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Lecture Comments (2)

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Post by Lei Xu on May 25, 2022

When discussing Behaviorism, you explained that Behaviorists believe every behavior is a result of a previous reward or punishment. How does the loss of reward have an impact on that learned behavior? I remember reading about some studies that showed that praising children for certain behaviors caused them to no longer do that behavior without the praise. For example, a child who loved art and was constantly praised for it lost interest in drawing when no longer receiving praise for their artwork.  Is this something that is factored into behaviorism, or are these other studies just contradictory and supportive of a different theory?

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Post by James Rogers on December 10, 2015

I believe Sigmund Freud was born (1856—1939) and not 1836; 102 years old :-)  

Psychological Perspectives & Subfields

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  1. Intro
    • Psychological Perspectives
    • Psychoanalysis
    • Behaviorism
    • Humanism
    • Cognitive Perspective
    • Biological Perspective
    • Biopsychosocial Perspective
    • Types of Psychologists
    • Summary
    • Intro 0:00
    • Psychological Perspectives 0:08
      • Defined Psychology as the Scientific Study of Behavior and Mental Processes
      • Major Approaches/ Perspectives
    • Psychoanalysis 1:38
      • Sigmund Freud
      • Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Early Childhood Influences and Unconscious Motives and Desires
      • Look Deep Into Unconscious to Identify Issues That Form the Root Cause of Symptoms
      • Defense Mechanisms
      • Rationalizing
      • Psychodynamic Therapists
    • Behaviorism 6:58
      • John Watson and B.F. Skinner: Reward and Punishment
      • Environmental Conditioning
      • Everything We Do Has Been Rewarded
      • Behaviorism Did Not Consider Genetics or Biology
    • Humanism 9:14
      • Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
      • Focus on Healing and Growth
      • Focus on Becoming Healthier and Happier by Loving and Accepting Ourselves
      • Self-actualize is the Ultimate Goal
      • Impacted Much of How We Look At Raising and Educating Children
    • Cognitive Perspective 11:43
      • Gained Prominence as Computers Became Part of Every Day Life
      • Focuses on How People Process Information, Solve Problems, and Make Decisions
      • Integrated in Sub-Disciplines in Psychology and Other Disciplines
    • Biological Perspective 12:57
      • Biological Creatures
      • Brain Circuitry and Biological Processes
      • Drug Therapy
    • Biopsychosocial Perspective 15:31
      • Interaction of Biology, Cognitions, and the Social Situation or Environment
      • Biopsychosocial Model
    • Types of Psychologists 16:47
      • Applied
      • Research
      • Clinical/ Educational Psychologist
      • Developmental Psychologist
      • Cognitive Psychologist
      • Biological Psychologist/ Neuropsychologist
      • Social Psychologist
      • Industrial Organizational Psychologist
      • Personality Psychologist
      • Forensic Psychologist
      • Abnormal Psychologist
      • Experimental Qualitative Psychologist
    • Summary 22:54
      • Perspectives in Psychology Try to Explain The Same Thing
      • Psychologists Apply Their Knowledge of Human Behavior in Many Different Fields
    Mike Wheeler

    Mike Wheeler

    Psychological Perspectives & Subfields

    Slide Duration:

    Table of Contents

    Section 1: Introduction to Psychology
    What is Psychology & Where Did It Come From?

    11m 53s

    Intro
    0:00
    What is Psychology?
    0:15
    Types of Questions Psychology Looks to Answer
    0:35
    Biological Psychology
    0:41
    Personality Psychology
    0:46
    Developmental Psychology
    0:53
    Social Psychology
    1:01
    What Types of Questions Does Psychology Address?
    1:20
    Psychology of Memory
    1:22
    Psychological Disorders
    1:33
    Social-Cultural Psychology
    1:48
    Learning and Evolutionary Psychology
    1:59
    Cognitive Psychology
    2:28
    Industrial Psychology
    2:53
    Roots of Psychology
    3:03
    Philosophy and Biology
    3:14
    Ancient Greek Philosophers
    3:22
    William James: Inner Sensations and Introspection
    3:48
    Wilhelm Wundt: Sensation and Perception
    4:20
    Father of Psychology
    4:56
    Perspectives or Theories
    5:12
    Psychoanalysis
    5:53
    The Science of Mental Life
    6:13
    Watson and Skinner: Behaviorism
    6:26
    Humanistic Approach
    7:10
    Cognitive Approach
    8:27
    Biopsychosocial Approach
    9:45
    Psychology Defined
    10:34
    Scientific Study
    10:44
    Behavior
    11:18
    Mental Processes
    11:23
    Definition Reflects a Focus on Behavior, Emotions, and Cognitions
    11:36
    Psychological Perspectives & Subfields

    24m 7s

    Intro
    0:00
    Psychological Perspectives
    0:08
    Defined Psychology as the Scientific Study of Behavior and Mental Processes
    0:09
    Major Approaches/ Perspectives
    0:21
    Psychoanalysis
    1:38
    Sigmund Freud
    1:39
    Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: Early Childhood Influences and Unconscious Motives and Desires
    3:06
    Look Deep Into Unconscious to Identify Issues That Form the Root Cause of Symptoms
    4:08
    Defense Mechanisms
    4:39
    Rationalizing
    5:05
    Psychodynamic Therapists
    6:17
    Behaviorism
    6:58
    John Watson and B.F. Skinner: Reward and Punishment
    7:26
    Environmental Conditioning
    7:40
    Everything We Do Has Been Rewarded
    8:11
    Behaviorism Did Not Consider Genetics or Biology
    8:26
    Humanism
    9:14
    Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
    9:15
    Focus on Healing and Growth
    10:01
    Focus on Becoming Healthier and Happier by Loving and Accepting Ourselves
    10:42
    Self-actualize is the Ultimate Goal
    10:49
    Impacted Much of How We Look At Raising and Educating Children
    11:24
    Cognitive Perspective
    11:43
    Gained Prominence as Computers Became Part of Every Day Life
    11:58
    Focuses on How People Process Information, Solve Problems, and Make Decisions
    12:26
    Integrated in Sub-Disciplines in Psychology and Other Disciplines
    12:30
    Biological Perspective
    12:57
    Biological Creatures
    13:08
    Brain Circuitry and Biological Processes
    13:56
    Drug Therapy
    14:26
    Biopsychosocial Perspective
    15:31
    Interaction of Biology, Cognitions, and the Social Situation or Environment
    15:50
    Biopsychosocial Model
    16:39
    Types of Psychologists
    16:47
    Applied
    17:20
    Research
    18:18
    Clinical/ Educational Psychologist
    19:09
    Developmental Psychologist
    19:49
    Cognitive Psychologist
    19:59
    Biological Psychologist/ Neuropsychologist
    20:03
    Social Psychologist
    20:10
    Industrial Organizational Psychologist
    20:49
    Personality Psychologist
    21:13
    Forensic Psychologist
    22:08
    Abnormal Psychologist
    22:22
    Experimental Qualitative Psychologist
    22:29
    Summary
    22:54
    Perspectives in Psychology Try to Explain The Same Thing
    22:58
    Psychologists Apply Their Knowledge of Human Behavior in Many Different Fields
    23:34
    Psychology as a Science

    12m 44s

    Intro
    0:00
    Critical Analysis
    0:10
    Hindsight Bias
    0:41
    Judgmental Overconfidence
    1:50
    Scientific Method
    2:58
    Psychology is a Science
    3:00
    Making Observations
    3:57
    Developing Theories/ Hypotheses
    4:09
    Testing Hypotheses
    4:46
    Analyzing Results
    4:56
    Scientific Attitude
    5:13
    Scientists Need to Be Critical Thinkers with Scientific Attitude
    5:19
    Search for the Truth
    7:14
    Scientific Terms
    7:48
    Hypothesis
    7:52
    Operational Definition
    8:03
    Replication
    9:11
    Scientific Example
    10:17
    Summary
    12:02
    Data Collection & Analysis

    32m 15s

    Intro
    0:00
    Data Collection
    0:13
    Naturalistic Observation
    0:18
    Case Study
    1:25
    Survey
    3:27
    Data Analysis: Correlation
    6:14
    Correlation Looks At Whether or Not Two Variables are Related
    6:36
    Correlation Provides Information on Direction and Strength
    8:19
    Direction of the Correlation
    9:14
    Strength of the Correlation
    12:56
    Cannot Infer Causality
    17:28
    Data Analysis: Experiment
    20:40
    Show Cause and Effect Relationship
    20:43
    Independent Variable
    24:25
    Dependent Variable
    25:58
    Placebo Effect
    27:49
    Blind Study
    29:47
    Double Blind Study
    30:35
    Section 2: Biology and Behavior
    Neurons, the Source of Internal Communication

    14m 6s

    Intro
    0:00
    Neurons
    0:10
    Neural Communication
    0:11
    The Neuron
    0:53
    Structure of a Neuron
    1:58
    Dendrites
    2:02
    Axon
    2:18
    Axon Terminals
    2:22
    Function of a Neuron
    2:54
    Structure of a Neuron: Myelin
    2:55
    Resting Potential
    4:02
    Action Potential
    4:38
    Neurotransmitters
    7:03
    Chemicals That Carry Message from one Neuron to Another
    7:18
    Common Neurotransmitters
    8:02
    Synapse
    11:29
    Drugs That Mimic Neurotransmitters
    12:54
    The Nervous System

    15m 6s

    Intro
    0:00
    The Nervous System
    0:08
    Central Nervous System
    0:45
    Peripheral Nervous System
    1:01
    Sensory Neurons
    2:12
    Motor Neurons
    2:52
    Interneurons
    3:20
    The Peripheral Nervous System
    4:12
    Somatic Nervous System
    4:41
    Autonomic Nervous System
    5:10
    Sympathetic Branch
    7:24
    Parasympathetic Branch
    7:52
    The Spinal Cord
    8:25
    Information Going To and From the Brain Passes Through the Spinal Cord
    8:26
    Interneurons Within the Spinal Cord
    8:49
    Responsible for Reflex Behavior Including the Spinal Reflex
    9:00
    The Endocrine System
    11:46
    Glands Secrete Hormones Into the Blood Stream
    12:26
    Hormones are Chemical Messengers
    12:39
    Pituitary Gland is the Master Gland
    13:31
    Thyroid Gland Influences Metabolism
    13:58
    Adrenal Glands Secrete Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
    14:11
    The Brain

    29m 4s

    Intro
    0:00
    The Brain
    0:06
    Upper and Lower Brain Structures
    0:09
    Lower Brain Structures
    0:44
    Lower Brain Structures
    2:03
    Brainstem
    2:07
    Thalamus
    3:39
    Reticular Formation
    4:30
    Cerebellum
    5:08
    Limbic System
    6:15
    Cerebral Cortex
    9:28
    85% of the Brain's Weight in Humans
    10:30
    20 Billion Neurons Reside in Cerebral Cortex
    10:38
    Thinking, Speaking, Perceiving
    11:23
    'Smarter' Mammals Have a Larger Cerebral Cortex
    11:51
    4 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
    12:44
    Frontal Lobe
    13:43
    Parietal Lobe
    16:01
    Temporal Lobe
    17:54
    Occipital Lobe
    20:03
    Association Areas of the Cerebral Cortex
    21:13
    Remaining Area of Lobes with No Known Specific Function
    21:51
    Enable Judgment, Planning, Processing New Memories, and Math and Special Reasoning
    22:19
    The Split Brain
    22:38
    Split Brain Procedure
    23:48
    Left Hemisphere
    24:54
    Right Hemisphere
    25:17
    Section 3: Developing Through the Life Span
    Cognitive & Moral Development Through the Lifespan

    27m 36s

    Intro
    0:00
    Prenatal and Newborn Development
    0:08
    Prenatal Development
    0:12
    Newborn Development
    1:07
    Development in Infancy
    3:18
    Born With Nearly All Neurons We Will Ever Have
    3:19
    Stronger Connections with More Stimulation
    3:28
    Memories Consolidate Starting Age 4
    4:18
    Jean Piaget
    5:15
    Theories
    6:24
    Schema
    7:00
    Piaget's Cognitive Stages of Development
    10:59
    Sensorimotor Stage
    11:11
    Preoperational Stage
    12:34
    Concrete Operations Stage
    15:41
    Formal Operations Stage
    17:11
    Moral Development
    19:32
    Preconvenitonal Morality
    19:48
    Conventional Morality
    20:30
    Postconvenitonal Morality
    21:25
    Cognitive Development in Adulthood
    22:38
    Memory in Adulthood
    22:57
    Intelligence in Adulthood
    24:24
    Social Development Through the Lifespan

    39m 6s

    Intro
    0:00
    Psychosocial Stages of Development
    0:07
    Erik Erikson Theorized the Psychosocial Stages of Development
    0:08
    Each Stage Poses a Social Issue
    0:15
    Trust vs. Mistrust
    0:54
    Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
    2:08
    Initiative vs. Guilt
    3:01
    Industry vs. Inferiority
    4:38
    Identity vs. Role Confusion
    6:19
    Intimacy vs. Isolation
    8:04
    Generativity vs. Stagnation
    10:45
    Integrity vs. Despair
    12:43
    Social Development in Infancy
    13:49
    Secure Attachment
    14:14
    Insecure Attachment
    19:29
    Parenting Styles
    21:41
    Authoritarian Style
    22:13
    Permissive Style
    23:21
    Authoritative Style
    24:02
    Research on Parenting Style
    25:12
    Social Development in Adolescence
    26:35
    Forming an Identity
    26:59
    Teens Who Seek Counseling
    27:35
    81% of American Teens Are Content With Their Lives
    28:08
    Social Development in Adulthood
    28:43
    Transition from Adolescence to Adulthood Varies Among Cultures
    29:05
    Western Cultures Take Longer
    30:44
    Form Close Emotional Relationships
    31:44
    Social Development in Middle Adulthood
    32:12
    Family and Career
    32:24
    Do Not Experience Distress In Their 40's
    32:59
    Married Adults Report Higher Levels of Happiness
    33:56
    Social Development in Late Adulthood
    34:55
    Working Less, Decline in Physical Abilities, Shrinking Group of Close Friends
    35:04
    Happiness Levels
    35:45
    Do Not Process Negative Information as Readily
    36:26
    Death Can Have a Strong Negative Impact
    37:37
    Opportunities
    38:03
    Section 4: Learning
    Forms of Learning: Classical Conditioning

    29m 16s

    Intro
    0:00
    Forms of Learning
    0:03
    Defining Learning
    0:11
    Primary Forms of Learning
    1:03
    Classical Conditioning
    1:16
    Operant Conditioning
    2:04
    Observational Learning
    3:25
    Classical Conditioning
    3:54
    Ivan Pavlov
    4:01
    Learning by Associating Two Things That Occur Together
    5:04
    How It Works
    5:14
    Example of Classical Conditioning
    7:12
    Unconditioned Stimulus
    9:19
    Unconditioned Response
    9:33
    Conditioned Stimulus
    9:42
    Conditioned Response
    9:50
    Example: Dogs
    10:00
    Example: Peoples
    11:28
    Stages of Classical Conditioning
    13:44
    Acquisition
    13:50
    Extinction
    14:29
    Spontaneous Recovery
    15:58
    Generalization
    18:02
    Discrimination
    21:24
    Features of Classical Conditioning
    23:05
    Time Delay
    23:14
    Stronger When Biological Predisposition In Place
    25:47
    Learning Happens Automatically
    26:53
    Conditioned Response Usually Is Not Stronger Than Unconditioned Response
    28:12
    Forms of Learning: Operant Conditioning

    35m 1s

    Intro
    0:00
    Forms of Learning
    0:03
    Classical Conditioning
    0:22
    Operant Conditioning
    1:24
    Observational Learning
    1:59
    Operant Conditioning
    2:26
    Actions or Behaviors Lead to Consequences
    2:32
    Examples
    2:54
    E.L. Thorndike: Law of Effect
    4:23
    B.F. Skinner: Skinner Box
    4:29
    Shaping is a Method of Rewarding Small Steps Toward a Larger Goal
    5:22
    Example
    5:39
    Positive Reinforcement
    7:45
    Reinforcement
    8:01
    Defining Positive Reinforcement
    8:54
    Negative Reinforcement
    10:45
    Defining Negative Reinforcement
    10:57
    Examples
    12:04
    Reinforcers
    14:12
    Defining Reinforcer
    14:27
    Primary Reinforcer
    14:47
    Secondary Reinforcer
    15:49
    Punishment
    17:03
    Defining Punishment
    17:10
    Examples
    17:46
    Punishment
    20:04
    Punishment Teaches What Not To Do
    20:05
    Negative Side Effects
    20:39
    Intermittent Schedules of Reinforcement
    23:17
    Continuous Reinforcement is Reinforcement Given After Every Correct Response
    23:18
    Reinforcing Less Frequently Can Lead to Stronger Behaviors That Don't Extinguish as Quickly
    23:49
    Fixed-Ratio
    24:40
    Variable-Ratio
    25:53
    Fixed-Interval
    27:37
    Variable-Interval
    28:29
    Latent Learning
    30:34
    Cognitive Processes Play a Role in Operant Conditioning
    30:35
    Biological Constraints Predispose Organisms to Learn Associations That are Naturally Adaptive
    32:34
    Forms of Learning: Observational Learning

    13m 49s

    Intro
    0:00
    Forms of Learning
    0:06
    Classical Conditioning
    0:13
    Operant Conditioning
    0:41
    Observational Learning
    1:20
    Observational Learning
    1:49
    Defining Observational Learning
    1:51
    Albert Bandura: Bobo Doll Experiment
    2:08
    Modeling
    4:07
    Bandura's Studies
    4:12
    Modeling is Observing and Imitating What is Seen
    4:54
    Prosocial Modeling
    5:17
    Impact of Watching Violence on TV
    6:24
    Antisocial Modeling
    6:26
    Relationship Between Viewing Violent TV and Acting Violently
    7:28
    Mirror Neurons
    10:27
    Specialized Neurons Fire When We Observe Others Enabling Us to Imitate What the Person is Doing
    10:54
    Enable Empathy
    11:36
    Underlie Our Intensely Social Nature
    13:07
    Section 5: Memory
    The Three Stages of Memory

    26m 39s

    Intro
    0:00
    Memory
    0:10
    Memory Is a Large Part of Who We Are
    0:16
    Definition of Memory
    0:44
    Three Stages of Memory
    1:19
    Three Stage Processing Model
    1:22
    Information Processing Model
    1:32
    Three Stage Processing Model of Memory
    2:09
    Sensory Memory
    2:13
    Iconic Memory
    3:23
    Echoic Memory
    4:58
    The Specific Auditory or Visual Information We Choose to Focus on Moves to Short-Term Memory
    6:48
    Short-Term Memory
    6:57
    Working Memory
    7:00
    You Can See It and Work On It
    7:37
    Auditory or Visual Information
    7:51
    Recalling a Memory From the Past
    8:33
    Capacity of Short-Term Memory
    9:15
    Duration of Short-Term Memory
    9:39
    Maintenance Rehearsal
    14:37
    Long-Term Memory
    15:25
    Everything in Your Memory
    17:33
    Information We Can Store
    18:23
    Stored Throughout the Brain in Synaptic Interconnections
    19:54
    Long Term Potentiation
    20:33
    Types of Long-Term Memories
    21:56
    Semantic Memories
    22:23
    Episodic Memories
    22:45
    Procedural Memories
    23:03
    Explicit Memories
    23:26
    Implicit Memories
    24:55
    Memory-Encoding Information

    19m 36s

    Intro
    0:00
    Levels of Processing
    0:12
    Automatic Processing
    0:50
    Effortful Processing
    2:11
    Encoding
    2:57
    Rehearsal
    3:04
    Spacing Effect
    3:40
    Serial Position Effect
    5:18
    How We Encode
    7:40
    Semantic Encoding
    8:06
    Visual Encoding
    9:02
    Auditory Encoding
    10:03
    Mnemonics
    11:13
    Mnemonics Example: ROY G BIV
    12:06
    Visual Image is Created
    13:09
    Organizing Information Into Hierarchies
    14:47
    Key to Encoding Into Long-Term Memory is Making if Meaningful or Familiar
    16:04
    New Terms Are Difficult to Encode
    17:10
    Memory: Storage & Retrieval of Information

    16m 45s

    Intro
    0:00
    Explicit and Implicit Memory Storage
    0:11
    Explicit Memory
    0:24
    Implicit Memory
    0:50
    Where Explicit Memories Are Stored
    1:07
    Explicit Memory Storage
    1:48
    Left Side: Verbal Information
    2:00
    Right Side: Visual Design Memories
    2:13
    Spatial Memory
    2:23
    Additional Sub-regions
    2:31
    Flashbulb Memory
    3:04
    Stronger Emotional Experiences
    3:52
    Emotions Enhance Memory
    4:00
    The Amygdala
    4:19
    Amnesia
    4:48
    Infantile Amnesia
    5:17
    Implicit Memory Storage
    6:21
    Formed and Stored in the Cerebellum
    6:26
    Cerebellum is Key in Forming Memories Created by Classical Conditioning
    6:48
    Two-Way Memory System
    7:12
    Memory Retrieval
    8:17
    Retrieval of Information
    8:49
    Recognition vs. Recall
    9:03
    Retrieval Cues
    10:10
    Retrieval Cues
    10:24
    Priming
    11:39
    Context
    12:58
    Mood
    15:20
    Memory: Why Do We Forget?

    21m 48s

    Intro
    0:00
    Encoding Failure
    0:10
    We Do Not Remember Every Detail of Our Lives
    0:46
    Encoding Failure
    1:28
    Storage Decay
    3:06
    Information Decays From Our Memory Over Time
    3:16
    Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve
    3:58
    Retrieval Failure
    5:33
    Lack of Cues
    6:05
    Context Cues
    6:26
    State of Mind
    7:38
    Interference
    8:31
    Retroactive Interference
    8:59
    Proactive Interference
    10:03
    Research Shows Sleeping an Hour After Studying Maximizes Memory
    11:41
    Repression
    12:44
    Freud's First Theory on Repressing Traumatic Memories
    12:56
    Research Shows Most Traumatic Events are Highly Emotional and Stronger Memories
    13:30
    Memory Construction
    13:58
    Combination of What We Saw and What We Think We Should Have Seen
    14:07
    Misinformation Effect
    15:00
    Source Amnesia
    17:05
    Improving Memory
    18:35
    Study Repeatedly
    18:42
    Make the Material Meaningful
    19:09
    Use Mnemonic Techniques
    19:22
    Activate Retrieval Cues
    19:55
    Minimize Interference
    20:27
    Sleep More
    21:01
    Test Yourself
    21:17
    Section 6: Personality
    Personality: The Psychoanalytic Approach

    29m 30s

    Intro
    0:00
    Theories of Personality
    0:14
    Pattern of Thinking, Feeling, and Acting
    0:18
    Personality Theories Explain Where Our Personalities Come From
    0:44
    Trait Theory
    1:14
    Psychoanalytic Approach
    1:45
    Sigmund Freud
    1:49
    Psychoanalysis
    2:28
    Main Ideas
    2:51
    The Unconscious
    3:56
    Conscious
    4:07
    Preconscious
    4:19
    Unconscious
    4:48
    Levels of Consciousness
    5:17
    Conscious
    5:20
    Preconscious
    5:23
    Unconscious
    5:28
    Most of Our Behavior, Personality, Beliefs, Habits, and Illnesses Stem From Unconscious Thoughts
    5:56
    Psychoanalysis
    6:27
    Root Cause of Behavioral Issues Stem from Unresolved Issues from Past
    6:28
    Freud's Method of Treatment: Psychoanalysis
    6:52
    Free Association
    7:21
    Structure of Personality
    8:09
    Id
    8:35
    Superego
    8:54
    Ego
    9:28
    Defense Mechanisms
    11:14
    Rationalization
    11:47
    Projection
    12:59
    Reaction Formation
    13:29
    Anger Displacement
    14:38
    Psychosexual Stages of Development
    16:35
    Oral Stage
    18:06
    Anal Stage
    19:23
    Phallic Stage
    20:57
    Latency Stage
    22:52
    Genital Stage
    23:04
    The Neo-Freudians
    23:43
    Freud's Followers Who Differed in Several Ways
    23:48
    Believed the Conscious Mind Had a Role in Interpreting Experience and Coping the with Environment
    24:44
    Sex Drive and Aggression
    25:14
    Alfred Adler: Inferiority
    25:35
    Karen Horney: Love and Security
    26:25
    Carl Jung: Collective Unconscious
    26:49
    Personality: The Behaviorist, Humanistic & Social-Cognitive Perspectives

    19m 7s

    Intro
    0:00
    Theories of Personality
    0:14
    Pattern of Thinking, Feeling, and Acting
    0:19
    Personality Theories Explain Where Our Personalities Come From
    0:58
    Trait Theory
    1:15
    Behaviorist Approach
    1:33
    Environmental Conditioning
    2:00
    Operant Conditioning
    2:18
    Humanistic Approach
    4:18
    Focuses on the Positive Side of Human Potential
    4:53
    Humanistic Approach
    5:06
    Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
    5:28
    Humanistic Approach Focus
    5:34
    Self-Actualization
    6:57
    Maslow and Self-Actualization
    7:00
    Self-Actualization
    7:39
    Famous People in History
    8:04
    Characteristics of Self-Actualization
    8:21
    Person-Centered Approach
    9:34
    Carl Rogers
    9:38
    Three Conditions to Live a Full Life
    9:58
    Person-Centered Perspective
    11:40
    Questionnaire
    12:30
    Social-Cognitive Perspective
    13:22
    Looks at Behavior as a Function of the Interaction Between the Person and the Environment
    13:24
    Considers How We Influence the Environment
    13:55
    Reciprocal Determinism
    15:05
    Social-Cognitive Perspective
    16:30
    Expectations and Personality
    16:34
    Behavior Influenced By Biology, Experiences, and Cognitive Interpretation
    18:06
    Personality: Trait Theory & Projective Personality Tests

    25m 4s

    Intro
    0:00
    Theories of Personality
    0:13
    Defining Personality
    0:15
    Personality Theories
    0:49
    Personality Traits
    1:10
    Personality Traits
    1:11
    Measured on a Scale from Low to High
    1:34
    Factor Analysis
    2:14
    Trait of Conscientiousness
    2:57
    Stability of Personality
    3:29
    Traits Must Be Fairly Consistent Over Time
    3:30
    Personality is Consistent
    3:44
    Temperament and Extraversion
    5:10
    The Big Five Factor Model
    7:01
    Five Traits
    7:28
    All Other Traits
    7:52
    Big Five Factor Model
    8:06
    Extroversion
    9:00
    Agreeableness
    9:54
    Conscientiousness
    10:08
    Neuroticism
    10:41
    Openness to Experience
    11:22
    Why Measure Personality?
    12:09
    Employment Selection
    12:25
    Job or Occupation Choices
    13:14
    Gain a Better Understanding of Behavior
    14:24
    Team Building
    15:06
    The MMPI
    15:43
    Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory is Designed to Diagnose Disorders
    16:07
    Structure of the Exam
    16:29
    Projective Personality Tests
    20:17
    Purpose of Projective Personality Tests
    20:27
    Rorschach Inkblot Test
    21:02
    Thematic Apperception Test
    22:35
    Summary of Projective Personality Testing
    23:52
    Most Psychologists Do Not See Significant Benefits from Projective Forms of Personality Testing
    23:57
    Some Therapists Use Them As An Additional Tool
    24:34
    Section 7: Social Psychology
    Social Psychology: Attitudes & Behavior

    15m 22s

    Intro
    0:00
    Social Psychology
    0:11
    Influence On Our Attitudes and Behavior Can Be Strong
    0:30
    Social Psychology
    0:36
    Attribution Theory
    1:02
    Attribute Others' Behavior To Internal Dispositions or to External Situations
    1:03
    Fundamental Attribution Error
    2:08
    Attitudes and Behavior
    2:45
    Defining Attitude
    2:46
    Defining Behavior
    2:57
    Cognitive Dissonance
    3:42
    Cognitive Dissonance
    4:43
    Smoker Example
    4:44
    People Often Refuse to Believe Something That Goes Against What They Think is True
    6:31
    Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon
    7:53
    Dissonance Created Leads to a Change in Attitude
    9:26
    Adopting a Role
    10:37
    Behave as Society Expects a Person In That 'Role' to Behave
    10:42
    Our Behavior in a Role Influences Our Attitudes
    11:22
    Stanford Prison Study
    11:32
    Changing Attitudes and Behavior
    13:57
    Can Change How We Think About Others and Feel About Ourselves
    14:15
    Various Therapies Involve Acting in a More Positive Manner
    14:22
    Social Psychology: Conformity & Obedience

    18m 45s

    Intro
    0:00
    Social Psychology
    0:11
    Influence On Our Attitudes and Behavior Can Be Strong
    0:14
    Social Psychology
    0:37
    Conformity
    0:53
    Mimic the Behavior or Others
    1:02
    Mimicking Has Many Beneficial Outcomes
    1:43
    Negative Behaviors are Also Mimicked
    2:59
    Group Pressure and Conformity
    3:24
    Conformity
    3:26
    Solomon Ash
    4:02
    The Experiment
    4:17
    When Does Conformity Increase
    5:56
    Why We Feel Pressure to Conform
    7:35
    Normative Social Influence
    7:59
    Informational Social Influence
    9:30
    Obedience
    10:18
    Compliance and Obedience
    10:24
    Stanley Milgram Conducted a Now Famous Experiment
    11:18
    The Experiment
    12:03
    Point of the Experiment
    12:08
    Milgram's Experiment Showed How Influential Orders from an Authority Figure Can Be
    14:40
    Factors That Lead to More Obedience
    16:00
    If the Situation is Powerful Enough, Normal People Can Become Agents to Terrible Acts
    18:05
    Social Psychology: Group Influence

    17m 48s

    Intro
    0:00
    Social Facilitation
    0:09
    Social Psychology
    0:11
    Social Facilitation
    1:06
    Social Loafing
    2:22
    Defining Social Loafing
    2:42
    Each Person in a Group Tends to 'Slack' Because of These Reasons
    3:08
    Reducing Social Loafing
    3:57
    Deindividuation
    4:30
    Defining Deindividuation
    4:34
    Involves Feelings of Depersonalization
    6:11
    Studies Show That Changing Ones Appearance Increases Levels of Anonymity
    7:05
    Group Polarization
    7:51
    Defining Group Polarization
    7:59
    It Can Be Positive
    8:39
    It Can Be Negative
    9:59
    Groupthink
    10:33
    Defining Groupthink
    11:36
    When Does Groupthink Occur
    12:06
    Examples
    12:45
    The Power of Individuals
    15:13
    Minority Influence
    15:58
    People Who Have Influenced Millions of People
    16:05
    When Minority Influence is the Strongest
    16:44
    Social Relations: Prejudice & Aggression

    24m 24s

    Intro
    0:00
    Prejudice
    0:09
    Social Psychology
    0:14
    Prejudice
    0:40
    Usually Directed at Different Cultural, Ethnic, or Gender Groups
    0:50
    Prejudice Involves Beliefs, Emotions, and Predisposition to Action
    1:03
    Attitudinal Roots of Prejudice
    1:48
    Developing Prejudice Attitudes
    1:53
    Just-World Phenomenon
    2:57
    Stereotypes Rationalize Inequalities
    3:52
    Blame-the-Victim
    4:34
    Ingroup Bias
    5:46
    The Groups We Associated With Help Define Us
    5:55
    'Us' and 'Them'
    7:00
    Ingroup Bias
    7:21
    Ingroup Bias Occurs Naturally
    7:30
    Ingroup Bias Predisposes Prejudice Against Strangers
    8:59
    Emotional Roots of Prejudice
    9:53
    Prejudice Usually Carries an Emotional Element
    10:03
    Scapegoat Theory of Prejudice
    10:33
    When Is Prejudice Higher
    11:14
    Anger and Frustration Create Aggression Which Raises Prejudice Attitudes to a Violent Level
    12:17
    Cognitive Roots of Prejudice
    12:40
    Cognitively Process Information Can Lead to Prejudice
    13:13
    Own-Race Bias
    14:06
    Remember and Over generalize Memorable Or Vivid Stories
    14:49
    Aggression
    15:32
    Defining Aggression
    15:37
    Stems From the Interaction of Biology and Psychology
    15:55
    Biologically, Aggression Comes from Genetics, Neural System, and Biochemicals
    16:22
    Frustration-Aggression Principle
    18:22
    Social and Cultural Factors Play a Role in Aggression
    20:42
    Learned Behavior: Rewarded or Punished
    20:52
    Fight for What You Need and Don't Back Down
    21:32
    Watching Violence on TV Desensitizes Those to Violence and Correlates with Feelings of Hostility and Aggression
    22:36
    Summary
    23:44
    Social Relations: Altruism, Attraction, & the Bystander Effect

    31m 15s

    Intro
    0:00
    Altruism
    0:10
    Social Psychology
    0:11
    Altruism
    0:38
    Kitty Genovese Example
    1:07
    Bystander Intervention
    1:38
    Theory of Bystander Intervention
    1:40
    Notice the Incident
    2:03
    Interpret It As An Emergency
    2:11
    Assume Responsibility
    3:22
    Bystander Effect
    3:45
    The Bystander Effect
    3:57
    Someone Alone Is More Likely to Help Someone in an Emergency
    4:03
    Person in a Group is Less Likely to Help Someone in an Emergency
    4:06
    Diffusion of Responsibility
    4:43
    Social Exchange Theory
    4:58
    Defining the Social Exchange Theory
    5:04
    Helping is Intrinsically Rewarding for Most People
    6:48
    Reciprocity Norms
    7:30
    Social Responsibility Norms
    8:15
    Attraction
    8:52
    Factors That Strongly Impact Attraction
    9:30
    Proximity
    9:42
    Mere Exposure Effect
    10:20
    Physical Attractiveness
    10:56
    Similarity
    13:26
    Reward Theory of Attraction
    14:36
    Romantic Love
    15:17
    Romantic Love
    15:25
    Passionate Love
    15:32
    Companionate Love
    15:56
    Long Lasting Relationships
    16:47
    Equity
    17:06
    Self-disclosure
    17:31
    Conflict
    19:14
    Defining Conflict
    19:20
    Social Traps
    20:40
    View Other People and Nations as Untrustworthy and Evil
    22:39
    Mirror-Image Perceptions
    23:21
    Promoting Peace
    24:44
    Enemy Can Quickly Become an Ally
    24:46
    Four Conditions Contribute to Peacefulness
    25:04
    Contact
    25:21
    Cooperation
    26:10
    Communication
    28:51
    Conciliation
    29:53
    Section 8: Psychological Disorders
    Psychological Disorders: Definition & Classification

    22m 37s

    Intro
    0:00
    Psychological Disorders
    0:11
    World Health Organization Reports That Worldwide 450 Million People Suffer from a Psychological Disorder
    0:12
    Feel the Pain
    0:34
    'To Study the Abnormal is the Best Way of Understanding the Normal'
    1:01
    Defining Psychological Disorders
    1:17
    Deviant
    1:42
    Distressful
    3:25
    Dysfunctional
    4:04
    Major Categories of Disorders
    5:32
    Mood Disorders
    5:39
    Schizophrenia
    5:58
    Anxiety Disorders
    6:04
    Somatoform Disorders
    6:50
    Dissociative Disorders
    7:04
    Personality Disorders
    7:16
    Medical Model
    7:38
    Strange Behavior Was Often Attributed to Evil Spirits
    7:40
    Severe Stress, Inhumane Conditions, and Disease Are Underlying Causes of Many Odd Behaviors
    8:15
    Asylums Gave Rise to Medical Model
    8:43
    Biopsychosocial Model
    9:36
    Medical Model Looks for Physical Causes of Mental Disorders and Attempts to Cure the Person Through Treatment
    9:40
    Psychologists Believe the Medical Model to Be Incomplete
    9:57
    Biopsychosocial Model
    10:07
    Classification of Disorders
    11:15
    Classification
    11:16
    Diagnostic Classification
    12:20
    Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
    13:01
    DSM-V
    14:01
    DSM-I
    14:03
    Proponents
    14:40
    Critics
    15:09
    Many Studies Have Shown That Biased Perceptions Elecity the Very Behavior Expected
    16:40
    Famous Study
    17:05
    Effects of Labeling
    18:16
    Labeling Someone
    18:18
    Refusing to Seek Treatment Due to the Stigma of Having a 'Psychological Issue'
    18:24
    Individuals Labeled with a Mental Disorder Are Often Portrayed as Dangerous
    18:46
    Prevalence of Psychological Disorders
    19:15
    26% of American Adults
    19:16
    Highest Rate
    19:36
    Lowest Rate
    20:04
    Rates of Serious Psychological Disorders is Doubled in Areas Below the Poverty Line
    20:46
    Psychological Disorders
    21:37
    Mood Disorders

    12m 28s

    Intro
    0:00
    Mood Depressive Disorder
    0:07
    Mood Disorders
    0:13
    Major Depressive Disorder
    0:46
    Depression
    1:34
    Major Depressive Disorder
    1:43
    Depression Often Follows Stressful Events
    1:46
    Rates of Depression
    1:58
    Women are Twice as Likely To Suffer
    2:18
    Men are More Vulnerable to Externalized Disorders
    2:44
    Depression Subsides on Its Own
    2:49
    About 50% of People Who Recover from Depression Will Experience it Again Within Two Years
    3:28
    Experience Behavioral Changes and Cognitive Changes
    3:49
    Causes of Depression
    4:26
    Stems from Interaction of Biology, Cognitions and the Environment
    4:27
    Biology and Genetics
    5:07
    Imbalance of Serotonin, Norepinephrine, and Dopamine
    7:06
    Social Cognitive Perspective
    8:25
    Bipolar Disorder
    9:56
    Lows of Depression are Sometimes Followed by Extreme Hyperactivity
    9:58
    Defining Bipolar Disorder
    10:30
    Manic Phase
    10:49
    Some Artists With Bipolar Disease Created Some of Their Greatest Works During Milder Manic Phases
    11:22
    Summary
    11:53
    Anxiety Disorders

    21m 53s

    Intro
    0:00
    Anxiety Disorders
    0:06
    Characterized by Persistent, Intense Feelings of Anxiousness and Fear
    0:09
    Some Anxiety Disorders Include
    0:18
    15% of Americans Suffer from One or More Anxiety Disorders
    0:42
    Occur Twice as Frequently in Females
    0:57
    Generalized Anxiety Disorder
    1:12
    Characterized by Negative Feelings, Tension, Constant Worrying, and Apprehension
    1:17
    Often Resort to Maladaptive Behaviors and Suffer Physical Problems
    1:58
    Panic Disorder
    3:09
    Characterized by Panic Attacks
    3:11
    Panic Attacks Usually Last 10-20 Mins
    3:47
    Often Experience Anxiety Anticipating Another Panic Attack
    4:10
    Phobias
    4:33
    Characterized by an Intense, Irrational Fear
    4:36
    Most Common Phobias
    5:30
    9-18% of Americans Suffer from Phobias
    6:45
    More Prevalent in Adults Than Children, and More in Females than Males
    6:50
    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
    7:19
    Characterized by Repetitive Thoughts and/or Actions
    7:23
    More Common Among Teens and Young Adults
    8:41
    Most Common Obsessions and Compulsions
    8:51
    Most Common Obsessions
    8:53
    Most Common Compulsions
    9:59
    Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
    10:55
    Characterized by Haunting Memories, Nightmares, Social Withdrawal, Jumpy Anxiety, or Insomnia That Lingers After a Traumatic Experience
    11:03
    Factors That Increase the Risk of PTSD
    13:05
    Causes of Anxiety Disorders
    13:46
    Anxiety is a Feeling and a Cognition
    14:00
    The Learning Perspective
    14:08
    Classical Conditioning
    14:52
    Reinforced and Repeated Behaviors
    15:26
    The Biological Perspective
    16:34
    People with 'High-Strung' Temperaments
    17:20
    Traumatic Experiences Can Cause Fear Circuits
    18:06
    Hereditary Explanation
    18:46
    Summary
    21:23
    Schizophrenia

    21m 21s

    Intro
    0:00
    Schizophrenia
    0:07
    Psychotic Disorder Marked by Irrationality and Lost Contact with Reality
    0:32
    Characterized by Disorganized Thinking, Disturbed Perceptions, Inappropriate Emotions and Behavior
    1:18
    Disorganized Thinking
    1:32
    Disturbed Perceptions
    2:17
    Inappropriate Emotions and Behavior
    2:57
    Positive and Negative Symptoms
    4:05
    Positive Symptoms
    4:58
    Negative Symptoms
    5:12
    Types of Schizophrenia
    5:51
    Chronic Schizophrenia
    6:02
    Acute Schizophrenia
    6:57
    Facts About Schizophrenia
    7:57
    Age
    8:00
    Over 50% of People with Schizophrenia Also Have a Substance Abuse Disorder
    8:28
    Life-Expectancy
    9:31
    Causes of Schizophrenia
    10:05
    Complex Cluster of Disorders
    10:28
    Brain Abnormalities
    11:19
    Dopamine
    11:52
    Abnormal Activity in Multiple Areas of the Brain
    12:13
    Prenatal Factors
    15:13
    Known Risk Factors: Low Birth Rate and Oxygen Deprivation
    15:46
    Mid-pregnancy Virus
    16:29
    Genetic Factors
    18:02
    Psychological and Environmental Factors
    19:00
    Dissociative, Somatic, and Personality Disorders

    29m 23s

    Intro
    0:00
    Dissociative Disorders
    0:09
    Disorders of Consciousness
    0:16
    Three Dissociative Disorders
    0:46
    Dissociative Identity Disorder
    1:51
    Defining Dissociative Identity Disorder
    1:54
    Identities Can Suddenly Change
    2:10
    Psychoanalytic Therapists
    4:07
    Learning Psychologists
    4:25
    Uncommon
    5:04
    Skeptics
    6:28
    Patients Exhibit Physical Signs When Changing from One Identity to Another
    7:41
    Somatic Symptom Disorders
    9:07
    Characteristics
    9:17
    Stems from Anxiety
    9:49
    Two Prevalent Disorders
    10:09
    Somatization Disorder
    11:11
    Patient Interprets Normal Sensations as Symptoms of a Dreaded Disease
    11:12
    Search for Confirmation of Disease
    11:17
    Temporary Relief
    12:00
    Culture and Somatic Symptom Disorders
    12:20
    Emotional Symptoms
    13:29
    Physical Symptoms
    13:52
    Personality Disorders
    14:29
    Characteristics
    14:39
    Difficulty with Cognitions, Emotions, Interpersonal Functioning, and/or Impulse Control
    14:54
    Three Clusters
    16:20
    Odd or Eccentric Personality Disorders
    16:31
    Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic Personality Disorders
    17:08
    Anxious or Fearful Personality Disorders
    18:06
    Antisocial Personality Disorder
    20:04
    Sociopath or Psychopath
    20:14
    Patient Profile
    20:36
    Roughly 50% Adolescents Become Criminals as Adults
    21:00
    Exhibit The Following Behavior
    21:22
    No Fears and Feels Nothing Toward His Victims
    22:19
    Do Not Have Antisocial Personality Disorder -- They Show Concern for Friends
    23:22
    Prevalence is Higher Among Prisoners and Those in Drug and Alcohol Treatment Programs
    23:54
    Roots of Antisocial Personality Disorder
    24:13
    Biological and Psychological Roots
    24:14
    Children with Low Levels of Arousal
    25:10
    Less Activity in Frontal Lobe
    25:52
    Lower Levels of Serotonin
    26:24
    Head Injuries Have Been Linked to Antisocial Personality Disorder
    27:04
    Socio-Cultural and Psychological Factors
    28:50
    Section 9: Therapies
    Psychological Therapies

    36m 56s

    Intro
    0:00
    Types of Therapy
    0:08
    Psychological
    0:48
    Biomedical
    1:04
    Psychotherapy and Biomedical Approach
    1:24
    Electric Approach
    1:52
    Major Psychological Therapies
    2:16
    Psychoanalysis
    2:46
    Sigmund Freud
    2:50
    Psychodynamic Therapists
    3:08
    Original Psychoanalytic Theory
    3:52
    Role of the Unconscious
    4:19
    5 Psychosexual Stages
    4:22
    Id, Superego, Ego
    4:31
    Purpose of Psychoanalysis
    5:50
    Patient Engages in Free Association
    6:04
    Psychodynamic Therapy
    6:57
    Transference
    7:00
    How Psychodynamic Therapists Help Clients
    7:53
    Humanistic Therapies
    9:08
    Humanistic Therapies
    9:14
    Involves Understanding Who We Are and Why We Act and Feel Certain Ways
    10:26
    Therapists Promote Self-Acceptance and Self Love
    11:08
    Carl Rogers Developed Client Centered Therapy
    11:48
    Improve Self-Awareness and Self-Esteem
    14:00
    Behavior Therapies
    14:10
    Behavior Therapies
    14:16
    Classical Conditioning Techniques
    15:02
    Systematic Desensitization
    15:31
    Aversive Conditioning
    16:45
    Operant Conditioning Techniques
    18:00
    Cognitive Therapies
    20:06
    Look at Our Responses to Events as the Problem
    20:17
    Focus
    22:42
    Cognitive Behavioral Therapies
    23:01
    Focus
    23:02
    Effective for Anxiety and Depression
    23:26
    Dealing with Anxiety Issues
    23:58
    Group and Family Therapies
    25:30
    When Issues within the Family Occur
    25:32
    Family Members Can Work on Communication
    26:22
    Most Therapies Occur in Small Groups
    26:33
    Effective in Dealing with Relationship Issues
    27:20
    Effectiveness of Psychotherapy
    27:25
    Most People Who Seek Therapy Report Improvement After
    27:42
    Therapists Also Report Seeing Positive Outcomes From Sessions with Clients
    28:15
    Behavioral Conditioning
    30:24
    Cognitive Therapy
    30:57
    Alternative Therapies
    31:30
    Alternative Methods
    31:49
    Considerations When Seeking Therapy
    33:03
    Conclusions
    33:50
    Three Common Elements
    33:55
    Evaluating Therapists, Experience, and Degrees
    35:40
    Biomedical Therapies

    29m 17s

    Intro
    0:00
    Types of Therapy
    0:07
    Psychological
    0:36
    Biomedical
    1:16
    Biomedical Therapies
    1:20
    Treat Psychological Disorders with Drugs
    1:21
    Psychiatrist Administers Medication
    1:59
    Electric Approach
    2:25
    Drug Therapies
    2:40
    Advances in Psychopharmacology
    2:45
    Pros of Drug Therapy
    3:37
    Cons of Drug Therapy
    4:15
    Antipsychotic Drugs
    6:50
    Blocks Dopamine Receptor Sites
    6:54
    Control Positive Symptoms
    7:24
    Most Common is Chlorpromazine
    8:24
    Chronic Schizophrenia Patients Do Not Respond to Antipsychotics
    8:52
    Atypical Antipsychotics
    8:58
    Target Dopamine and Serotonin Receptors
    9:14
    Antianxiety Drugs
    10:17
    Treat Symptoms of Anxiety
    10:19
    Xanax and Ativan
    10:25
    Physiological Dependence
    12:47
    Antidepressants
    13:38
    Boost a Person's Mood By Increasing the Neurotransmitters
    14:28
    Prozac and Zoloft
    14:36
    Becoming the Most Common Method to Treat Symptoms of Anxiety Disorders
    16:10
    SSRIs
    16:18
    Addictive
    16:50
    Electroconvulsive Therapy
    17:08
    Shock Treatment
    17:19
    Low Voltage Currents to the Brain
    17:55
    Short Term Success Rate
    18:32
    Relapse
    18:54
    Alternative Neurostimulation Therapies
    19:17
    Deep Brain Stimulation
    19:20
    Brain Pacemaker
    20:14
    Psychosurgery
    21:39
    Psychosurgery
    21:42
    Lobotomy
    22:10
    Vegetable State
    22:19
    Today It is Only Performed in Extreme Cases
    23:29
    Lifestyle Therapy
    24:04
    We Cannot Isolate Our Mind From Our Body
    25:01
    80% of All Physical Illness is Related to Stress
    25:35
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