes of Anxiety Disorders13:46
- Anxiety is a Feeling and a Cognition14:00
- The Learning Perspective14:08
- Classical Conditioning14:52
- Reinforced and Repeated Behaviors15:26
- The Biological Perspective16:34
- People with 'High-Strung' Temperaments17:20
- Traumatic Experiences Can Cause Fear Circuits18:06
- Hereditary Explanation18:46
- Summary21:23
Schizophrenia
21m 21s
- Intro0:00
- Schizophrenia0:07
- Psychotic Disorder Marked by Irrationality and Lost Contact with Reality0:32
- Characterized by Disorganized Thinking, Disturbed Perceptions, Inappropriate Emotions and Behavior1:18
- Disorganized Thinking1:32
- Disturbed Perceptions2:17
- Inappropriate Emotions and Behavior2:57
- Positive and Negative Symptoms4:05
- Positive Symptoms4:58
- Negative Symptoms5:12
- Types of Schizophrenia5:51
- Chronic Schizophrenia6:02
- Acute Schizophrenia6:57
- Facts About Schizophrenia7:57
- Age8:00
- Over 50% of People with Schizophrenia Also Have a Substance Abuse Disorder8:28
- Life-Expectancy9:31
- Causes of Schizophrenia10:05
- Complex Cluster of Disorders10:28
- Brain Abnormalities11:19
- Dopamine11:52
- Abnormal Activity in Multiple Areas of the Brain12:13
- Prenatal Factors15:13
- Known Risk Factors: Low Birth Rate and Oxygen Deprivation15:46
- Mid-pregnancy Virus16:29
- Genetic Factors18:02
- Psychological and Environmental Factors19:00
Dissociative, Somatic, and Personality Disorders
29m 23s
- Intro0:00
- Dissociative Disorders0:09
- Disorders of Consciousness0:16
- Three Dissociative Disorders0:46
- Dissociative Identity Disorder1:51
- Defining Dissociative Identity Disorder1:54
- Identities Can Suddenly Change2:10
- Psychoanalytic Therapists4:07
- Learning Psychologists4:25
- Uncommon5:04
- Skeptics6:28
- Patients Exhibit Physical Signs When Changing from One Identity to Another7:41
- Somatic Symptom Disorders9:07
- Characteristics9:17
- Stems from Anxiety9:49
- Two Prevalent Disorders10:09
- Somatization Disorder11:11
- Patient Interprets Normal Sensations as Symptoms of a Dreaded Disease11:12
- Search for Confirmation of Disease11:17
- Temporary Relief12:00
- Culture and Somatic Symptom Disorders12:20
- Emotional Symptoms13:29
- Physical Symptoms13:52
- Personality Disorders14:29
- Characteristics14:39
- Difficulty with Cognitions, Emotions, Interpersonal Functioning, and/or Impulse Control14:54
- Three Clusters16:20
- Odd or Eccentric Personality Disorders16:31
- Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Personality Disorders17:08
- Anxious or Fearful Personality Disorders18:06
- Antisocial Personality Disorder20:04
- Sociopath or Psychopath20:14
- Patient Profile20:36
- Roughly 50% Adolescents Become Criminals as Adults21:00
- Exhibit The Following Behavior21:22
- No Fears and Feels Nothing Toward His Victims22:19
- Do Not Have Antisocial Personality Disorder -- They Show Concern for Friends23:22
- Prevalence is Higher Among Prisoners and Those in Drug and Alcohol Treatment Programs23:54
- Roots of Antisocial Personality Disorder24:13
- Biological and Psychological Roots24:14
- Children with Low Levels of Arousal25:10
- Less Activity in Frontal Lobe25:52
- Lower Levels of Serotonin26:24
- Head Injuries Have Been Linked to Antisocial Personality Disorder27:04
- Socio-Cultural and Psychological Factors28:50
Section 9: Therapies
Psychological Therapies
36m 56s
- Intro0:00
- Types of Therapy0:08
- Psychological0:48
- Biomedical1:04
- Psychotherapy and Biomedical Approach1:24
- Electric Approach1:52
- Major Psychological Therapies2:16
- Psychoanalysis2:46
- Sigmund Freud2:50
- Psychodynamic Therapists3:08
- Original Psychoanalytic Theory3:52
- Role of the Unconscious4:19
- 5 Psychosexual Stages4:22
- Id, Superego, Ego4:31
- Purpose of Psychoanalysis5:50
- Patient Engages in Free Association6:04
- Psychodynamic Therapy6:57
- Transference7:00
- How Psychodynamic Therapists Help Clients7:53
- Humanistic Therapies9:08
- Humanistic Therapies9:14
- Involves Understanding Who We Are and Why We Act and Feel Certain Ways10:26
- Therapists Promote Self-Acceptance and Self Love11:08
- Carl Rogers Developed Client Centered Therapy11:48
- Improve Self-Awareness and Self-Esteem14:00
- Behavior Therapies14:10
- Behavior Therapies14:16
- Classical Conditioning Techniques15:02
- Systematic Desensitization15:31
- Aversive Conditioning16:45
- Operant Conditioning Techniques18:00
- Cognitive Therapies20:06
- Look at Our Responses to Events as the Problem20:17
- Focus22:42
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapies23:01
- Focus23:02
- Effective for Anxiety and Depression23:26
- Dealing with Anxiety Issues23:58
- Group and Family Therapies25:30
- When Issues within the Family Occur25:32
- Family Members Can Work on Communication26:22
- Most Therapies Occur in Small Groups26:33
- Effective in Dealing with Relationship Issues27:20
- Effectiveness of Psychotherapy27:25
- Most People Who Seek Therapy Report Improvement After27:42
- Therapists Also Report Seeing Positive Outcomes From Sessions with Clients28:15
- Behavioral Conditioning30:24
- Cognitive Therapy30:57
- Alternative Therapies31:30
- Alternative Methods31:49
- Considerations When Seeking Therapy33:03
- Conclusions33:50
- Three Common Elements33:55
- Evaluating Therapists, Experience, and Degrees35:40
Biomedical Therapies
29m 17s
- Intro0:00
- Types of Therapy0:07
- Psychological0:36
- Biomedical1:16
- Biomedical Therapies1:20
- Treat Psychological Disorders with Drugs1:21
- Psychiatrist Administers Medication1:59
- Electric Approach2:25
- Drug Therapies2:40
- Advances in Psychopharmacology2:45
- Pros of Drug Therapy3:37
- Cons of Drug Therapy4:15
- Antipsychotic Drugs6:50
- Blocks Dopamine Receptor Sites6:54
- Control Positive Symptoms7:24
- Most Common is Chlorpromazine8:24
- Chronic Schizophrenia Patients Do Not Respond to Antipsychotics8:52
- Atypical Antipsychotics8:58
- Target Dopamine and Serotonin Receptors9:14
- Antianxiety Drugs10:17
- Treat Symptoms of Anxiety10:19
- Xanax and Ativan10:25
- Physiological Dependence12:47
- Antidepressants13:38
- Boost a Person's Mood By Increasing the Neurotransmitters14:28
- Prozac and Zoloft14:36
- Becoming the Most Common Method to Treat Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders16:10
- SSRIs16:18
- Addictive16:50
- Electroconvulsive Therapy17:08
- Shock Treatment17:19
- Low Voltage Currents to the Brain17:55
- Short Term Success Rate18:32
- Relapse18:54
- Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies19:17
- Deep Brain Stimulation19:20
- Brain Pacemaker20:14
- Psychosurgery21:39
- Psychosurgery21:42
- Lobotomy22:10
- Vegetable State22:19
- Today It is Only Performed in Extreme Cases23:29
- Lifestyle Therapy24:04
- We Cannot Isolate Our Mind From Our Body25:01
- 80% of All Physical Illness is Related to Stress25:35
- Eat, Sleep, Exercise26:20
- Ways to Take Care of Ourselves27:12
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For more information, please see full course syllabus of Intro to Psychology
For more information, please see full course syllabus of Intro to Psychology
Intro to Psychology Personality: Trait Theory & Projective Personality Tests
Lecture Description
In this lesson, our instructor Mike Wheeler gives an introduction to personality, trait theory and projective personality tests. He discusses theories of personality, personality traits, stability of personality, the big five factor model, measuring personality, the MMPI, and projective personality tests.
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