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Anatomy and Physiology Online Course Prof. Bryan Cardella
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Level Intermediate
27 Lessons (19hr : 01min)
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4.5 1,837 Ratings & 36 Reviews
Audio: English
English

Professor Bryan Cardella guides you through Anatomy & Physiology by focusing on both the structures of the human body and how they work with each other. Every major organ system is covered, with tons of pictures, diagrams, and step-by-step explanations.

Table of Contents
Course Details
About Prof. Cardella


Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology			25:34
	Intro		0:00
	Anatomy vs. Physiology		0:06
		Anatomy	0:17
		Pericardium	0:24
		Physiology	0:57
	Organization of Matter		1:38
		Atoms	1:49
		Molecules	2:54
		Macromolecules	3:28
		Organelles	4:17
		Cells	5:01
		Tissues	5:58
		Organs	7:15
		Organ Systems	7:42
		Organisms	8:26
	Relative Positions		8:41
		Anterior vs. Posterior	9:14
		Ventral vs. Dorsal is the Same as Anterior vs. Posterior for Human Species	11:03
		Superior vs. Inferior	11:52
		Examples	12:13
		Medial vs. Lateral	12:39
		Examples	13:01
		Proximal vs. Distal	13:36
		Examples	13:53
		Superficial Vs. Deep	14:57
		Examples	15:17
	Body Planes		16:07
		Coronal (Frontal) Plane	16:38
		Sagittal Plane	17:16
		Transverse (Horizontal) Plane	17:52
	Abdominopelvic Regions		18:37
		4 Quadrants	19:07
		Right Upper Quadrant	19:47
		Left Upper Quadrant	19:57
		Right Lower Quadrant	20:06
		Left Lower Quadrant	20:16
		9 Regions	21:09
		Right Hypochondriac	21:33
		Left Hypochondriac	22:20
		Epicastric Region	22:39
		Lumbar Regions: Right and Left Lumbar	22:59
		Umbilical Region	23:32
		Hypogastric (Pubic) Region	23:46
		Right and Left Inguinal (Iliac) Region	24:10
Tissues			38:25
	Intro		0:00
	Tissue Overview		0:05
		Epithelial Tissue	0:27
		Connective Tissue	1:04
		Muscle Tissue	1:20
		Neural Tissue	1:49
		Histology	2:01
	Epithelial Tissue		2:25
		Attached to a 'Basal Lamina'	2:42
		Avascular	3:38
		Consistently Damaged by Environmental Factors	4:43
	Types of Epithelium		5:35
		Cell Structure / Shape	5:40
		Layers	5:46
		Example	5:52
	Simple Squamous Epithelium		6:39
		Meant for Areas That Need a High Rate of Diffusion / Osmosis	6:50
		Locations: Alveolar Walls, Capillary Walls	7:15
	Stratified Squamous Epithelium		9:10
		Meant for Areas That Deal with a Lot of Friction	9:20
		Locations: Epidermis of Skin, Esophagus, Vagina	9:27
	Histological Slide of Esophagus / Stomach Connection		10:46
	Simple Columnar Epithelium		12:02
		Meant for Absorption / Secretion Typically	12:09
		Locations: Lining of the Stomach, Intestines	13:08
	Stratified Columnar Epithelium		13:29
		Meant for Protection	14:07
		Locations: Epiglottis, Anus, Urethra	14:14
	Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium		14:46
		Meant for Protection / Secretion	16:06
		Locations: Lining of the Trachea / Bronchi	16:25
	Simple Cuboidal Epithelium		16:51
		Meant for Mainly Secretion / Absorption	16:56
		Locations: Kidney Tubules, Thyroid Gland	17:14
	Stratified Cubodial Epithelium		18:18
		Meant for Protection, Secretion, Absorption	18:52
		Locations: Lining of Sweat Glands	19:04
	Transitional Epithelium		19:15
		Meant for Stretching and Recoil	19:17
		Locations: Urinary Bladder, Uterus	20:36
	Glandular Epithelium		20:43
		Merocrine	21:19
		Apocrine	22:58
		Holocrine	24:01
	Connective Tissues		25:06
		Most Abundant Tissue	25:11
		Connect and Bind Together All the Organs	25:20
	Connective Tissue Fibers		26:13
		Collagen Fibers	26:30
		Elastic Fibers	27:55
		Reticular Fibers	29:58
	Connective Tissue Cells		30:52
		Fibroblasts	30:57
		Macrophages	31:33
		Mast Cells	32:49
		Lymphocytes	34:42
		Adipocytes	35:03
		Melanocytes	36:08
	Connective Tissue Examples		36:39
		Adipose Tissue	36:50
		Tendons and Ligaments	37:23
		Blood	38:06
		Cartilage	38:30
		Bone	38:51
		Muscle	39:09
Integumentary System (Skin)			51:15
	Intro		0:00
	Functions of the Skin		0:07
		Protection	0:13
		Absorption	0:43
		Secretion	1:19
		Heat Regulation	1:52
		Aesthetics	2:21
	Major Layers		3:50
		Epidermis	3:59
		Dermis	4:45
		Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis)	5:36
	The Epidermis		5:56
		Most Superficial Layers of Skin	5:57
		Epithelial	6:11
		Cell Types	7:16
		Cell Type: Melanocytes	7:26
		Cell Type: Keratinocytes	9:39
		Stratum Basale	10:54
		Helps Form Finger Prints	11:11
	Dermis		11:54
		Middle Layers of the Skin	12:16
		Blood Flow	12:20
		Hair	13:59
		Glands	15:41
		Sebaceous Glands	15:46
		Sweat Glands	16:32
		Arrector Pili Muscles	19:18
		Two Main Kinds of Hair: Vellus and Terminal	19:57
		Nails	21:43
		Cutaneous Receptors (Nerve Endings)	23:48
	Subcutaneous Layer		25:00
		Deepest Part of the Skin	25:01
		Composed of Connective Tissue	25:04
		Fat Storage	25:11
		Blood Flow	25:43
	Cuts and Healing		26:33
		Step 1: Inflammation	26:54
		Step 2: Migration	28:46
		Step 3: Proliferation	30:39
		Step 4: Maturation	31:50
	Burns		32:44
		1st Degree	33:50
		2nd Degree	34:38
		3rd Degree	35:18
		4th Degree	36:27
		Rule of Nines	36:49
	Skin Conditions and Disorders		40:02
		Scars	40:06
		Moles	41:11
		Freckles/ Birthmarks	41:48
		Melanoma/ Carcinoma	42:44
		Acne	45:23
		Warts	47:16
		Wrinkles	48:14
		Psoriasis	49:12
		Eczema/ Rosacea	49:41
		Vitiligo	50:19
Skeletal System			19:30
	Intro		0:00
	Functions of Bones		0:04
		Support	0:09
		Storage	0:24
		Production of Blood	1:01
		Protection	1:12
		Leverage	1:28
	Bone Anatomy		1:43
		Spongy Bone	2:02
		Compact Bone	2:47
		Epiphysis / Diaphysis	3:01
		Periosteum	3:38
		Articular Cartilage	3:59
		Lacunae	4:23
		Canaliculi	5:07
		Matrix	5:53
		Osteons	6:21
		Central Canal	7:00
		Medullary Cavity	7:21
	Bone Cell Types		7:39
		Osteocytes	7:44
		Osteoblasts	8:12
		Osteoclasts	8:18
	Bone Movement in Relation to Levers		10:11
		Fulcrum	10:26
		Resistance	10:50
		Force	11:01
	Factors Affecting Bone Growth		11:24
		Nutrition	11:28
		Hormones	12:28
		Exercise	13:19
	Bone Marrow		13:58
		Red Marrow	14:04
		Yellow Marrow	14:46
	Bone Conditions / Disorders		15:06
		Fractures	15:09
		Osteopenia	17:12
		Osteoporosis	17:51
		Osteochondrodysplasia	18:22
		Rickets	18:43
Axial Skeleton			35:02
	Intro		0:00
	Axial Skeleton		0:05
		Skull	0:21
		Hyoid	0:25
		Vertebral Column	0:29
		Thoracic Cage	0:32
	Skull		0:35
		Cranium	0:42
		Sphenoid	0:58
		Ethmoid	1:12
	Frontal Bone		1:32
		Sinuses	1:39
		Sutures	2:50
	Parietal Bones		3:29
		Sutures	3:30
		Most Superior / Lateral Cranial Bones	3:50
		Fontanelles	4:17
	Temporal Bones		5:00
		Zygomatic Process	5:14
		External Auditory Meatus	5:43
		Mastoid Process	6:07
		Styloid Process	6:28
		Mandibular Fossa	7:04
		Carotid Canals	7:50
	Occipital Bone		8:12
		Foramen Magnum	8:30
		Occipital Condyle	9:03
		Jugular Foramina	9:35
	Sphenoid Bone		10:11
		Forms Part of the Inferior Portion of the Cranium	10:39
		Connects Cranium to Facial Bones	10:51
		Has a Pair of Sinuses	11:06
		Sella Turcica	11:26
		Optic Canals	12:02
		Greater/ Lesser Wings	12:19
	Superior View of Cranium Interior		12:33
	Ethmoid Bone		13:09
		Forms the Superior Portion of Nasal Cavity	13:16
		Images Contain the Crista Galli, Nasal Conchae, Perpendicular Plate, and 2 Sinuses	13:54
	Maxillae		15:29
		Holds the Upper Teeth, Forms the Inferior Portion of the Orbit, and Make Up the Upper Jaw and Hard Palate	15:50
	Palatine Bones		16:17
	Nasal Cavity Bones		16:55
		Nasal Bones	17:07
		Vomer	17:43
		Interior Nasal Conchae	18:01
	Sagittal Cross Section Through the Skull		19:03
	More Facial Bones		19:45
		Zygomatic Bones	19:57
		Lacrimal Bones	20:12
	Mandible		20:58
		Lower Jaw Bone	20:59
		Mandibular Condyles	21:05
	Hyoid Bone		21:39
		Supports the Larynx	21:47
		Does Not Articular with Any Other Bones	22:02
	Vertebral Column		22:45
		26 Bones	22:49
		There Are Cartilage Pads Called 'Intervertebral Discs' Between Each Vertebra	23:00
	Vertebral Curvatures		24:55
		Cervical	25:00
		Thoracic	25:02
		Lumbar	25:05
		Atlas	25:28
		Axis	26:20
		Pelvic	28:20
	Vertebral Column Side View		28:33
	Sacrum/ Coccyx		29:29
		Sacrum Has 5 Pieces	30:20
		Coccyx Usually Has 4 Pieces	30:43
	Thoracic Cage		31:00
		12 Pairs of Ribs	31:05
		Sternum	31:30
		Costal Cartilage	33:22
Appendicular Skeleton			13:53
	Intro		0:00
	Pectoral Girdle		0:05
		Clavicles	0:25
		Scapulae	1:06
	Arms		2:47
		Humerus	2:50
		Radius	3:56
		Ulna	4:11
		Carpals	4:57
		Metacarpals	5:48
		Phalanges	6:09
	Pelvic Girdle		7:51
		Coxal Bones / Coxae	7:57
		Ilium	8:09
		Ischium	8:16
		Pubis	8:21
		Male vs. Female	9:24
	Legs		10:05
		Femer	10:11
		Patella	11:14
		Tibia	11:34
		Fibula	11:52
		Tarsals	12:24
		Metatarsals	13:03
		Phalanges	13:21
Articulations (Joints)			26:37
	Intro		0:00
	Types of Joints		0:06
		Synarthrosis	0:16
		Amphiarthrosis	0:44
		Synovial (Diarthrosis)	0:54
	Kinds of Immovable Joints		1:09
		Sutures	1:15
		Gomphosis	2:17
		Synchondrosis	2:44
		Synostosis	4:59
	Types of Amphiarthroses		5:31
		Syndesmosis	5:36
		Symphysis	6:07
	Synovial Joint Anatomy		6:49
		Articular Cartilage	7:04
		Joint Capsule	7:49
		Synovial Membrane	8:27
		Bursae	8:48
		Spongy / Compact Bone	9:28
		Periosteum	10:12
	Synovial Joint Movements		10:34
		Flexion / Extension	10:41
		Abduction / Adduction	10:58
		Supination / Pronation	11:58
		Depression / Elevation	13:10
		Retraction / Protraction	13:21
		Circumduction	13:35
	Synovial Joint Types (By Movement)		13:56
		Hinge	14:04
		Pivot	14:53
		Gliding	15:15
		Ellipsoid	15:57
		Saddle	16:29
		Ball & Socket	17:14
	Knee Joint		17:49
		Typical Synovial Joint Parts	18:03
		Menisci	18:32
		ACL Anterior Cruciate	19:50
		PCL Posterior Cruciate	20:34
		Patellar Ligament	20:56
	Joint Disorders / Conditions		21:45
		Arthritis	21:48
		Bunions	23:26
		Bursitis	24:33
		Dislocations	25:23
		Hyperextension	26:01
Muscular System			53:07
	Intro		0:00
	Functions of Muscles		0:06
		Movement	0:09
		Maintaining Body Position	1:11
		Support of Soft Tissues	1:25
		Regulating Entrances / Exits	1:56
		Maintaining Body Temperature	2:33
	3 Major Types of Muscle Cells (Fibers)		2:58
		Skeletal (Striated)	3:21
		Smooth	4:11
		Cardiac	4:54
	Skeletal Muscle Anatomy		5:49
		Fascia	6:24
		Epimysium	6:47
		Fascicles	7:21
		Perimysium	7:38
		Muscle Fibers	8:04
		Endomysium	8:31
		Myofibrils	8:49
		Sarcomeres	9:20
	Skeletal Muscle Anatomy Images		9:32
	Sarcomere Structure		12:33
		Myosin	12:40
		Actin	12:45
		Z Line	12:51
		A Band	13:11
		I Band	13:39
		M Line	14:10
		Another Depiction of Sarcomere Structure	14:34
	Sliding Filament Theory		15:11
		Explains How Sarcomeres Contract	15:14
		Tropomyosin	15:24
		Troponin	16:02
		Calcium Binds to Troponin, Causing It to Shift Tropomyosin	17:31
		Image Examples	18:35
		Myosin Heads Dock and Make a Power Stroke	19:02
		Actin Filaments Are Pulled Together	19:49
		Myosin Heads Let Go of Actin	19:59
		They 'Re-Cock' Back into Position for Another Docking	20:19
	Relaxation of Muscles		21:11
		Ending Stimulation at the Neuromuscular Junction	21:50
		Getting Calcium Ions Back Into the Sarcophasmic Reticulum	23:59
		ATP Availability	24:15
		Rigor Mortis	24:45
	More on Muscles		26:22
		Oxygen Debt	26:24
		Lactic Acid	28:29
		Creatine Phosphate	28:55
		Fast vs. Slow Twitch Fibers	29:57
	Muscle Names		32:24
		4 Characteristics: Function, Location, Size, Orientation	32:27
		Examples	32:36
	Major Muscles		33:51
		Head	33:52
		Torso	38:05
		Arms	40:47
		Legs	42:01
	Muscular Disorders		45:02
		Muscular Dystrophy	45:08
		Carpel Tunnel	45:56
		Hernia	47:07
		Ischemia	47:55
		Botulism	48:22
		Polio	48:46
		Tetanus	49:06
		Rotator Buff Injury	49:54
		Mitochondrial Diseases	50:11
		Compartment Syndrome	50:54
		Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva	51:44
Nervous System Part I: Neurons			40:07
	Intro		0:00
	Neuron Function		0:06
		Basic Cell of the Nervous System	0:07
		Sensory Reception	0:31
		Motor Stimulation	0:47
		Processing	1:07
		Form = Function	1:33
	Neuron Anatomy		1:47
		Cell Body	2:17
		Dendrites	2:34
		Axon Hillock	3:00
		Axon	3:17
		Axolemma	3:38
		Myelin Sheaths	4:07
		Nodes of Ranvier	5:08
		Axon Terminals	5:31
		Synaptic Vesicles	5:59
		Synapse	7:08
	Neuron Varieties		9:04
		Forms of Neurons Can Vary Greatly	9:08
		Examples	9:11
	Action Potentials		10:57
		Electrical Changes Along a Neuron Membrane That Allow Signaling to Occur	11:17
		Na+ / K+ Channels	11:24
		Threshold	12:39
		Like an 'Electric Wave'	13:50
	A Neuron At Rest		13:56
		Average Neuron at Rest Has a Potential of -70 mV	14:00
		Lots of Na+ Outside	15:44
		Lots of K+ Inside	16:15
	Action Potential Steps		16:37
		Threshold Reached	17:58
		Depolarization	18:29
		Repolarization	19:38
		Hyperpolarization	20:41
		Back to Resting Potential	21:05
	Action Potential Depiction		21:38
		Intracellular Space	21:43
		Extracellular Space	21:46
	Saltatory Conduction		22:41
		Myelinated Neurons	22:49
		Propagation is Key to Spreading Signal	23:16
		Leads to the Axon Terminals	24:07
	Synapses and Neurotransmitters		24:59
		Definition of Synapse	25:04
		Definition of Neurotransmitters	12:13
		Example	26:06
	Neurotransmitter Function Across a Synapse		27:19
		Action Potential Depolarizes Synaptic Knob	27:28
		Calcium Enters Synaptic Cleft to Trigger Vesicles to Fuse with Membrane	27:47
		Ach Binds to Receptors on the Postsynaptic Membrane	29:08
		Inevitable the Ach is Broken Down by Acetylcholinesterase	30:20
	Inhibition vs. Excitation		30:44
		Neurotransmitters Have an Inhibitory or Excitatory Effect	31:03
		Sum of Two or More Neurotransmitters in an Area Dictates Result	31:13
		Example	31:18
	Neurotransmitter Examples		34:18
		Norepinephrine	34:25
		Dopamine	34:52
		Serotonin	37:34
		Endorphins	38:00
Nervous System Part 2: Brain			1:07:43
	Intro		0:00
	The Brain		0:07
		Part of the Central Nervous System	1:06
		Contains Neurons and Neuroglia	1:22
	Brain Development		4:34
		Neural Tube	4:39
		At 3 Weeks	5:03
		At 6 Weeks	6:21
		At Birth	8:05
	Superficial Brain Structure		10:08
		Grey vs. White Matter	10:43
		Convolution	11:29
		Gyrus	12:26
		Lobe	13:16
		Sulcus	13:39
		Fissure	14:09
		Cerebral Cortex	14:31
	The Cerebrum		14:57
		The 'Higher Brain'	15:00
		Corpus Callosum	15:53
		Divided Into Lobes	16:16
	Frontal Lobe		16:41
		Involved in Intelligent Thought, Planning, Sense of Consequence, and Rationalization	16:50
		Prefrontal Cortex	17:09
		Phineas Gage Example	17:21
		Primary Motor Cortex	19:05
		Broca's Area	20:38
	Parietal Lobe		21:34
		Primary Somatosensory Cortex	21:50
		Wernicke Area	24:06
		Imagination and Dreaming	25:21
		Gives A Sense of Where Your Body Is in Space	25:44
	Temporal Lobe		26:18
		Auditory Cortex	26:24
		Auditory Association Area	27:00
		Olfactory Cortex	27:35
		Hippocampi	27:58
	Occipital Lobe		28:39
		Visual Cortex	28:42
		Visual Association Area	28:51
	Corpus Callosum		30:07
		Strip of White Matter That Connects the Hemispheres of the Cerebrum	30:09
		Cutting This Will Help Minimize Harmful Seizures in Epileptics	30:41
		Example	31:34
	Limbic System		33:22
		Establish Emotion, Link Higher and Lower Brain Functions, and Helps with Memory Storage	33:32
		Amygdala	33:40
		Cingulate Gyrus	34:50
	Hippocampus		35:57
		Located Within the Temporal Lobes	36:21
		Allows Consolidation of Long Term memories	36:33
		Patient 'H.M.'	39:03
	Basal Nuclei		42:30
		Coordination of Learned Movements	42:34
		Inhibited by Dopamine	43:14
	Olfactory Bulbs / Tracts		43:36
		The Only Nerves That Go Directly Into the Cerebrum	44:11
		Lie Just Inferior to Prefrontal Cortex of the Frontal Lobe	44:31
	Ventricles		44:41
		Cavities Deep Within the Cerebrum	44:43
		Generate CSF	45:47
		Importance of CSF	46:17
	Diencephalon		46:39
		Thalamus	46:55
		Hypothalamus	47:14
		Pineal Gland	49:30
	Mesencephalon		50:17
		Process Visual / Auditory Data	50:38
		Reflexive Somatic Motor Responses Generated Here	50:44
		Maintains Consciousness	51:07
	Pons		51:15
		Links Cerebellum With Other Parts of the Brain and Spinal Cord	51:33
		Significant Role in Dreaming	51:52
	Medulla Oblongata		51:57
		Interior Part of Brain Stem	52:02
		Contains the Cardiovascular, vasomotor, and Respiratory Centers	52:16
		Reticular Formation	53:17
		Numerous Nerves Ascend Into the Brain Through Here	53:35
	Cerebellum		54:02
		'Little Brain' in Latin	54:04
		Inferior to Occipital Lobe, Posterior to Pons / Medulla	54:06
		Arbor Vitae	54:29
		Coordinates Motor Function and Balance	54:51
	Meninges		55:39
		Membranes That Wrap Around the Superficial Portion of the Brain and Spinal Cord	55:41
		Helps Insulate the Central Nervous System and Regulate Blood Flow	55:55
	Brain Disorders / Conditions		58:35
		Seizures	58:39
		Concussions	60:11
		Meningitis	61:01
		Stroke	61:42
		Hemorrhage	62:44
		Aphasia	63:08
		Dyslexia	63:22
		Disconnection Syndrome	64:11
		Hydrocephalus	64:41
		Parkinson Disease	65:17
		Alzheimer Disease	65:50
Nervous System Part 3: Spinal Cord & Nerves			32:06
	Intro		0:00
	Nervous System Flowchart		0:08
	Spinal Cord		3:59
		Connect the Body to the Brain	4:01
		Central Canal Contains CSF	4:59
		Becomes the Cauda Equina	5:17
		Motor vs. Sensory Tracts	6:07
		Afferent vs. Efferent Neurons	7:01
		Motor-Inter-Sensory	8:11
		Dorsal Root vs. Ventral Root	9:07
		Spinal Meninges	9:21
	Sympathetic vs. Parasympathetic		10:28
		Fight or Flight	10:51
		Rest and Digest	13:01
	Reflexes		15:07
		'Reflex Arc'	15:20
		Types of Reflexes	17:00
	Nerve Anatomy		19:49
		Epineurium	20:19
		Fascicles	20:27
		Perineurium	20:51
		Neuron	20:58
		Endoneurium	21:06
	Nerve Examples		21:43
		Vagus Nerve	21:48
		Sciatic Nerve	23:18
		Radial Nerve	24:04
		Facial Nerves	24:14
		Optic Nerves	24:28
	Spinal Cord Medical Terms		24:42
		Lumbar Puncture	24:49
		Epidural Block	25:57
	Spinal Cord/ Nerve Disorders and Conditions		26:50
		Meningitis	26:56
		Shingles	27:12
		Cerebral / Nerve Palsy	28:18
		Hypesthesia	28:45
		Multiple Sclerosis	29:46
		Paraplegia/ Quadriplegia	30:48
Vision			58:38
	Intro		0:00
	Accessory Structures of the Eye		0:04
		Eyebrows	0:15
		Eyelids	1:22
		Eyelashes	2:11
		Skeletal Muscles	3:33
		Conjunctiva	3:56
		Lacrimal Glands	4:50
		Orbital Fat	6:45
	Outer (Fibrous) Tunic		7:24
		Sclera	8:01
		Cornea	8:46
	Middle (Vascular) Tunic		10:27
		Choroid	10:37
		Iris	12:25
		Pupil	14:54
		Lens	15:18
		Ciliary Bodies	16:51
		Suspensory Ligaments	17:45
		Vitreous Humor	18:13
	Inner (Neural)Tunic		19:31
		Retina	19:40
		Photoreceptors	20:38
		Macula	21:32
		Optic Disc	22:48
	Blind Spot Demonstration		23:34
	Lens Function		25:28
		Concave	25:48
		Convex	26:58
		Clear Image	28:11
	Accommodation Problems		28:31
		Emmetropia	28:32
		Myopia	30:46
		Hyperopia	32:00
	Photoreceptor Structure		34:15
		Rods	34:32
		Cones	35:06
		Bipolar Cells	37:32
		Inner Segment	38:28
		Outer Segment	38:43
		Pigment Epithelium	41:11
	Visual Pathways to the Occipital Lobe		41:58
		Stereoscopic Vision	42:02
		Optic Nerves	43:32
		Optic Chiasm	44:25
		Optic Tract	46:28
		Occipital Lobe	46:58
	Vision Disorders / Conditions		48:03
		Myopia / Hyperopia	48:10
		Cataracts	49:11
		Glaucoma	50:22
		Astigmatism	52:14
		Color Blindness	53:12
		Night Blindness	54:51
		Scotomas	55:19
		Retinitis Pigmentosa	55:46
		Detached Retina	56:06
Hearing			36:57
	Intro		0:00
	External Ear		0:04
		Auricle	0:22
		External Acoustic Meatus	1:49
		Hair	2:32
		Ceruminous Glands	3:04
		Tympanic Membrane	3:53
	Middle Ear		5:31
		Tympanic Cavity	5:47
		Auditory Tube	5:50
		Auditory Ossicles	7:52
		Tympanic Muscles	9:19
	Auditory Ossicles		12:02
	Inner Ear		13:06
		Cochlea	13:23
		Vestibule	13:30
		Semicircular Canals	13:36
	Cochlea		13:57
		Organ of Corti	14:44
		Vestibular Duct	15:03
		Cochlear Duct	15:11
		Tympanic Duct	15:20
		Basilar Membrane	16:30
		Tectorial Membrane	17:02
		Hair Cells	17:17
		Nerve Fibers	20:54
	How Sounds Are Heard		21:30
		Sound Waves Hit the Tympanum	22:10
		Auditory Ossicles are Vibrated	22:23
		Stapes Vibrates Oval Window	22:31
		Basilar Membrane is Vibrated in Turn	22:35
		Hair Cells are Moved with Respect to Tectorial Membrane	22:46
		Cochlear Nerve Fibers Take Signals to Temporal Lobes	23:24
	Frequency and Decibels		23:30
		Frequency Deals with Pitch	23:36
		Decibels Deal with Loudness	25:30
	Vestibule		27:54
		Contains the Utricle and Saccule	28:22
		Maculae	29:29
	Semicircular Canals		31:05
		3 Semicircular Canals = 3 Dimensions	31:12
		Movement Gives a Sense of How Your Head is Rotating in 3 Dimensions	31:28
		Each Contains an Ampulla	31:49
	Hearing Conditions / Disorders		33:20
		Conductive Deafness	33:24
		Tinnitus	34:05
		Otitis Media	34:51
		Motion Sickness	35:19
		Ear Infections	36:31
Smell, Taste & Touch			36:41
	Intro		0:00
	Nasal Anatomy		0:05
		The Nose	0:11
		Nasal Cavity	0:58
	Olfaction		3:27
		Sense of Smell	3:28
		Olfactory Epithelium	4:58
	Olfactory Receptors		7:23
		Respond to Odorant Molecules	7:24
		Lots of Turnover of Olfactory Receptor Cells	8:25
		Smells Noticed in Small Concentrations	9:07
	Anatomy of Taste		12:41
		Tongue	12:45
		Pharynx / Larynx	14:11
		Salivary Glands	14:31
	Papilla Structure		16:56
		Gustatory Cells	17:39
		Taste Hairs	18:04
		Transitional Cells	18:28
		Basal Cells	18:33
		Nerve Fibers	18:48
	Taste Sensations		19:06
		Sweet	19:49
		Salty	20:16
		Bitter	20:28
		Sour	20:46
		Umami	20:31
		Water	22:07
		PTC	23:11
	Touch		25:00
		Nociceptors	25:08
		Mechanoreceptors	25:14
	Nociceptors		26:30
		Sensitive To…	26:41
		Fast vs. Slow Pain	28:12
	Mechanoreceptors		31:15
		Tactile Receptors	31:21
		Baroreceptors	35:20
		Proprioceptors	36:07
The Heart			45:20
	Intro		0:00
	Heart Anatomy		0:04
		Pericardium	0:11
		Epicardium	1:09
		Myocardium	1:24
		Endocardium	1:49
		Atria and Ventricles	2:18
		Coronary Arteries	3:25
		Arteries / Veins	4:14
		Fat	4:31
	Sequence of Blood Flow #1		5:06
		Vena Cava	5:24
		Right Atrium	6:18
		Tricuspid Valve	6:26
		Right Ventricle	6:49
		Pulmonary Valve	7:14
		Pulmonary Arteries	7:35
	Sequence of Blood Flow #2		8:22
		Lungs	8:24
		Pulmonary Veins	8:26
		Left Atrium	8:36
		Left Ventricle	9:00
		Bicuspid Valve	9:08
		Aortic Valve	10:15
		Aorta	10:23
		Body	11:20
	Simplified Blood Flow Diagram		11:44
	Heart Beats and Valves		16:09
		'Lubb-Dubb'	16:19
		Atrioventricular (AV) Valves	16:47
		Semilunar Valves	17:04
	Systole and Diastole		19:09
		Systole	19:14
		Diastole	19:23
		Valves Respond to Pressure Changes	20:29
		Cardiac Output	21:36
	Cardiac Cycle		22:59
	Cardiac Conduction System		24:52
		Sinoatrial (SA) Node	25:44
		Atrioventricular (AV) Node	27:12
	Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)		28:46
		P Wave	29:10
		QRS Complex	30:14
		T Wave	31:23
		Arrhythmias	32:14
	Heart Conditions / Treatments		35:12
		Myocardial Infarction (MI)	35:14
		Angina Pectoris	36:23
		Pericarditis	38:07
		Coronary Artery Disease	38:26
		Angioplasty	38:47
		Coronary Artery Bypass Graft	39:53
		Tachycardia / Bradycardia	40:51
		Fibrillation	41:54
		Heart Murmur	43:22
		Mitral Valve Prolapse	44:53
Blood Vessels			39:58
	Intro		0:00
	Types of Blood Vessels		0:05
		Arteries	0:09
		Arterioles	0:19
		Capillaries	0:38
		Venules	0:55
		Veins	1:16
	Vessel Structure		1:21
		Tunica Externa	1:39
		Tunica Media	2:29
		Tunica Interna	3:18
	Differences Between Arteries and Veins		4:22
		Artery Walls are Thicker	4:34
		Veins Have Valves	6:07
		From Artery to Capillary	6:38
		From Capillary to Vein	9:39
	Capillary Bed		11:11
		Between Arterioles and Venules	11:23
		Precapillary Sphincters	11:30
	Distribution of Blood		12:17
		Systematic Venous System	12:36
		Systematic Arterial System	13:23
		Pulmonary Circuit	13:36
		Heart	13:46
		Systematic Capillaries	13:53
	Blood Pressure		14:35
		Cardiac Output	15:07
		Peripheral Resistance	15:24
		Systolic / Diastolic	16:37
	Return of Blood Through Veins		20:37
		Valves	21:00
		Skeletal Muscle Contractions	21:30
	Regulation of Blood Vessels		22:50
		Baroreceptor Reflexes	22:57
		Antidiuretic Hormone	23:31
		Angiotensin II	24:40
		Erythropoietin	24:57
	Arteries / Vein Examples		26:54
		Aorta	26:59
		Carotid	27:13
		Brachial	27:23
		Femoral	27:27
		Vena Cava	27:38
		Jugular	27:48
		Brachial	28:04
		Femoral	28:09
		Hepatic Veins	29:03
	Pulse Sounds		29:19
		Carotid	29:27
		Radial	29:53
		Femoral	30:39
		Popliteal	30:47
		Temporal	30:52
		Dorsalis Pedis	31:10
	Blood Vessel Conditions / Disorders		31:29
		Hyper / Hypotension	31:33
		Arteriosclerosis	33:05
		Atherosclerosis	33:35
		Edema	33:58
		Aneurysm	33:34
		Hemorrhage	35:38
		Thrombus	35:50
		Pulmonary Embolism	36:44
		Varicose Veins	36:54
		Hemorrhoids	37:46
		Angiogenesis	39:06
Blood			41:25
	Intro		0:00
	Blood Functions		0:04
		Transport Nutrients, Gases, Wastes, Hormones	0:09
		Regulate pH	0:30
		Restrict Fluid Loss During Injury	1:02
		Defend Against Pathogens and Toxins	1:12
		Regulate Body Temperature	1:21
	Blood Components		1:59
		Erythrocytes	2:34
		Thrombocytes	2:50
		Leukocytes	3:07
		Plasma	3:17
	Blood Cell Formation		6:55
	Red Blood Cells		8:16
		Shaped Like Biconcave Discs	8:25
		Enucleated	9:08
		Hemoglobin is the Main Protein at Work	10:03
		Oxyhemoglobin vs. Deoxyhemoglobin	10:32
	Breakdown and Renewal of RBCs		12:03
		RBCs are Engulfed and Rupture	12:15
		Hemoglobin is Broken Down	12:23
		Erythropoiesis Makes New RBCs	14:38
	Blood Transfusions #1		15:02
		A Blood	15:29
		B Blood	17:28
		AB Blood	19:27
		O Blood	20:53
		Rh Factor	21:54
	Blood Transfusions #2		24:31
	White Blood Cells		25:33
		Can Migrate Out of Blood Stream	25:46
		Amoeboid Movement	26:06
		Most Do Phagocytosis	26:57
	Granulocytes		27:25
		Neutrophils	27:44
		Eosinophils	28:11
		Basophils	29:20
	Agranulocytes		29:37
		Monocytes	29:49
		Lymphocytes	30:30
	Platelets		32:42
		Release Chemicals to Help Clots Occur	33:04
		Temporary Patch on Walls of Damaged Vessels	33:11
		Contraction to Reduce Clot Size	33:22
	Hemostasis		33:40
		Vascular Phase	33:53
		Platelet Phase	34:30
		Coagulation Phase	35:15
		Fibrinolysis	36:12
	Blood Conditions / Disorders		36:29
		Hemorrhage	36:41
		Thrombus	36:48
		Embolism	36:59
		Anemia	37:14
		Sickle Cell Disease	38:04
		Hemophilia	39:19
		Leukemia	40:47
Respiratory System			1:02:59
	Intro		0:00
	Functions of the Respiratory System		0:05
		Moves Air In and Out of Body	0:37
		Protects the Body from Dehydration	0:50
		Produce Sounds	2:00
	Upper Respiratory Tract #1		2:15
		External Nares	2:34
		Vestibule	2:42
		Nasal Septum	3:02
		Nasal Conchae	4:06
	Upper Respiratory Tract #2		4:43
		Nasal Mucosa	4:53
		Pharynx	6:01
	Larynx		8:34
		Epiglottis	8:48
		Glottis	9:03
		Cartilage	9:27
		Hyoid Bone	12:09
		Ligaments	13:04
		Vocal Cords	13:15
	Sound Production		13:41
		Air Passing Through the Glottis Vibrates the Vocal Folds	13:43
		Males Have Longer Cords	15:32
		Speech =Phonation + Articulation	15:41
	Trachea		16:42
		'Windpipe'	17:42
		Respiratory Epithelium	18:45
	Bronchi and Bronchioles		20:56
		Primary - Secondary - Tertiary	21:41
		Smooth Muscles	22:29
		Bronchioles	22:46
		Bronchodilation vs. Bronchoconstriction	23:42
	Alveoli		24:30
		Air Sacks Within the Lungs	24:39
		Alveolar Bundle is Surrounded by a Capillary Network	27:24
		Surfactant	28:47
	Lungs		30:40
		Lobes	30:48
		Right Lung is Broader; Left Lung is Longer	31:35
		Spongy Appearance	32:11
		Surrounded by Membrane	32:28
	Pleura		32:52
		Parietal Pleura	32:59
		Visceral Pleura	33:38
	Breathing Mechanism		35:27
		Diaphragm	35:32
		Intercostal Muscles	38:21
		Diaphragmatic vs. Costal Breathing	39:10
		Forced Breathing	39:44
	Respiratory Volumes		41:33
	Partial Pressures of Gases		46:02
		Major Atmospheric Gases	46:14
		Diffusion	47:00
		Oxygen Moves Out of Alveoli and Carbon Dioxide Moves In	48:37
	Respiratory Conditions / Disorders		51:21
		Asthma	51:25
		Emphysema	52:57
		Lung Cancer	53:45
		Laryngitis / Bronchitis	54:25
		Cystic Fibrosis	55:38
		Decompression Sickness	56:29
		Tuberculosis	57:31
		SIDS	59:10
		Pneumonia	60:00
		Pneumothorax	61:07
		Carbon Monoxide Poisoning	61:21
Digestive System			59:28
	Intro		0:00
	Functions of the Digestive System		0:05
		Ingestion	0:09
		Mechanical Breakdown	0:15
		Digestion	0:33
		Secretion	0:59
		Absorption	1:22
		Excretion	1:33
	Alimentary Canal (GI Tract)		1:38
		Mouth	2:13
		Pharynx	2:18
		Esophagus	2:20
		Stomach	2:29
		Small Intestine	2:33
		Large Intestine	2:41
		Rectum	2:49
		Anus	2:51
	Oral Cavity (Mouth)		2:53
		Salivary Glands	2:58
		Saliva	3:59
		Tongue	5:04
		Teeth	5:28
		Hard Palate / Soft Palate	5:42
	Teeth		6:19
		Deciduous Teeth	9:27
		Adult Teeth	9:56
		Incisors	10:14
		Cuspids	10:42
		Bicuspids	11:07
		Molars	11:27
	Swallowing		14:06
		Tongue	14:19
		Pharyngeal Muscles	14:57
		Soft Palate	15:05
		Epiglottis	15:23
	Esophagus		16:41
		Moves Food Into the Stomach Through 'Peristalsis'	16:54
		Mucosa	18:28
		Submucosa	18:30
		Muscular Layers	18:54
	Stomach #1		19:58
		Food Storage, Mechanical / Chemical Breakdown, and Emptying of Chyme	20:42
		4 Layers: Mucosa, Submuscoa, Muscular Layers, Serosa	21:27
		4 Regions: Cardia, Fundus, Body, Pylorus	22:51
	Stomach #2		24:43
		Rugae	25:20
		Gastric Pits	25:54
		Gastric Glands	26:04
		Gastric Juice	26:24
		Gastrin, Ghrelin	28:18
	Small Intestine		29:07
		Digestion and Absorption	29:09
		Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum	29:46
		Peristalsis	29:57
		Intestinal Villi	30:22
	Vermiform Appendix		32:53
		Vestigial Structure!	33:40
		Appendicitis / Appendectomy	35:40
	Large Intestine		36:04
		Reabsorption of Water and Formation of Solid Feces	36:20
		Ascending Colon	37:10
		Transverse Colon	37:16
		Descending Colon	37:22
		Sigmoid Colon	37:36
	Rectum and Anus		37:48
		Rectum	37:51
		Anus	38:38
		Hemorrhoids	39:24
	Accessory Organs		41:13
		Liver	41:26
		Gall Bladder	41:28
		Pancreas	41:30
	Liver		41:40
		Metabolism	43:21
		Glycogen Storage	43:34
		Waste Product Removal	44:42
		Bile Production	44:50
		Vitamin Storage	45:04
		Breakdown of Drugs	45:25
		Phagocytosis, Antigen Presentation	46:24
		Synthesis of Plasma Proteins	47:05
		Removal of Hormones	47:19
		Removal of Antibodies	47:31
		Removal of RBCs	48:07
		Removal / Storage of Toxins	48:21
	Gall Bladder		48:50
		Stores Bile Made by Liver	48:53
		Common Hepatic Duct	49:24
		Common Bile Duct Connects to the Duodenum	49:31
	Pancreas		51:28
		Pinkish-Gray Organ	51:45
		Produces Digestive Enzymes and Buffers	52:05
	Digestive Conditions / Disorders		52:50
		Gastritis	52:54
		Ulcers	53:03
		Gallstones	54:09
		Cholera	54:51
		Hepatitis	55:14
		Jaundice	55:31
		Cirrhosis	56:34
		Constipation	56:52
		Diarrhea	57:23
		Lactose Intolerance	57:37
		Gingivitis	58:24
Metabolism & Nutrition			1:17:02
	Intro		0:00
	Metabolism Basics		0:06
		Metabolism	0:10
		Catabolism	0:58
		Anabolism	1:12
	Nutrients		2:45
		Carbohydrates	2:57
		Lipids	3:01
		Proteins	3:04
		Nucleic Acids	3:23
		Vitamins	3:54
		Minerals	4:32
	Carbohydrate Structure		5:13
		Basic Sugar Structure	5:42
		Monosaccharides	7:48
		Disaccharides	7:54
		Glycosidic Linkages	8:07
		Polysaccharides	9:17
		Dehydration Synthesis vs. Hydrolysis	10:27
		Water Soluble	10:55
		Energy Source	11:18
	Aerobic Respiration		11:39
		Glycolysis	13:25
		Krebs Cycle	13:34
		Oxidative Phosphorylation	13:44
	ATP Structure and Function		14:08
		Adenosine Triphosphate	14:11
		ATP is Broken Down Into ADP + P	16:26
		ADP + P are Put Together to Make ATP	16:39
	Glycolysis		17:18
		Breakdown of Sugar Into Pyruvate	17:42
		Occurs in the Cytoplasm	17:55
		Phase I	18:13
		Phase II	19:01
		Phase III	20:27
	Krebs Cycle		21:54
		Citric Acid Cycle	21:57
		Pyruvates Modify Into 'acetyl-CoA'	22:23
	Oxidative Phosphorylation		29:36
	Anaerobic Respiration		34:33
		Lactic Acid Fermentation	34:52
		Produces Only the ATP From Glycolysis	36:05
	Gluconeogenesis		37:36
		Glycogenesis	39:16
		Glycogenolysis	39:27
	Lipid Structure and Function		39:58
		Fats	40:00
		Non-Polar	41:42
		Energy Source, Insulation, Hormone Synthesis	42:02
	Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats		43:18
		Saturated Fats	43:22
		Unsaturated Fats	44:30
	Lipid Catabolism		46:11
		Lipolysis	46:17
		Beta-Oxidation	46:56
	Lipid Synthesis		48:17
		Lipogenesis	48:21
		Lipoproteins	48:51
	Protein Structure and Function		51:48
		Made of Amino Acids	51:59
		Water-Soluble	52:23
		Support	53:03
		Movement	53:23
		Transport	53:34
		Buffering	53:49
		Enzymatic Action	54:01
		Hormone Synthesis	54:13
		Defense	54:24
	Amino Acids		54:56
		20 Different 'R Groups'	54:59
		Essential Amino Acids	55:19
	Protein Structure		56:54
		Primary Structure	56:59
		Secondary Structure	57:29
		Tertiary Structure	58:28
		Quaternary Structure	59:20
	Vitamins		59:40
		Fat-Soluble	61:46
		Water-Soluble	62:15
	Minerals		64:01
		Functions	64:14
		Examples	64:51
	Balanced Diet		65:39
		Grains	65:52
		Vegetables and Fruits	66:00
		Dairy	66:36
		Meat/ Beans	66:54
		Oils	67:52
	Nutrition Facts		68:44
		Serving Size	68:55
		Calories	69:50
		Fat-Soluble	70:45
		Cholesterol	73:04
		Sodium	73:58
		Carbohydrates	74:26
		Protein	76:01
Endocrine System			44:37
	Intro		0:00
	Hormone Basics		0:05
		Hormones	0:38
		Classes of Hormones	2:22
	Negative vs. Positive Feedback		3:22
		Negative Feedback	3:25
		Positive Feedback	5:16
	Hypothalamus		6:20
		Secretes Regulatory Hormones	7:18
		Produces ADH and Oxycotin	7:44
		Controls Endocrine Action of Adrenal Glands	7:57
	Anterior Pituitary Gland		8:27
		Prolactin	9:16
		Corticotropin	9:39
		Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone	9:47
		Gonadotropins	9:52
		Growth Hormone	11:04
	Posterior Pituitary Gland		12:29
		Antidiuretic Hormone	12:38
		Oxytocin	13:37
	Thyroid Gland Anatomy		15:16
		Two Lobes United by an Isthmus	15:44
		Contains Follicles	16:04
	Thyroid Gland Physiology		16:50
		Thyroxine	17:04
		Triiodothyroine	17:36
	Parathyroid Anatomy / Physiology		18:52
		Secrete Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)	19:13
	Adrenal Gland Anatomy		20:09
		Contains Cortex and Medulla	21:00
	Adrenal Cortex Physiology		21:40
		Aldosterone	22:12
		Glucocorticoids	22:35
		Androgens	23:18
	Adrenal Medulla Physiology		23:53
		Epinephrine	24:06
		Norepinephrine	24:12
		Fight or Flight	24:22
		Contribute to…	24:32
	Kidney Hormones		26:11
		Calcitriol	26:20
		Erythropoietin	27:00
		Renin	27:45
	Pancreas Anatomy		28:18
		Exocrine Pancreas	29:07
		Endocrine Pancreas	29:22
	Pancreas Physiology		29:50
		Glucagon	29:57
		Insulin	30:54
		Somatostatin	31:50
	Pineal Gland Anatomy / Physiology		32:10
		Contains Pinealocytes	32:33
		Produces Melatonin	32:59
	Thymus Anatomy / Physiology		34:17
		Max Size Before Puberty	34:49
		Secrete Thymosins	35:18
	Gonad Hormones		35:45
		Testes	35:51
		Ovaries	36:20
	Endocrine Conditions / Disorders		37:28
		Diabetes Type I and II	37:32
		Diabetes Type Insipidus	39:25
		Hyper / Hypoglycemia	40:01
		Addison Disease	40:28
		Hyper / Hypothyroidism	41:00
		Cretinism	41:30
		Goiter	41:59
		Pituitary Gigantism / Dwarfism	42:39
		IDD Iodized Salt	43:30
Urinary System			35:08
	Intro		0:00
	Functions of the Urinary System		0:05
		Removes Metabolic Waste	0:14
		Regulates Blood Volume and Blood Pressure	0:31
		Regulates Plasma Concentrations	0:49
		Stabilize Blood pH	1:04
		Conserves Nutrients	1:42
	Organs / Tissues of the Urinary System		1:51
		Kidneys	1:58
		Ureters	2:17
		Urinary Bladder	2:25
		Urethra	2:34
	Kidney Anatomy		2:47
		Renal Cortex	4:21
		Renal Medulla	4:41
		Renal Pyramid	5:00
		Major / Minor Calyx	5:36
		Renal Pelvis	6:07
		Hilum	6:18
	Blood Flow to Kidneys		6:41
		Receive Through Renal Arteries	7:11
		Leaves Through Renal Veins	9:08
		Regulated by Renal Nerves	9:21
	Nephrons		9:27
		Glomerulus	10:21
		Bowman's Capsule	10:42
		Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)	11:31
		Loop of Henle	11:42
		Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)	12:01
	Glomerular Filtration		12:40
		Glomerular Capillaries are Fenestrated	12:47
		Blood Pressure Forces Water Into the Capsular Space	13:47
		Important Nutrients	13:57
	Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)		14:25
		Lining is Simple Cubodial Epithelium with Microvilli	14:47
		Reabsorption of Nutrients, Ions, Water and Plasma	15:26
	Loop of Henle		16:28
		Pumps Out Sodium and Chloride Ions	17:09
		Concentrate Tubular Fluid	17:20
	Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)		17:28
		Differs From the PCT	17:39
		Three Basic Processes	17:59
	Collecting System		18:35
		Final Filtration, Secretion, and Reabsorption	18:52
		Concentrated Urine Passes through the Collecting Duct	19:04
		Fluid Empties Into Minor Calyx	19:20
		Major Calyx Leads to Renal Pelvis	19:26
	Summary of Urine Formation		19:35
		Filtration	19:40
		Reabsorption	20:04
		Secretion	20:35
	Urine		21:15
		Urea	21:31
		Creatinine	21:55
		Uric Acid	22:09
		Urobilin	22:23
		It's Sterile!	23:43
	Ureters		24:55
		Connects Kidneys to Urinary Bladder	25:00
		Three Tissue Layers	25:17
		Peristalsis	25:38
	Urinary Bladder		26:08
		Temporary Reservoir for Urine	26:12
		Rugae	26:44
		Trigone	26:59
		Internal Urethral Sphincter	27:10
	Urethra		27:48
		Longer in Males than Females	28:00
		External Urethral Sphincter	28:46
		Micturition	29:14
	Urinary Conditions / Disorders		29:47
		Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)	29:50
		Kidney Stones (Renal Calculi)	30:26
		Kidney Dialysis	31:47
		Glomerulonephritis	33:29
		Incontinence	34:25
Lymphatic System			44:23
	Intro		0:00
	Lymphatic Functions		0:05
		Production, Maintenance, and Distribution of Lymphocytes	0:08
		Lymphoid System / Immune System	1:26
	Lymph Network		1:34
		Lymph	1:40
		Lymphatic Vessels	2:26
		Lymph Nodes	2:37
		Lymphoid Organs	2:54
		Lymphocytes	3:11
		Nonspecific Defenses	3:25
		Specific Defenses	3:47
	Lymphatic Vessels		4:06
		Larger Lymphatic Vessels	4:40
		Lymphatic Capillaries	5:17
		Differ From Blood Capillaries	5:47
	Lymph Nodes		6:51
		Concentrated in Neck, Armpits, and Groin	7:05
		Functions Like a Kitchen Water Filter	7:52
	Thymus		8:58
		Contains Lobules with a Cortex and Medulla	9:18
		Promote Maturation of Lymphocytes	10:36
	Spleen		10:43
		Pulp	12:04
		Red Pulp	12:19
		White Pulp	12:25
	Nonspecific Defenses		13:00
		Physical Barriers	13:18
		Phagocyte Cells	14:17
		Immunological Surveillance	14:55
		Interferons	16:05
		Inflammation	16:37
		Fever	17:07
	Specific Defenses		18:16
		Immunity	18:31
		Innate Immunity	18:41
		Acquired Immunity	19:04
	T Cells		23:58
		Cytotoxic T Cells	24:14
		Helper T Cells	24:52
		Suppressor T Cells	25:09
		Activate T Cells	25:40
		Major Histocompatibility Complex Proteins (MHC)	26:37
	Antigen Presentation		27:58
	B Cells		29:44
		Responsible for Antibody-Mediated Immunity	29:50
		Memory B Cells	30:44
	Antibody Structure		32:46
		Five Types of Constant Segments	33:45
		Primary vs. Secondary Response	34:51
	Immune Conditions / Disorders		35:35
		Allergy	35:38
		Anaphylactic Shock	37:17
		Autoimmune Disease	38:34
		HIV / AIDS	39:06
		Cancer	40:51
		Lymphomas	42:02
		Lymphedema	42:21
		Graft Rejection	42:48
		Tonsillitis	43:23
Female Reproductive System			47:19
	Intro		0:00
	External Genitalia		0:05
		Mons Pubis	0:12
		Vulva	0:29
		Vagina	0:51
		Clitoris	1:23
		Prepuce	2:10
		Labia Minora	2:29
		Labia Majora	2:35
		Urethra	3:09
		Vestibular Glands	3:30
	Internal Reproductive Organs		3:47
		Vagina	3:51
		Uterus	3:57
		Fallopian Tubes	4:13
		Ovaries	4:19
	Vagina		4:28
		Passageway for Elimination of Menstrual Fluids	5:13
		Receives Penis During Sexual Intercourse	5:31
		Forms the Inferior Portion of the Birth Canal	5:34
		Hymen	5:42
	Uterus		7:21
		Provides Protection, Nutritional Support, and Waste Removal for Embryo	7:25
		Anteflexion	8:30
		Anchored by Ligaments	9:18
		Uterine Regions	9:57
		Perimetrium	10:56
		Myometrium	11:19
		Endometrium	11:44
	Fallopian Tubes		13:03
		Oviducts / Uterine Tubes	13:04
		Infundibulum	13:49
		Ampulla	15:07
		Isthmus	15:12
		Peristalsis	15:21
	Ovaries		16:06
		Produce Female Gametes	16:37
		Secrete Sex Hormones	16:47
		Ligaments, Artery / Vein	17:18
		Mesovarium	17:45
	Oogenesis Explanation		17:59
		Ovum Production	18:08
		Oogonia Undergo Mitosis	18:44
	Oogenesis Picture		22:22
	Ovarian / Menstrual Cycle		25:48
	Menstruation		33:05
		Thickened Endometrial Lining Sheds	33:08
		1-7 Days	33:37
	Ovarian Cycle		33:48
		Formation of Primary Follicles	34:20
		Formation of Secondary Follicles	34:28
		Formation of Tertiary Follicles	34:30
		Ovulation	34:37
		Formation / Degeneration of Corpus Luteum	34:52
	Menarche and Menopause		35:28
		Menarche	35:30
		Menopause	36:24
	Mammaries		38:16
		Breast Tissue	38:18
		Mammary Gland	39:19
	Female Reproductive Conditions / Disorders		41:32
		Amenorrhea	41:35
		Dysmenorrhea	42:29
		Endometriosis	42:40
		STDs	43:11
		Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)	43:37
		Premature Menopause	43:55
		Ovarian, Cervical, Breast Cancers	44:20
		Hysterectomy	45:37
		Tubal Ligation	46:12
Male Reproductive System			36:35
	Intro		0:00
	External Genitalia		0:06
		Penis	0:09
		Corpora Cavernosa	3:10
		Corpus Spongiosum	3:57
		Scrotum	4:15
		Testes	4:21
	Gubernaculum Testis		4:54
		Contracts in Male Babies	5:34
		Cryptorchidism	5:50
	Inside the Scrotal Sac		7:01
		Scrotum	7:08
		Cremaster Muscle	7:54
		Epididymis	8:43
	Testis Anatomy		9:50
		Lobules	10:03
		Septa	11:35
		Efferent Ductule	11:39
		Epididymis	11:50
		Vas Deferens	11:53
	Spermatogenesis		12:02
		Mitosis	12:14
		Meiosis	12:37
		Spermiogenesis	12:48
	Sperm Anatomy		15:14
		Head	15:19
		Centrioles	17:01
		Mitochondria	17:37
		Flagellum	18:29
	The Path of Sperm		18:50
		Testis	18:58
		Epididymis	19:05
		Vas Deferens	19:16
		Accessory Glands	19:57
		Urethra	21:33
	Vas Deferens		21:45
		Takes Sperm from Epididymides to the Ejaculatory Duct	21:53
		Peristalsis	22:35
	Seminal Vesicles		23:45
		Fructose	24:25
		Prostaglandins	24:51
		Fibrinogen	25:13
		Alkaline Secretions	25:45
	Prostate Gland		26:12
		Secretes Fluid and Smooth Muscles	26:49
		Produces Prostatic Fluid	27:02
	Bulbo-Urethral Gland		27:43
		Cowper Glands	27:48
		Secretes a Thick, Alkaline Mucus	28:13
	Semen		28:45
		Typical Ejaculation Releases 2-5mL	28:48
		Contains Spermatozoa, Seminal Fluid, Enzymes	28:58
	Male Reproductive Conditions / Disorders		29:59
		Impotence	30:02
		Low Sperm Count	30:24
		Erectile Dysfunction	31:36
		Priapism	32:11
		Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy	32:58
		Prostatectomy	33:39
		Prostate Cancer	33:59
		STDs	34:30
		Orchiectomy	34:47
		Vasectomy	35:10
Embryological & Fetal Development			49:15
	Intro		0:00
	Development Overview		0:05
		Fertilization	0:13
		Embryological Development	0:23
		Fetal Development	1:14
		Postnatal Development	1:25
		Maturity	1:36
	Fertilization Overview		1:39
		23 Chromosomes	2:23
		Occurs a Day After Ovulation	3:44
		Forms a Zygote	4:16
	Oocyte Activation		4:33
		Block of Polyspermy	4:51
		Completion of Meiosis II	6:05
		Activation of Enzymes That Increase Metabolism	6:26
		Only Nucleus of Sperm Moves Into Oocyte Center	7:04
	Cleavage		8:14
		Day 0	8:25
		Day 1	8:35
		Day 2	9:10
		Day 3	9:12
		Day 4	9:21
		Day 6	9:29
	Implantation		11:03
		Day 8	11:10
		Initial Implantation	11:15
		Lacunae	11:27
		Fingerlike Villi	11:38
	Gastrulation		12:39
		Day 12	12:48
		Ectoderm	14:06
		Mesoderm	14:17
		Endoderm	14:44
	Extraembryonic Membranes		16:17
		Yolk Sac	16:28
		Amnion	17:28
		Allantois	18:05
		Chorion	18:27
	Placenta		19:28
		Week 5	19:50
		Decidua Basalis	20:08
		Cavity	21:20
		Umbilical Cord	22:20
	Week 4 Embryo		23:01
		Forebrain	23:35
		Eye	23:46
		Heart	23:54
		Pharyngeal Arches	24:02
		Arm and Leg Buds	24:53
		Tail	25:56
	Week 8 Embryo		26:33
	Week 12 Fetus		27:36
	Ultrasound		28:26
		Image of the Fetus	28:28
		Sex Can Be Detected	28:54
	Week 40 Fetus		29:46
	Labor		31:10
		False Labor	31:16
		True Labor	31:38
		Dilation	32:02
		Expulsion	33:21
		Delivery	33:49
	Delivery Problems		33:57
		Episiotomy	34:02
		Breech Birth	34:39
		Caesarian Section	35:41
		Premature Delivery	36:12
		Conjoined Twins	37:34
	Embryological Conditions / Disorders		40:00
		Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia	40:07
		Miscarriage	41:04
		Induced Abortions	41:37
		Ectopic Pregnancy	41:47
		In Vitro Fertilization	43:03
		Amniocentesis	44:01
		Birth Defects	45:15
Alcohol: Effects & Dangers			27:47
	Intro		0:00
	Ethanol		0:06
		Made from Alcohol Fermentation	0:20
		Human Liver Can Break Down Ethyl Alcohol	1:40
		Other Alcohols	3:06
	Ethanol Metabolism		3:33
		Alcohol Dehydrogenase Converts Ethanol to Acetaldehyde	3:38
		Acetaldehyde is Converted to Acetate	4:01
		Factors Affecting the Pace	4:24
		Sex and Sex Hormones	4:33
		Body Mass	5:30
		Medications	5:59
	Types of Alcoholic Beverages		6:07
		Hard Alcohol	6:14
		Wine	6:51
		Beer	6:56
		Mixed Drinks	8:17
	Alcohol's Immediate Effects		8:55
		Depressant	9:12
		Blood Alcohol Concentration	9:31
		100 mg/ dL = 0.1%	10:19
		0.05	10:48
		0.1	11:29
		0.2	11:56
		0.3	12:52
	Alcohol's Effects on Organs		13:45
		Brain	13:59
		Heart	14:09
		Stomach	14:20
		Liver	14:31
		Reproductive System	14:37
	Misconceptions on Alcohol Intoxication		14:54
		Cannot Speed Up the Liver's Breakdown of Alcohol	14:57
		Passing Out	16:27
		Binge Drinking	17:50
	Hangovers		18:40
		Alcohol Tolerance	18:51
		Acetaldehyde	19:10
		Dehydration	19:40
		Congeners	20:34
		Ethanol is Still in Bloodstream	21:26
	Alarming Statistics		22:26
		Alcoholism Affects 10+ Million People in U.S. Alone	22:33
		Society's Most Expensive Health Problem	22:40
		Affects All Physiological Tissues	22:15
		Women Drinking While Pregnant	23:57
		Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)	24:06
		Genetics	24:26
	Health Problems Related to Alcohol		24:57
		Alcohol Abuse	25:01
		Alcohol Poisoning	25:20
		Alcoholism	26:14
		Fatty Liver	26:46
		Cirrhosis	27:13

Duration: 19 hours, 01 minutes

Number of Lessons: 27

This Anatomy & Physiology course is perfect for both high school and college students, and is more in-depth than standard introductory courses. Professor Cardella brings his years of experience teaching students and standup comedy experience to making learning easy and even entertaining.

Additional Features:

Free Sample Lessons
Closed Captioning (CC)
Downloadable Lecture Slides
Study Guides
Instructor Comments

Topics Include:

Tissues
Skeletal System
Nervous System
5 Senses
Blood
Digestive System
Urinary System
Reproductive System
Fetal Development
Alcohol: Effects & Dangers

Professor Cardella brings both extensive knowledge and engaging delivery with his 10+ years teaching high school life sciences and stand-up comedy experience.

Student Testimonials:

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Student Feedback

4.5

36 Reviews

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i have the MCAT book and i felt that your videos were excellent as i was going step by step in Physiology chapters. Thank you for prompt reply

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