Home » Biology » Microbiology

No. of
Lectures

Duration
(hrs:min)

20:01

Microbiology Online Course Dr. Catherine Carpenter, Ph.D.
Facebook Twitter
More

4.3

317 ratings • 7 reviews

Level Intermediate
44 Lessons (20hr : 01min)
5,484 already enrolled!
4.3 317 Ratings & 7 Reviews
Audio: English

Join Dr. Catherine Carpenter as she explores everything in a standard Microbiology college course with clear explanations and tons of relevant real-world examples.

Table of Contents
Course Details
About Dr. Carpenter

Section 1: Introduction to Microbiology
	History of Microbiology			40:36
		Intro		0:00
		Overview of Microbiology		0:35
			What is Microbiology?	0:39
			History of Microbiology	0:47
		What is Microbiology?		3:11
			Study of Biology of Pathogen	4:05
			Study of Biology of Vector	4:13
			Biology of Human Host	4:28
		Microbiology		6:32
			Study of Microorganisms	6:35
			Includes Viruses, Small Macroscopic Organisms, and Parasites	7:48
			Microorganisms are Responsible for Cycling the Chemical Elements Essential for Life	9:32
			Produce More Energy Through Photosynthesis Than Plants	10:00
			90% of Cells in Our Body are Microbes	11:20
		Important Discoveries in Microbiology		11:29
			Anton Van Leeuwenhoek	11:48
			Invented of the Microscope	11:59
		What Was Leeuwenhoek's World?		12:47
		The First Smallpox Vaccination: Jenner 1796		13:25
			Jenner Invented the First Vaccine	13:35
			Protected from Smallpox	13:58
		Edward Jenner and Vaccination		14:49
			Cowpox Virus	15:25
			Material Used for Vaccine Probably Contained Cowpox Virus	15:46
			Inoculate James Phipps by Taking Pus from the Lesions on the Hands of a Diary Maid	16:20
		Louis Pasteur and Theory of Spontaneous Generation		17:58
			Pasteur's S-Shaped Flask Kept Microbes Out but Let Air In	18:04
			Disproved Theory of Spontaneous Generation	18:20
		Fermentation, Pasteurization, and Vaccination: Louis Pasteur		19:53
			Fermentation	19:54
			Pasteurizing	20:14
			Vaccination	20:56
		The Germ Theory of Disease: Robert Koch		21:13
			Koch's Postulates	21:47
		Koch's Postulates		23:13
			Procedure to Determine Criteria to Establish Casual Relationship Between a Microbe and Disease	23:34
		A Fortunate Accident: Antibiotics		25:40
			Alexander Fleming Discovered the First Antibiotic	25:55
		Summary of Important Discoveries		27:12
			Ability to Visualize Microorganisms	27:49
			Vaccination	28:59
			Fermentation, Pasteurization and Vaccination from Rabies	29:21
			Germ Theory of Disease	29:42
			Antibiotics	30:08
		Example 1		31:36
		Example 2		32:02
		Example 3		33:56
		Example 4		37:53
		Example 5		38:57
	Laboratory Testing & Visualization			44:19
		Intro		0:00
		Laboratory Testing and Visualization		0:37
			Serology	1:09
			Visualization: Types of Microscopes	1:32
		A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form		1:57
		Generalized Tests for Microorganisms		2:36
			Morphological Characteristics	2:44
			Differential Staining	3:00
			Biochemical Tests	3:45
		A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form		4:19
		Serology		6:38
			Detect Levels of Antibodies	6:46
			Blood Serum	7:43
			Recent of Past Infection	7:59
			Differentiate Different Strains	9:39
		Example of Serology Testing for HBV		10:02
		Direct Agglutination Testing		12:52
			Visual Test	13:08
			Positive Results	13:16
			Antibodies Sufficient in Level	14:13
		ELISA Test		15:56
			Sandwich ELISA	16:39
		Western Blot		18:56
			Proteins are Positioned on the Filter so Antibodies Can Bind to the Antigens	19:09
			Filter is Then Washed with Patient's Serum	19:27
			Positive Test for Particular Microorganisms	20:04
		Flow Cytometry		21:09
			Used to Identify Bacteria Without Culturing the Bacteria	21:17
			Moving Fluid Containing Bacteria is Forced Through Small Opening	22:03
			Differences in Electrical Conductivity Between the Cells are Detected	22:17
			Results Distinguishing Three Different Species of Microorganisms	22:56
		Genetic Testing: DNA Fingerprinting		23:49
			Way to Specify and Differentiate Bacteria	25:36
			Some Produce Taxon	25:47
			Used as a Proxy for Microbial Cell Abundance	26:13
			Detailed Figure	26:43
		Pattern Matching to Determine Bacterial Strain		27:22
			Example	28:00
			Picture of That	28:04
		Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms		29:36
		Light Microscope		30:22
			Image	31:18
		Darkfield Microscopy		31:44
			An Illumination Technique Used to Enhance the Contrast in Unstained Samples	31:51
			How It Works	32:01
		Planaria in Pond Water		32:19
		Electron Microscope		32:55
			Uses Electron Beam to Illuminate a Specimen and Produce a Magnified Image	33:23
			Electron Microscopy	33:34
			Electron Microscope Image	34:23
		Atomic Force Microscope		34:41
			Manipulates Matter at the Nanoscale	35:09
			Atomic Force Microscopy Image	35:37
		Atomic Force Imaging		35:54
		Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms		37:02
			Light Microscopes	37:18
		Example 1		37:28
		Example 2		40:19
		Example 3		40:57
		Example 4		42:13
		Example 5		42:35
	Present Day Importance of Microbiology			43:48
		Intro		0:00
		Two Important Topic Area in Microbiology		0:41
		Gut Microbiome		1:21
			A Forgotten Organ	1:25
			Colonization of the Gut Begins at Birth	2:34
			Factors That Alter the Relationship	4:02
			Pathologic Inflammation	7:05
			Commensal Species	9:47
			Pathobionts	10:28
		Functional Comparison of the Gut Microbiome with Other Sequenced Microbiomes		10:38
		Genes and Microbiome		11:34
			Vitamin K Example	12:00
			Escherichia Coli	13:07
			Genomes of the Bacteria and Viruses of the Human Gut Encode 3.3 Million Genes	14:02
		Link to Microbiome and Health		14:57
		Antibiotic Resistance		15:42
			Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest, Adaptation	16:39
		Theory of Evolution		17:07
			Origin of Species	17:13
			Darwin Came Up with Theory	17:50
		Link to Theory of Evolution		18:01
		Natural Selection		19:03
			Natural Selection	19:09
			Adaptive Trait	19:21
		Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria		19:49
			Two Week Course of Antibiotics	20:10
			Antibiotic Resistant Strains Found in Hospitals and Schools	21:21
		Evolution of Resistant Bacteria		22:01
		Evolution of Resistance		24:06
			Natural Selection	24:08
			Some Bacteria Transfers the Resistant Genes to Other Bacteria Who Don't Have It	24:24
			It Reproduces and Soon Populates an Antibiotic Resistant Infection	25:06
		Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria		25:30
			Acquired Resistance	25:31
			Resistance Develops by Mutation of Resident or by Acquisition of New Genes	26:55
			Flourish in Areas of High Antimicrobial Use	27:10
		Spread of Antibiotic Resistance		27:19
		Selection of Resistant Bacteria by Overuse and Misuse of Antibiotics		29:02
		Multiple Antibiotics		29:46
		Antibiotics Used Unnecessarily		30:35
			Bacterial and Viral Pneumonia	31:13
			Indiscriminant Use of Antibiotic	31:52
			Unnecessary Antibiotics Can Promote Resistant Bacteria	32:25
			Future Antibiotics May Lose Effectiveness	32:33
		Ease of Obtaining Antibiotics		33:11
			Over the Counter	33:13
			Encourages Indiscriminant and Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics	33:25
		Use in Animal Feed		34:26
			Prevent Infections and Promote Growth	34:30
			Animals Can Develop Resistance Also	35:03
		Tutorial on Antibiotic Resistance		36:05
		Example 1		36:32
		Example 2		39:30
Section 2: Cell Biology
	Biology of the Prototype Cell			10:02
		Intro		0:00
		Cellular Organization		0:14
			Prokaryotes	0:27
			Eukaryotes	0:48
		Three Domains of Life		0:51
			Eubacteria	1:02
			Archaebacteria	1:09
			Eukaryotes	1:15
		Evolution of Bacteria		1:21
		Common Qualities		2:02
			Nucleus	2:12
			Plasma Membrane	2:47
			Cytoplasm	3:09
		Multicellularity		3:17
			Multicellularity Evolved	3:28
			Cells Gave Rise to Earth's First Lineage of Multicellular Organisms	3:57
			Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens are 1.2 Billion Years Old	4:18
			Cells Differentiated for Attaching to a Substrate	4:37
			Longitudinal Division Divides Disc-Shaped Cells Into Radially Arranged Wedge-Shaped Cells	4:54
		According to Energy		5:08
			Phototrophs	5:36
			Chemotrophs	6:02
		Introducing Prokaryotic Cells		6:46
			Bacteria and Archaea	6:51
			Smallest Form of Life	6:58
			Similar in Appearance and Size	7:06
			Aerobic	7:13
			Anaerobic	7:19
			Facultative	7:26
		Example 1		7:37
		Example 2		9:02
	Structures in Common & Structures That Are Unique			8:40
		Intro		0:00
		Structures		0:22
			Way to Remember Cell Structures	0:23
		Membrane Similarities		0:34
			Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have Plasma Membrane	0:42
		Replication Molecules		1:17
			Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have DNA and RNA	1:18
			One Way Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are Different	1:41
		Genome Differences		1:49
			Eukaryotes	1:52
			Prokaryotes	2:12
		Cell Division Differences		2:43
			Prokaryotes	2:49
			Eukaryotes	2:55
		Organelle Differences		3:07
			Eukaryotes	3:10
			Prokaryotes	3:31
		Energy Metabolism Differences		3:42
			Eukaryotes	3:48
			Prokaryotes	4:21
		Cytoskeleton Differences		4:41
			Eukaryotes	4:50
			Prokaryotes	5:27
		Example 1		5:46
		Example 2		7:13
	DNA & RNA			11:46
		Intro		0:00
		Which Came First		0:31
			RNA Came First	0:38
			Short RNA Molecules	0:54
			Stored Information	1:05
		Early RNA		1:21
			Synthesized Proteins and Carried Info	1:24
			Information Carrying Role of RNA	1:36
			Evolution of Double-Stranded DNA Enabled the Storage of More Complex Info	2:01
			DNA Became a Better Mechanism for Information Storage of Complex Traits	2:13
		Replicating Molecules		2:35
			Replicating Molecules Evolved and Began to Undergo Natural Selection	2:51
			Replication	3:05
			Protein Synthesis	3:13
		RNA Evolves Into DNA		3:24
			DNA Contains Instruction	3:32
			RNA Transcribes DNA	3:54
			Proteins Are Made from the Instructions	3:59
		DNA Structure		4:15
		Chromosomal DNA		5:02
		DNA Coiling		5:26
		DNA - Nucleic Functions		5:51
			Transcription	6:04
			Replication	6:29
		Function of DNA		7:10
		DNA Replication		7:36
			Complete Unzipping of DNA	7:38
			Assembly of Complementary Nucleotides	7:47
			Only Occurs in Cell Division	8:09
		DNA Replication Diagram		8:18
		DNA Transcription and Translation		8:41
		Example 1		9:46
		Example 2		10:27
		Example 3		10:45
	Motility			11:24
		Intro		0:00
		Motility is an Important Property		0:26
			Flagella	0:37
			Pili	0:55
		Prokaryotic Cell		1:08
		Pili		1:38
			Fimbriae	1:45
			Pili Connect a Bacterium to Others of the Same Species	1:57
			Transferred Plasmids Can Bring a New Function to the Cell	2:37
		Fimbriae		3:07
			Distributed Over the Entire Surface of the Cell	3:08
			Have a Tendency to Adhere to Surfaces and to One Another	3:17
			Example: Neisseria Gonorrhea	3:40
		An Electron Micrograph of E Coli		3:53
		Bacterial Conjugation with Pilus		4:12
		Prokaryotic Flagella		5:14
			Eukaryotes	5:34
			Prokaryotes	5:43
			Underneath Inner Plasma Membrane in Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria	6:05
		Different Types of Flagella		6:13
			Flagella Organization	6:14
			Bacteria Alters Speed and Direction of Rotation	7:11
			Examples	8:07
		Example 1		8:41
		Example 2		10:05
	Plasma Membrane			16:11
		Intro		0:00
		Plasma Membrane		0:22
			Functions of Plasma Membrane	0:28
			Physical Isolation	0:31
			Regulation of Exchange with the Environment	1:05
			Communication Between the Cell and Its Environment	1:46
			Structural Support	2:28
		Plasma Membrane Composition		2:46
			Lipids	2:59
			Proteins	3:17
			Carbohydrates	3:43
		Lipid Bi-Layer of Plasma Membrane		4:19
			Micelle	4:28
			Bilayer	5:11
			Liposome	5:40
		Cellular Evolution		5:59
			Evoloution of Membranes Advantages	6:49
			Encased Cells Out-Competed Naked Cells	7:37
		Plasma Membrane Structure		7:57
		Plasma Membrane Differences		10:59
			Eukaryotic Cells Have Carbohydrates	11:11
			Eukaryotic Plasma Membranes Contain Sterols	12:08
			Prokaryotic Plasma Membranes Consist Mostly of Phospholipids and Proteins	12:26
		Example 1		12:41
		Example 2		13:30
		Example 3		15:02
	Antibody & Antigen Recognition			15:50
		Intro		0:00
		Finding and Cell Signaling		0:22
		Ligand Binding		1:00
			Ligand Binds	1:01
			Binding Site is Complementary to the Ligand	1:30
			Interaction Between Ligand and Binding Site is Specific	2:39
			Induced Fit	3:24
		Ligand Binding Illustration 1		3:44
		Ligand Binding Illustration 2		4:21
		Antibody Structure		4:44
		Antigen-Antibody Specificity		5:40
		Antigen-Antibody Reaction		6:27
		Example 1		10:10
		Example 2		11:54
		Example 3		13:29
	Microbial Metabolism			21:44
		Intro		0:00
		Organisms and Carbon		0:20
			Autotrophs	0:40
			Heterotrophs	1:12
		Organisms and Energy		2:07
		Metabolism		3:19
			Metabolism	3:26
			Catabolism	3:53
			Anabolism	4:15
		Cellular Respiration		4:56
			Aerobic Respiration	5:47
			Anaerobic Respiration	6:13
		Glucose		6:41
			Most Important Carbohydrate	6:42
			Three Major Outcomes	7:14
			Stored	7:21
			Oxidized via Glycolysis	7:22
			Oxidized via the Pentose Phosphate	7:50
		Outcomes of Glucose I		8:37
		Outcomes of Glucose II		10:21
		Overview of Aerobic Metabolism		11:50
			Glycolysis	12:01
			Citric Acid Cycle	12:05
			Oxidative Phosphorylation	12:13
			Formula	12:17
		Aerobic Metabolism		12:28
		Respiration and Fermentation		13:52
		Carbohydrate Catabolism		15:00
		Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism		15:59
			Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen	16:00
			Lactic Acid	16:08
		ATP Production Requirements		17:13
			Energy Sources	17:22
			Electron Carriers	17:41
			Final Electron Acceptors	17:49
		Example 1		18:09
		Example 2		18:41
		Example 3		20:13
	Microbial Genetics			39:49
		Intro		0:00
		What is a Gene?		0:39
			A Portion of the Chromosome That Determines or Affects a Single Character or Phenotype	0:51
			Biochemical Definition of a Gene	0:57
			Original Definition: One Gene-One Polypeptide	1:20
		What is a Gene?		1:48
			Regulatory Sequence	1:50
		Genetic Code		2:44
		Transcription and Replication		3:56
		Replication of Bacterial DNA		5:05
			Copy Both Sides of DNA Strand	5:20
		DNA Transcription		5:53
			DNA is Transcribed to Make RNA	6:18
			RNA Polymerase Binds to the Promoter Sequence	6:24
			Direction	6:29
			Transcription Stops When It Reaches the Terminator Sequence	6:33
		Bacterial Transcription		6:39
			Transcription	6:46
			No Nucleus	6:52
		Translation		7:51
			mRNA is Translated In Codons	8:11
			Translation of mRNA Begins at the Start Codon	8:18
			Translation Ends at Nonsense Codon	8:22
		Gene Regulation		8:34
			Constitutive Genes Are Expressed at a Fixed Rate	8:43
			Other Genes Are Expressed Only as Needed	8:58
		Regulation of Transcription		9:11
		Repression		10:16
		Induction		11:04
		Germline Mutation		12:09
			Evolutionary Biology	12:32
			Molecular Biology	13:48
		Mutations		14:34
			Random and Rare	14:36
			Can Be Beneficial or Neutral	14:46
			Not All Mutations Matter	14:58
			Somatic Mutations	15:20
			Germline Mutations	16:30
		Causes of Mutations		16:44
			DNA Fails to Copy Accurately	16:48
			External Influences Can Create Mutations	17:21
		Types of Mutations		18:14
			Substitution	18:18
			Examples of Substitutions	18:29
			Silent Mutations	19:56
			Insertion	20:39
			Deletion	20:51
			Frame Shift	21:12
		Bacterial Gene Recombination		22:16
			Vertical Gene Transfer	22:57
			Horizontal Gene Transfer	23:16
		Genetic Recombination		23:46
			Exchange of Genes Between Two DNA Molecules	23:47
			Crossing Over Occurs When Two Chromosomes Break and Rejoin	23:52
			Recipient Chromosome Contains New DNA	23:57
		Bacterial Recombination		24:51
		Bacterial Transformation		25:53
		Conjugation in E. Coli		28:36
		Transduction by a Bacteriophage		30:04
		Plasmids		31:53
			What are Plasmids?	32:00
			F-Factor	32:14
			Other Plasmids Encode for Proteins That Enhance the Pathogenicity of a Bacterium	32:39
			Dissimilation Plasmids	33:24
			R Factors	33:44
		R-Factor, A Type of Plasmid		33:53
		Transposons		35:04
			Move From One Region of DNA to Another	35:29
			Contain Insertion Sequences for Cutting and Resealing DNA (Tansposase)	35:34
		Example 1		36:14
		Example 2		37:34
		Example 3		38:15
Section 3: Virus Biology
	Viral Structure, Genome, & Replication			16:50
		Intro		0:00
		Medical Virology		0:11
			Viral Structure	1:37
			Viral Genome	1:55
		What is a Virus?		2:09
			Smaller	2:15
			DNA or RNA with no Nucleus	2:34
		Classification of Viruses		3:03
			Type and Confirmation of Genomic Nucleic Acid	3:07
			Viral Morphology	3:19
		Viral Structure		3:54
			Virion	3:58
			Envelope	4:29
			Capsid	5:39
			Nucleocapsid	5:55
		Viral Genome - Composition		6:27
			Viral Genome	6:31
			DNA vs. RNA Structure	6:42
			RNA	7:49
			Pathogenicity & Virulence	7:42
			DNA	8:06
		Viral Genome - Shape		8:36
			Segmented	8:40
			Non-segmented	9:22
		Changes in the Viral Genome		9:36
			Genetic Recombination	9:56
			Reassortment	10:26
		Changes in the Viral Genome		11:16
			Quasi-species	11:24
			Ebola Virus	11:58
		Example 1		12:33
		Example 2		13:42
		Example 3		15:13
	Viral Entry Into a Cell & Transmission			12:31
		Intro		0:00
		Medical Virology		0:27
			Viral Entry Into a Cell	0:30
			Viral Transmission	0:39
		Viral Entry into Cells		0:53
			Attachment	0:58
			Membrane Fusion	1:29
			Pre Formation	1:56
			Penetration	2:12
		Transmission of Viruses		2:34
			Aerosol	2:51
			Contaminated Food	3:19
			Arthropods	4:01
			Sexual Contact	5:06
			Organ and Tissue Transplant	5:22
		Site of Virus Entry		6:17
			Respiratory Tract	6:37
			GI Tract	7:08
			Urethra, Vagina, Anus	7:34
			Skin	7:42
			Conjunctiva	7:45
			Type of Cell Best Suited for Virus	7:57
		Example 1		9:23
		Example 2		10:13
	Medically Important Viruses			24:41
		Intro		0:00
		Medical Virology		0:41
			Viruses We Will Study	1:00
			How the Viruses Differs	1:10
		Medically-Important Viruses		1:23
		Selected Viruses of Medical Importance		2:55
			Herpesviridae, Simplevirus	2:59
			Herpes Virus	4:09
			Papillomaviridae, Alphapapillomavirus	4:47
			Papilloma Virus	5:27
			Reoviridae, Rotavirus	6:57
			Rotavirus	7:58
			Paramyxovirinae, Morbilivirus	9:04
			Measles Virus	10:19
			Orthomyxoviridae (Influenza Virus)	10:58
			Influenza Virus - Antigenic Drift	12:52
			Influenza Virus - Antigenic Shift	15:19
		Medically-Important Viruses		18:39
			Avian Influenza	18:41
		Example 1		20:19
		Example 2		21:50
		Example 3		23:01
Section 4: Classification of Microbes
	Overall Classification of Microbes			15:51
		Intro		0:00
		What is Taxonomy?		0:18
			Science of Classifying Organisms	0:21
			Universal Names Used by All Countries	1:11
			Reference for Identifying Organisms	1:19
			Binomial Nomenclature	1:28
		Systematics or Phylogeny		2:11
			Phylogeny	2:12
			Like Reading a Family Tree	2:28
			Root of the Tree	2:33
			Moving Forward in Time	2:49
			Clade	3:01
			Ancestors and Lineage	3:39
		Taxonomic Hierarchy		4:17
			Genus and Species	4:28
			Classification Changes	4:38
		History of Microbial Taxonomy		4:51
			Discovery of Microscope	5:09
			Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia	5:33
			Smallpox Vaccine	5:42
			Bacteria and Fungi	6:11
			Kingdom Portista	6:24
			Prokaryotes Introduced as a New Kingdom	6:57
			Definition of Prokaryote	7:17
			Kingdom Fungi	7:33
			Kingdom Prokaryote	7:40
			Two Types of Prokaryotic Cells	7:48
		Using Molecular Techniques to Classify		7:58
			Classify Microbes	8:24
			Three Domain System of Classification	9:21
		Classification Criteria		9:29
			Physiology	9:58
			Ecology	10:06
			Behavior	10:27
			Morphology	10:54
			Molecular Evidence (RNA)	11:11
		Three Domains of Life		11:39
			Eukaryotes	11:46
			Prokaryotes	11:48
			Archaea	11:54
		Example 1		12:13
		Example 2		13:15
	Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Archaea			12:14
		Intro		0:00
		Classification of Prokaryotes		0:45
			Lack of Nucleus	0:51
			Culture	1:05
			Clone	1:19
			Strain	1:37
		Phylogenetic Relationship		2:02
		Archaea		3:53
			Two Distinct Groups: Archaea and Bacteria	4:05
			Archaea Lived in High Temperatures	4:29
			Habitats	4:51
			Only Habitants to Live in Extreme Habitats	5:24
			New Research Shoes Archaeans are Abundant in the Open Sea	5:40
		Archaea Morphology		5:59
			Basic Archaeal Structure: Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, and Cell Wall	6:08
			Archaeal Cell Membranes	6:13
			Plasmid	7:11
			Archaeal Ribosomes	7:29
		Example 1		8:20
		Example 2		11:01
Section 5: The Immune System
	The Immune System			20:18
		Intro		0:00
		Immune System Introduction		0:28
			Body Defends Itself from Anything Foreign	0:49
			What Immunity Constitutes	1:13
			Immune Responses Can be Classified as Nonspecific or Specific	1:27
			Nonspecific Immune Response	1:54
			Specific Immune Response	2:22
			Physiological Barriers	2:49
		The Immune System		3:18
			Innate Immune Response	3:20
			Adaptive Immune Response	3:42
		Immunity		4:47
			Immunology	5:32
			Immunity	5:39
			Immune System	6:21
		Barriers to Infection - Mechanical		6:41
			Physical Barriers	6:54
			Epithelial Surfaces	8:31
			Mucosal Surfaces	9:54
			Muco-ciliary Escalator	10:40
		Barriers to Infection - Chemical		11:25
			Enzymes	11:33
			pH	12:29
			Lung	13:48
		Physiological Barriers		14:56
		The Immune System		16:52
		Example 1		17:15
	The Complement System			16:53
		Intro		0:00
		What is Complement?		0:37
			Proteins	0:40
			Synthesized by Different Cell Types	1:01
		Complement System		1:14
			Destroy Pathogens Directly	1:51
			Activate Other Components of the Immune Response	2:02
			Collaborate with Other Components of the Immune Response	2:12
			Classical Pathway	2:28
			Lection Pathway	3:29
			Alternative Pathway	3:52
		Integral Protein Types That Function in Cell-Cell Interaction		4:08
		Function of the Complement System		4:49
			Complement is Activated Upon Infection	4:50
			Complement Functions Like Enzymes	6:16
		Enzyme Activation		6:37
		Function of the Complement System		7:43
			Complements the Ability of Antibodies and Phagocytic Cells to Identify and Remove Foreign Pathogens	7:49
			Amplification	8:50
		Activation of the Complement System		9:17
			Cytolysis	9:27
			Chemotaxis	9:39
			Opsonization	10:41
			Anaphylatoxins	11:16
		Complement and Membrane Attack Complex		12:10
		The Membrane Attached Complex		12:49
		Pathways of Complement Activation		13:07
			Classical	13:43
			Lectin	13:54
			Alternative	14:07
		Example 1		14:33
		Example 2		15:23
		Example 3		16:11
	Adaptive Immunity			31:10
		Intro		0:00
		What is Adaptive Immunity?		0:27
			Primary Immune Response	0:41
			Initiated by a Dendritic Cell That Ingested a Pathogen	1:24
			Naïve B Cells are Stimulated to Proliferate and Differentiate in Specific Response to the Pathogen	1:49
			Process of Adaptive Immunity	2:28
		Humoral Immunity		3:03
		Development of Acquired Immune Cells		3:41
		The B Cell		4:50
			Produced in the Bone Marrow	4:52
			Outer Surface Contains a Specialized B Cell Receptor	5:01
			Initial Activation	5:55
			Secondary Activation	6:15
		Hallmarks of Humoral Immunity		6:23
			B Lymphocyte is the Central Cell	6:51
			Antibody-mediated	6:58
			Highly Complex	7:03
		Step 1: Antigen Recognition		7:18
			B Cells Recognize Extracellular Antigenics	7:22
			Antigens on Pathogen Surfaces	7:54
		Step 2: Clonal Expansion		10:43
			B Cell Divides	10:48
			Clone	11:46
			Maturation of B Cells	12:33
		Step 3: Differentiation		13:46
			B Cells Differentiate Into Plasma Cells	13:49
			Plasma Cell Produces and Secrets Antibodies Specific to the Origin Antigen	14:00
			Produce and Secrete Abs Specific to the Original Antigen	15:38
			Antigen Presenting Cells Show Protein Antigens to Helper T Cells	15:55
		Step 4: Antigen Elimination		16:30
			Newly-Manufactured Antibodies Attach to the Antigen	16:36
			Termination of the Humoral Immune Response	17:30
		Step 5: Immune Memory		18:32
			Memory B Cells Reside in Bone Marrow	18:53
			High-Affinity Immunoglobulins	19:15
			Survive for Years	20:15
			Respond Rapidly When the Antigen is Seen Again	20:39
		Antibodies		22:34
			Classes - IgM	22:41
		Example 1		24:51
		Example 2		26:54
		Example 3		28:03
	Antibody & Antigen Interactions			41:22
		Intro		0:00
		Antibody-Antigen		0:22
		Where Do Antigens-Antibodies Belong?		0:57
		What is an Antibody?		1:12
			Immunoglobulin	1:17
			Definition of Antibody	1:32
			Each Antigen is Specific to an Antigen	1:58
			Antigen Binds to an Antigen	2:44
			Produced by Plasma Cells	3:18
		Antibody Structure		3:55
			Paratope	4:17
			Hinge Region	4:53
			Fragment Crystallizable	5:44
		Antibody Function		6:21
			Recognizes and Captures Foreign Proteins and Molecules	6:41
			Activates Complement	6:52
			Binds to Immune Cells to Activate Their Specific Functions	7:55
		The Antibody Isotypes		9:25
			IgM	9:37
			IgG	12:36
			IgD	14:01
			IgA	14:27
			IgE	14:45
		What is an Antigen?		15:18
			An Antigen is to Provoke an Immune Response	15:53
			Exogenous	16:43
			Endogenous	17:16
			Autogenous	18:10
		Antigen-Antibody Reaction		19:08
			Affinity	19:33
			Avidity	19:57
			Specificity	21:02
			Cross Reactivity	21:31
			Foreignness	22:17
			Size	24:32
		What Determines Antigenicity?		25:04
			Antigenicity Definition	25:13
			Conformation	25:29
			Composition	26:02
			Bacterial Components	26:27
		Antigenic Determinants: Innate Immunity		26:53
		Example 1		30:41
		Example 2		33:15
		Example 3		36:37
	Tumor Immunology			33:16
		Intro		0:00
		Antibodies Surrounding Tumor		0:40
		Introduction to Tumor Immunology		1:22
			Human Papilloma	1:41
			Hepatitis B	2:26
			Helicobacter Pylori	2:47
			Immunology	4:05
		Overview of Tumor Immunology		4:17
			Immune Surveillance Theory	4:18
			Malignant Transformation	4:34
			Immune Reactivity to Tumors	4:37
			Tumor Antigens	4:43
			Tumor Immunotherapies	4:49
			Inflammation and Cancer	4:53
		Immune Surveillance Theory and Escape		4:59
			Amount of Antigen Expressed is Too Low	5:51
			Tumor Sheds Antigens That Block Antibodies and T-Cells from binding to the Tumor	6:01
			Tumor Does Not Express Immunogenic Antigens	6:15
			Tumor Does Not Express MHC Antigens	6:32
			Tumor May Secrete Immunosuppressive	6:51
			Hallmark of a Cancer Cell is Proliferation That is Dysregulated	7:12
		Malignant Transformation		7:39
			One Way to Cause Growth Regulations	8:24
			Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Up Regulation of Oncogenes	8:45
			Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Down Regulation of Tumor Suppressor Genes	9:15
		Tumor Growth Over Time		9:42
		Malignant Transformation		10:46
			Benign	11:20
			Malignant	11:37
		Progression of Benign to Malignant		12:35
		Micro-Induced Carcinogenesis		13:40
			Initiation Promotion Progression Model	14:28
		Examples of Malignant Transformation		14:53
		Tumor Antigens		15:46
			Tumor Must Express Antigens That the Immune System Recognizes as Foreign	16:16
			Immune Reactivity to Tumors	16:40
			Tumor Antigens	17:07
			Tumor Immunotherapies	17:15
			Tumorigenesis Secretes Chemical Signals That Change Gene Expression	17:25
			Gene Expression Leads To The Following	17:30
		Tumors in an Immunosuppressed Host		18:48
			HIV and AIDS	19:13
			Transplant Patients	19:55
			Epstein-Barr Virus	20:19
			Malaria	20:27
		Tumor Immunotherapies		20:45
			Active Therapy	21:01
			Passive Therapy	22:02
		Inflammation and Cancer		24:05
			Chronic Inflammation	24:18
			Inflammation as a Response to Cancer	25:23
			Neoplastic Cells Induce an Inflammatory Immune System	25:34
		Bacteria, Inflammation, and Cancer		25:59
		Example 1		27:46
		Example 2		29:21
		Example 3		30:25
		Example 4		31:28
	Cell Mediated Immunity			57:13
		Intro		0:00
		Adaptive Immunity		0:43
		Cell-Mediated Immunity		1:47
			Lymphocyte T Cell	1:56
			Antigen-Presenting Cells	2:15
			Subset of T Cells	2:22
			Immune Tolerance	2:31
		Hallmarks of Cell-Mediated Immunity		3:02
			Primary Actor is the T Lymphocyte	3:06
			Directed at Pathogens That Survive in Phagocytes	3:12
			Based on Activation	3:23
			Induce Apoptosis in Cells Displaying Epitopes of Foreign Antigens	4:25
			Activates Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells	6:34
			Stimulates Cells to Secrete Cytokines That Signal Other Cells of the Humoral and Innate Immune Response	6:47
			Responds to Intracellular Antigens	7:16
			Requires Direct, Cell-to-Cell Contact	7:24
		The T-Cell		7:51
			Mature in the Thymus	7:58
			Presence of the T-Cell Receptor	8:04
			Important Components	8:35
			Antigen-Presenting Cell	9:36
			Type of Leukocyte	11:17
			Responsible for the Immune Responses That Lead to the Following	11:25
		T-Cell Maturation		13:34
			Thymocyte	13:42
			Thymopoiesis	13:59
			Thymus Conducts a Testing Process of Positive and Negative Selection	14:15
			Somatic Gene Rearrangement	15:49
			Infinite Number of Configurations That Create TCRs	17:00
		Cluster of Differentiation (CD)		17:27
			Function	18:23
			Immuno-Phenotyping	19:18
		Cluster of Differentiation (CD)		19:34
			Nomenclature	19:40
			Example	20:01
		Antigen-Presenting Cells		20:50
			Antigen Presentation	21:24
			Antigen-Presenting Cells	21:32
			Direct Presentation	21:52
			Cross-Presentation	22:37
			Cross-Dressing	23:04
			Professional	23:24
			Others	23:55
			Contact Between an APC and TCR Stimulates Important Signaling Events	25:20
		T-Cell Subset: T-Helper Cells		25:51
			Th1	27:05
			Th2	28:48
			Th17	29:43
		T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells		31:26
			CD8+ Cells	31:28
			Target Cells with Antigen	31:50
		T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells		32:55
			Perforin	33:30
			Granzyme	34:07
			Pharmaceuticals are Designed to Alter T-Cell Responses	35:00
		T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells		37:01
			Suppress Activation of the Immune System	37:40
			Functions	38:36
		T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells		39:45
			Commensal Bacteria	39:51
			Graft/ Transplant	41:02
			Pregnancy	41:41
			Tumors	41:47
		Cytokines		42:46
			Types of Cytokines	42:57
			Chemical Messengers	43:19
			Functional Classes of Cytokines	43:38
		Chemokines		47:17
			Chemotaxis	47:20
			Inflammation	48:54
			Homeostatic	49:10
			Antiviral Response	49:23
			Designation	49:27
		Pulling It All Together		49:40
		Example 1		51:40
		Example 2		52:51
		Example 3		54:56
Section 6: The Bacteria
	Bacterial Cell Wall			18:38
		Intro		0:00
		Overview		0:45
			Gram Negative and Positive Bacteria	1:17
			Bacteria Without Cell Walls	1:38
		Recall the Prototype Cell		1:52
			Plasma Membrane	2:15
			Cytoplasm	2:21
			Nucleus	2:26
		Cell Wall Principles		2:41
			Protects Bacteria	2:50
			Survive in Fluid Environments	3:08
			Attack by Antibiotics	4:26
			Source of Identification	4:40
		Peptidoglycan		4:47
			Murein	5:10
			Protects the Plasma Membrane	5:18
			Gram Staining	5:42
		Gram Positive and Gram Negative		5:55
		Gram Positive Bacterial Cell Wall		8:26
			Thick Structure	8:45
			Gram Staining	8:52
			Teichoic Acids in Cell Wall	9:06
			Gram Positive Streptococci	9:21
		Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall		9:57
			Allows More Complexity	10:15
			Outer Membrane Provides Barrier to Certain Antibiotics	11:00
			Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A	11:34
		The Gram Stain		12:36
			Hans Christian Gram Invented a Stain to Visualize Bacteria	12:52
			Gram Positive Bacteria	13:51
			Gram Negative Bacteria	14:27
		Example 1		14:55
		Example 2		15:49
	Bacterial Morphology & Shape			15:04
		Intro		0:00
		Bacteria Morphology and Shape		0:28
		Classification of Bacteria		0:50
			Based on Several Major Properties	0:53
			Taxonomy Principles Do Not Quite Fit for Bacteria	1:21
		Variation in Shape and Distribution		3:00
			Cocci	3:14
			Bacilli	4:00
			Budding and Appendaged Bacteria	4:27
			Others	4:35
		Bacterial Distribution		4:51
		Shapes of Bacteria		5:45
		Bacterial Shapes		6:40
			Three Basic Shapes	6:41
			Variation in Shapes	7:12
			Clusters	7:31
			Clusters Example	7:50
		Streptococcus Pneumoniae		8:18
		Bacterial Shapes		8:56
			Streptococci	9:00
			Staphylococci	9:12
			Comma Shaped	10:28
			Vibrios	10:37
			Spirilla	11:04
			Spirochetes	11:25
		Example 1		11:38
		Example 2		12:39
		Example 3		13:24
	Bacterial Metabolic Behavior			23:50
		Intro		0:00
		Energy Metabolism		0:40
		Classification of Bacteria		1:48
			Metabolic Behavior	1:51
			Some Organisms are Anaerobic	1:57
		Organisms and Carbon		2:07
			Autotrophs	2:10
			Heterotrophs	2:43
		Organisms and Energy		3:28
		Metabolism		4:13
			Metabolism	4:14
			Catabolism	4:50
			Anabolism	5:04
		Cellular Respiration		5:49
			Aerobic Respiration	6:55
			Anaerobic Respiration	7:13
		Glucose		7:41
			Energy-Currency Molecule for Autotrophs and Heterotrophs	7:42
			Three Major Outcomes	7:56
		Outcomes of Glucose		8:18
		Outcomes of Glucose and Pyruvate		9:07
		Overview of Aerobic Metabolism		11:19
			Glycolysis	11:25
			Citric Acid Cycle	11:28
			Oxidative Phosphorylation	11:30
		Aerobic Metabolism		11:51
		Respiration and Fermentation		13:18
		Carbohydrate Catabolism		14:35
		Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism		15:37
			Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen	15:48
			Lactic Acid	15:46
		Types of Fermentation		16:16
			Lactic Acid Fermentation	16:20
			Alcohol Fermentation	16:27
		Alcohol Fermentation		16:57
			Any Spoilage of Food by Microorganisms	17:08
			Any Process that Produces Alcoholic Beverages	17:14
			Any Large-Scale Microbial Process Occurring With or Without Air	17:25
			Yeast and Other Microorganisms Ferment Glucose to Ethanol	17:39
			Two Step Process	18:07
		Lactic Acid Fermentation		18:34
			Classic Anaerobic Metabolism	18:35
			Releases Energy from Oxidation of Organic Molecules	18:44
		End Products of Fermentation		19:05
			Ethanol, Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid	19:22
			Propionin Acid and Carbon Dioxide, Acetone, Glycerol, Citric Acid, Sorbose	20:02
		Example 1		20:29
		Example 2		21:43
		Example 3		22:55
	Bacterial Infection Patterns			41:12
		Intro		0:00
		'Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria'		0:42
		Classification of Bacteria		2:13
		Bacterial Pathogenesis		2:31
			First Type of Immunity: Innate Immune System	2:49
			Complement System	3:00
			Innate Immune Cells: Phagocytosis	3:10
			Cytokine Production and Epitopes	3:29
		Location of Bacteria Infections		4:05
		Steps of Bacterial Infection		5:25
			Entry Into Host	5:30
			Adherence to Host Tissue	5:53
			Colonization	5:58
			Overcome a Host's Defense	6:02
			Hosts' Immune Response	6:10
			Damage the Host Tissues	6:17
			Progression or Recovery	6:25
		Portals of Entry		6:35
		The Skin		7:18
		Viral and Bacterial Infection of Respiratory		7:46
			Bacteria Entry	8:00
			Some Bacteria Produce Toxins and Enzymes	8:28
			Immune Response is Disease Causing Part of Bacterial Infection	8:46
		Infection of Intestinal Epithelium		8:59
			Shigella	9:00
			Salmonella	10:16
		Numbers of Invading Bacteria		11:05
			Virulence	11:30
			Potency	12:07
		Virulence of Bacillus Anthracis		12:33
		Adherence of Bacteria to Host Tissue		13:49
			Adhesins or Ligands	14:10
			Glycocalyx	14:26
			Fimbriae	14:32
			M Protein	14:53
		Adherence		15:07
			Adhesins or Ligands	15:10
			E. coli Bacteria	15:53
			Bacteria Adhering to Human Skin	16:17
		Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci		16:28
		Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses		16:42
			Capsules	16:57
			Cell Wall Components	17:03
			Enzymes	17:18
			Antigenic Variation	17:27
			Penetration into Host Cell Cytoskeleton	17:57
		Capsules		18:06
			Capsule	18:07
			Glycocalyx	18:19
			Functions to Impair Phagocytosis	18:58
			Host Can However Develop Antibodies Against the Capsule	19:07
		Streptococcus Pneumoniae		19:28
		Cell Wall Components		20:06
			M Protein	20:18
			Neisseria Gonorrhea	20:49
			Fimbriae	20:57
		Bacterial Enzymes		21:23
			Coagulase	22:08
			Hyalurpnidase	22:09
			Collagenase	22:13
			IgA Proteases	22:19
		Penetration		22:44
			Invasins	22:59
			Invasins Cause Host Cell Membrane to Ruffle	23:12
			Shigella and Listeria	23:32
		Bacterial Damage to Host Cells		23:50
			Production of Toxins	24:11
			Types of Toxins	24:56
		Production of Toxins		25:00
			Toxin	25:08
			Toxigenicity	25:21
			Toxemia	25:25
			Toxoid	25:30
			Antitoxin	25:38
		Exotoxin		25:44
			Produced Inside Some Bacteria	25:55
			Released When Bacteria Undergoes Lysis	26:06
			Proteins and Enzymes That Catalyze Certain Biochemical Reactions	26:39
			Bacteria That Produce Exotoxins Can be Gram + or Gram -	26:53
			Exotoxins Are Soluble in Body Fluids	27:04
			Some Diseases Caused by Their Exotoxins	27:13
		Exotoxin Examples		27:35
		Action of A-B Exotoxin		28:11
		Endotoxin		29:12
			Endotoxin Differ from Extoxin in Several Ways	29:21
			Endotoxins are Released When Gram - is Liberated	30:24
			Antibiotics Used to Treat Gem	30:32
			Endotoxins Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines	30:59
		Endotoxins and the Pyrogenic Response		31:17
		Example Endotoxins		32:08
			Salmonella Typhi	32:15
			Neisseria Meningitidis	32:22
			Proteus Spp	32:35
		Steps of Bacterial Infection		32:42
		Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses		33:59
		Example 1		34:41
		Example 2		37:25
		Example 3		39:39
	Bacterial Adaptation to Environment			20:50
		Intro		0:00
		Bacterial Adaptation		0:13
			Varied Tissues Within Human Host	0:36
			Variable Levels of Oxygenation Both Inside and Outside of Host	0:54
			Variable Levels of Moisture Both Inside and Outside Host	1:10
			Survive Various Antibiotic and Other Types of Treatment	1:23
		Variable Oxygen Environments		1:58
		Bacterial Endospores		3:33
			Clostridium Botulinum	4:40
			Bacillus Anthracis	4:48
			Clostridium Tetani	4:50
		Botulism: Neurotoxin		5:10
		Clostridium Botulinum		6:29
			Gram Positive Rod-Shaped Bacteria That are Strictly Anaerobic	6:58
			Produce Spores	7:10
			Produces Paralysis	7:49
			Toxin Can be Destroyed by Heating Food to 80 Degrees Celsius	7:55
		Bacillus Anthracis		8:47
			Produce Spores	9:08
			Anthrax is Mostly a Disease of Herbivores	9:20
			Weaponized Anthrax is Primarily Inhalation Form	10:11
		Clostridium Tetani		11:50
			Spores are Located in Solid and Can Colonize Gastrointestinal Tracts	12:14
			Disease Uncommon	12:27
			Toxin Produced During Growth Phase of Bacteria When Cell is Lysed	13:14
			Toxin Blocks Release of GABA	13:56
			Results in Paralysis	14:09
		Example 1		15:38
		Example 2		16:45
		Example 3		18:01
	Antigenic Composition of Bacteria			33:08
		Intro		0:00
		Bacteria as Antigens		1:04
			Antigen-antibody Interaction	1:12
			Bacterial Adaptations as Antigens	1:31
			Cell Wall Components	1:44
			Capsules as Antigens	1:50
			Flagella as Antigens	1:58
			Antigenic Variation	2:00
			Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines	2:13
		Antigen-Antibody Interaction		2:20
			What are Antigens	2:25
			Examples of Antigens	3:09
		Bacteria as Antigens		4:33
			Adaptation to the Human Host Environment	5:09
			Pathogenic Agent	5:30
			Criteria for Effective Antigenicity	6:02
		Bacterial Adaptations That are Antigenic		7:36
			Pila	7:45
			Flagella as Antigens	7:57
			Fimbriae	7:59
			Capsules as Antigens	8:22
			Peptidoglycan	8:33
			S Proteins	8:45
			M Protein and Lipid A	9:09
		Cell Wall Components		9:47
			Neisseria Gonorrhea	9:52
			Fimbriae and Opa	10:03
			After Attachment, Host Cell Takes Bacteria	10:22
			Secretory Antibodies	10:38
			Circulating Antibodies	10:58
			Capsule	11:33
			Neutralize the Virulence	12:39
		Bacterial Capsules as Antigens		13:20
			S. Pneumoniae	13:55
			B. Anthracis	14:09
			S. Pyogenes	14:38
		Bacterial Antigenicity		15:30
			Motility and Vibrio Cholerae	16:11
			Flagella are Antigenic	16:20
			Agglutinate or Immobilize Bacterial Cells	17:00
		Antigenic Variation		17:49
		Antigenic Variation Over Time		18:54
		Antigenic Variation by Space and Time		22:12
		Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines		24:02
		Example 1		27:36
		Example 2		31:24
Section 7: Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
	Epidemiology of Infectious Disease			15:43
		Intro		0:00
		Infectious Diseases: Extent of Problem		0:43
			26% of Deaths Worldwide	1:21
			Ebola Outbreak in Africa	1:50
			Cholera in Haiti and South America	2:22
			West Nile Virus Infections in U.S.	2:39
		Worldwide Cholera Occurrence		3:03
		Extent of Research		4:38
		Importance to National Security		5:42
		Bioterrorism Key Achievements		7:00
			Smallpox	7:06
			Anthrax	7:22
			Botulinum	7:28
			Ebola	7:52
		Importance of Epidemiology		8:38
			Scientific Study of Causes and Determinants of Disease	8:44
			Study of Vector and Animal Host Biology	8:56
			Patterns of Disease Transmission	9:39
			Determine Disease Causation	10:31
			Development of Vaccines	11:04
			Development and Evaluation of Effective Treatments	11:55
		Example 1		12:28
	Human Host & Disease Transmission			56:19
		Intro		0:00
		Human Host and Disease Transmission		0:19
			Discuss the Basis of Human Disease	0:27
			Non-random Distribution of Disease	0:34
			Ways Disease are Transmitted	0:44
			Occurrence of Disease	1:09
			Measures of Disease Transmission	1:19
			Disease Outbreaks	1:23
		Basis of Human Disease		1:39
			How Human Disease Arise	1:43
			Host Must be Susceptible	2:08
			Capacity to Infect	2:32
			Environment	2:53
		Non-Random Distribution of Disease		3:27
			Genetic Predisposition	3:34
			Nutrition	4:16
			Immune Status	4:24
			Socio-Economic Status	4:40
		Modes of Disease Transmission		5:46
			Direct Transmission	5:54
			Indirect Transmission	6:50
		Example of Disease Transmission		8:30
			HIV/ AIDS	8:34
			Hepatitis A,B,C	10:10
		Clinical and Subclinical Disease		12:42
			Clinical Disease	12:49
			Subclinical Disease	13:10
			Non Clinical Disease	15:36
			Carrier Status	17:48
			Carrier Status Example: Typhoid Mary	18:33
		Occurrence of Disease		20:18
			Endemic	20:27
			Epidemic	21:30
			Pandemic	21:45
		Epidemic of Obesity		22:22
		Measures of Infectious Disease Transmission		23:45
			Incubation Period	24:23
			Epidemic Curve	27:44
		Disease Outbreaks		28:37
			One Exposure, Common Vehicle	28:43
			Outbreak Analysis	32:14
		Food Borne Illness		34:06
			76 Million Cases of Food Borne Illness Per Year	34:07
			Known Pathogens	35:08
			62 Million Cases from Unknown Agents	35:23
		Example of Food Outbreak: Salmonella Saintpaul, 2008		35:34
		Distribution of Outbreak Strain of Salmonella Found on Tomatoes and/or Jalapeno Peppers		36:21
		Number of Persons Infected with Salmonella Saintpaul		38:10
		Clinical Features of Salmonella Infection		40:47
			Diarrhea	41:06
			Abdominal Cramps	41:11
			Identified by Stool Sample Culture	41:19
			Severe Infection	41:50
		Case-Control Studies of Salmonella Saintpaul Infection		42:26
		Description of Outbreak Source Investigation		45:02
		Example 1		46:25
		Example 2		50:43
		Example 3		53:13
	Difference Measures of Disease			39:23
		Intro		0:00
		Introduction		0:16
			What is the Extent of Disease?	1:00
			Who is at Risk for the Disease?	1:07
			How is Disease Transmitted?	1:36
			How is Disease Defined?	1:52
		Counts		2:17
			Assessment	2:32
			Example of Tuberculosis Count	3:04
		Counts of Influenza Positive Tests		4:02
		Counts of AIDS Cases		5:58
		Example of a Food Outbreak Investigation		8:01
			Steps Public Health Investigators Follow to Determine Cause of Illness	8:24
			Identifying the Source	8:39
			Example	9:04
		Potential Sources of Contamination		9:44
			Production	9:55
			Farms	10:14
			Distribution	10:31
			Retail Establishments	10:39
			Restaurant Example	10:56
		Food Borne Outbreak Investigation Steps		11:43
			Determining if an Outbreak is Occurring	11:57
			Defining Signs and Symptoms	12:07
			Hypothesis	12:14
			Collect Data and Test Hypothesis	12:38
			Not Finding Associations	13:09
			After Finding Pathogen, You Can Conduct Intervention to Remove Contaminated Food	13:45
			Determine the Source	14:09
			Clear Outbreak When All Contamination is Gone	14:30
		Case Study: Norovirus Outbreak Michigan Jan-Feb, 2006		14:34
		Norovirus		16:14
			Infects All Ages	16:40
			Cause Infection Throughout the Year But There's a Peak in Time	16:44
			Recognizing Outbreaks of Norovisur Infection	16:51
		Cases of Norovirus Over Time		18:42
		Attack Rate		19:24
			Definition	19:37
			Restaurant Example	21:11
		Attack Rate by 3 Hour Time Intervals		22:52
		Patrons Who Became Ill		23:35
		Case Control Analysis to Determine Food Source		24:21
		Attack Rate		25:58
		Food Outbreak Measures		26:16
			Compute the Denominator	27:06
			Compute Attack Rate During Certain Time Period	27:28
			Construct Possible Hypotheses	28:14
			Conduct Case-Control Analysis with Odds Ratio	29:37
		Example 1		29:47
		Example 2		34:55
		Example 3		36:51
Section 8: Eukaryotes-structure, Function, Diversity, and Environmental Niche
	Eukaryotic Microbes			20:53
		Intro		0:00
		Introduction to Eukaryotic Microbes		0:38
			Helminths	0:57
			Why are They Called Microorganisms	1:01
			Parasites	1:25
		Introduction to Cell Theory		2:03
		Evolution of Multi-Cellularity		3:30
			Prokaryotes Can Form into Colonies and Biofilms	3:42
			Eukaryotic Cells Can Arrange Themselves Into Tissue	3:58
			Multicellularity Evolved	5:03
			Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens	5:45
			Timeline	6:45
		Endosymbiosis		8:00
			Ancestral Anaerobic Eukaryote	8:05
			Aerobic Eukaryote	8:38
			Photosynthetic Cyanobacterium	8:54
			Photosynthetic Eukaryote	8:58
		Phylogeny		9:24
			Prokaryotes	9:34
			Eukaryotes	9:39
		Organization of Eukaryotic Cell		9:50
			Level 1: Monomeric Units	10:13
			Level 2: Macromolecules	10:16
			Level 3: Supramolecular Complexes	10:37
			Level 4: The Cell and Its Organelles	10:40
		Eukaryotic Animal Cell		11:01
			Nuclear Envelope	11:53
			Plasma Membrane	11:58
			Mitochondrion	12:15
			Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum	12:23
			Ribosomes	12:51
			Peroxisomes	13:00
			Cytoskeleton	13:05
			Lysosome	13:23
			Golgi Complex Processes	13:27
			Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum	13:40
		Eukaryotic Plant Cell		14:01
			Cell Wall	14:29
			Chloroplast	14:49
			Starch Granule	15:06
			Thylakoids	15:17
			Golgi Complex, Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes	15:25
			Nucleus, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleolus	15:33
			Mitochondrion	15:39
		Example 1		15:56
		Example 2		18:44
	Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part I			19:45
		Intro		0:00
		Introduction to Fungi		0:15
			1.5 Million Different Species on Earth	0:17
			Fungal Diseases	1:10
			Fungi Live Outdoors and Indoors	1:17
			Most Fungi Are Not Dangerous	1:30
		Medically Important Fungi		1:38
			Contagious Diseases	1:40
			Commensal Organisms	2:39
		Fungal Growth		3:14
			Vegetative Growth	3:36
			Septate Hypha	3:43
			Continuous Hyphae	3:52
			Spore	3:58
		Fungal Dimorphism		4:06
		Fungi Life Cycle		4:44
			Filamentous Fungi	4:49
			Fungal Spores	5:21
		Fungal Fragmentation		6:05
		Fungal Spore Formation		6:29
		Fungi Sexual Reproduction		6:57
			Plasmogamy	7:06
			Karyogamy	7:10
			Meiosis	7:11
		Sexual Spores		7:45
			Ascospore	8:11
		Life Cycle of Ascomycete		8:21
		Histoplasmosis Capsulatum (Ascomycete)		9:18
		Histoplasmosis Distribution		10:54
		Histoplasmosis Lifecycle		11:28
		Fungal Diseases		13:06
			Mycosis	13:08
			Chronic and Long Term	13:16
			Five Groups	13:21
			Systemic	13:30
			Subcutaneous	13:37
			Cutaneous	13:40
			Superficial	13:42
			Opportunistic	13:45
		Example 1		14:18
		Example 2		17:40
	Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part II			31:55
		Intro		0:00
		Introduction to Fungi		0:19
			Recap of Fungi Part One	0:20
			1.5 Million Species	0:28
			Focus on Fungi That Cause Human Disease	0:59
		Medically Important Fungi		1:42
			Contagious Diseases?	1:44
			Dermatophytosis Example	2:02
			Pneumocystis Example	2:22
			Commensal Organisms: Candida Albicans	2:36
		Fungal Diseases		3:02
			Mycosis	3:06
			Fungal Mycoses	3:12
			Five Groups	3:22
		Superficial Fungal Diseases		4:10
			Fungi That are Localized in Hair Shafts and on Skin Surface	4:20
			Prevalent in Tropical Climate	4:31
			Benign	4:38
			Figures Explanation	4:44
		Cutaneous Fungal Disease		5:04
			Infect the Epidermis	5:05
			Dermatomycoses	5:21
			Dermatophytes	5:31
			Dermatophytes Secrete Keratinase	6:04
			Examples	6:31
		Subcutaneous Fungal Diseases		6:39
			Fungal Infections Beneath the Skin	6:42
			Occur After a Puncture Wound	6:58
			Infections Occur Among Farmers	8:15
			Example: Sporotrichosis	8:26
		Candidiasis Albicans		8:57
			Most Common in Yeast Infections	8:58
			Resides on Skin Surfaces	9:16
			Resistant to Phagocytosis	9:46
		Opportunistic Fungal Disease		12:25
			Host is Debilitated or Traumatized	12:52
			Under Treatment with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics	13:20
			Immune System is Suppressed by Drugs	14:03
			Has an Immune Disorder or Lung Disease	14:19
		Pneumocystis Pneumonia		14:47
			Caused by Pneumocystis Jirovecii	14:56
			Most Frequent and Severe Opportunistic Infection	15:05
			Immunocompetent Adults Have Few or No Symptoms	15:59
			Example: Pneumocystis Cysts in Lung of Patient with AIDS	16:58
		Life Cycle of Pheumocystis Jirovecii		17:34
		Early Incidence of Pneumocystis		18:49
		Systemic Fungal Disease		21:21
			Fungal Infections Deep Within the Body	21:24
			Caused by Fungi Living in the Soil	21:44
			Infections Begin in Lungs and Spread to Other Tissue	22:13
			Example: Coccidiodomycosis Infection of Lung Tissue	22:21
		Life Cycle of Coccidiodes Immitis		23:12
		Number of Coccidiomycosis Cases		24:10
		Distribution of Coccidiomycosis Cases		26:06
		Example 1		27:20
		Example 2		30:08
	Parasites			20:01
		Intro		0:00
		Introduction to Parasites		0:48
			Live in Human Hosts	1:00
			Example of Parasites	1:29
		Extent of Parasitic Diseases		1:47
			Parasitic Infections Cause a Tremendous Burden of Disease	1:54
			Malaria Example	2:12
			Neglected Tropical Diseases	2:38
		Extent of Malaria		3:22
		Relationships Between Species		6:51
		Symbiosis Between Pathogen and Host		7:11
			Symbiosis	7:29
			Mutualism	7:58
			Commensalism	8:05
			Parasitism	9:10
		Parasite Definitions		9:28
			Parasite Definition	9:32
			Three Major Classes	9:54
		Ectoparasites		10:15
		Locations of Parasitic Infection		10:48
		Parasite Hosts and Vectors		12:21
			Vectors Convey a Parasite from Host to Host	12:27
			Anopheles Mosquito and Malaria	12:43
		Example 1		13:04
		Example 2		15:34
	Eukaryotes: Protozoa			24:59
		Intro		0:00
		Introduction to Protozoa		0:13
			Protozoa Definition	0:14
			Intestinal Protozoa	1:19
			Insect Vectors	1:47
		Transmission of Enteric Protozoa		2:02
		Transmission of Blood Borne Protozoa: Leishmaniasis		4:50
			Leishmaniasis Transmission Chart	5:33
			Cutaneous Leishmaniasis	7:15
			Visceral Leishmaniasis	7:37
		Medically Important Protozoa		8:07
			Four Classes	8:24
			Described by the Systems They Infect	8:54
		Flagellates		9:10
			Intestinal and Genito-Urinary Flagellates	9:32
			Blood and Tissue Flagellates	9:42
		Ambae		10:45
			Typically Amoeboid	10:49
			Represented by Entamoeba, Negleria, and Acanthamoeba	11:27
		Sporozoa		12:38
			Alternating Sexual and Asexual Reproductive Phases	12:56
			Cyclospora Life Stage	13:13
		Lifecycle of Sporozoa: Cryptosporidium		16:16
		Ciliates		17:20
			Complex Protozoa Bearing Cilia Distributed in Rows or Patches with Two Kinds of Nuclei in Each Cell	17:24
			Balantidium Coli	17:54
		Example 1		20:06
		Example 2		22:52
	Eukaryotes: Helminths			32:53
		Intro		0:00
		Introduction to Helminths		0:30
			Definition of Helminths	0:31
			Three Types of Helminths	0:54
		Biological Properties of Helminths		1:38
			Biological Life Cycle of Helminths	1:42
			Adult Helminths May Be Dioecious	3:25
			Monoecious Helminths	3:58
		Characteristics of Helminths		4:12
			May Lack a Digestive System	4:16
			Nervous System is Reduced	4:41
		Incidence of Helminth Infections Worldwide		5:50
		Intestinal Helminths		6:29
		Soil Transmitted Helminths		8:15
		Wuchereria Bancrofti		8:35
			Wuchereria Bancrofti Causes Lymphatic Filariasis	9:01
			Nematode or Roundword That Inhibits Lymphatic Vessels	9:18
			Life Cycle	9:43
		Lifecycle of Wuchereria Bancrofti		10:11
		Symptoms of Wuchereria Bancrofti		11:41
			Elephantiasis	11:59
			People Who Develop Lymphedema	12:39
		Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection		14:53
		Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis in India		18:08
		Taenia Saginata or Solium		19:19
			Human Tapeworms	19:20
			Cestode That Inhabits Intestinal Tracts of Human Hosts	19:36
			Taenia	20:01
			Scolex	20:53
		Tania or Tapeworms		21:39
		Life Cycle of Taenia Saginata or Solium		22:15
		Urban Myth of Reality		24:35
		Example 1		25:41
		Example 2		28:38
	Helminths & Immunity			32:50
		Intro		0:00
		The Immune System		0:45
			Innate Immune Response	1:04
			Adaptive Immune Response	1:15
		Autoimmunity and Helminth Infection		2:20
			Endemic Type 1 Diabetes	2:26
			Endemic Helminth Infections	2:47
		Coevolution of Helminths and Immunity		4:43
			Helminth Infections are a Driving Force in Shaping	5:53
			Helminths Do Not Replicate in Human Host	6:37
			Helminths are Able to Maintain a Co-existence With Immune System	7:18
			Innate Immunity	7:46
			Adaptive Immunity	7:52
		Localized Impact of Helminth Infection		9:05
		Immune Modulation of Helminth Infection		14:07
		Helminths and Immune Response		15:55
			Other Ways Helminths Facilitate Immune Response	17:45
		Helminth Influence on Immunity		19:07
		Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection		22:04
			Infected, Low Pathology - Develop Tolerance	22:35
			Chronic Pathology	22:50
		Pathogen Co-Existence and Immunity		23:29
		Helminths and Autoimmunity in Mice		25:31
		Summary of Helminths and Immunity		26:39
			Hygiene Hypothesis	26:42
			Driving Force in Shaping	27:27
			Absence of Helminths and the Immune Tolerances	27:46
		Example 1		28:10
		Example 2		30:23
Section 9: Survey of Important Bacteria
	Gram Positive Bacteria			46:35
		Intro		0:00
		Introduction		1:01
			External Peptidoglycan	1:07
			Stain Purple	1:16
			Reasons How External Peptidoglycan is Important	1:30
		Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria		1:51
		Immune Attack of Gram Positive Bacteria		3:21
			Process of Opsonization	3:29
			What is Opsonization	3:39
			Complement Forms Membrane Attack Complexes	4:38
			Ways Bacteria Gets Recognized by the System	5:14
		Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria		6:55
			Metabolism	7:00
			Survival Mechanisms	7:11
			Shapes	7:23
			Environments	7:39
		Examples of Gram Positive Bacteria		7:59
		Shapes of Gram Positive Bacteria		9:13
			Streptococci vs. Staphylococci	9:26
			Staphylococci Shape	9:38
			Streptococci Shape	9:52
		Staphylococcus Bacteria		10:04
			Staphylococcus	10:20
			Salt-Tolerant	11:36
			Two Main Species	12:24
			Pathogenicity	12:38
			Enzymes and Toxins	13:38
		Staphylococcus Aureus		14:57
			Food Borne Infection	15:04
			Skin Infections	15:29
			Systemic Disease	16:14
		Staphylococcus Bacteria		17:36
			Categorized According to Antigens	18:00
			Streptococcus Group A	18:09
		Streptococcus Pyogenes		19:09
			Pathogenicity	19:37
			Rheumatic Fever	20:00
			Necrotizing Fasciatis	20:39
			Glomerulonephritis	21:30
			Surface M Protein	21:50
			Hyaluronic Acid Capsule	22:25
			Enzymes	22:47
			Pyrogenic Toxins	22:57
		Bacillus		23:34
			Has Endospore Stage and Produces Toxins	23:59
			Bacillus Anthracis	24:16
			Spores Activated	25:12
			Toxins Cause Disease	25:40
		Clostridium Bacteria		26:02
			Gram Positive, Anaerobic, and Endospore Producing	26:30
			Different Clostridium Bacteria	26:56
		Clostridium Difficile		27:34
			Commonly Found Among the Intestinal Microbiota	27:38
			Opportunistic Pathogen	27:57
			Common in Hospital	28:30
		Age-Adjusted Death Rate for Enterocolitis Due to C. Difficile		29:16
		Listeria Bacteria		29:54
		Avoidance of Immune Reaction by Listeria		31:23
		Multi-State Listeriosis Outbreak from Whole Cantaloupes Grown by Jensen Farms, Colorado		33:04
		Example 1		36:17
		Example 2		39:05
		Example 3		43:47
	Gram Negative Bacteria			44:38
		Intro		0:00
		Introduction		0:29
			Internal Cell Wall	0:45
			Characteristic Properties	0:54
		Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall		2:01
			Outer Membrane Provides a Barrier	3:05
			Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A	3:16
		Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria		3:20
			Lipid A Molecule	3:26
			Lipopolysaccharides	3:40
			Most Gram Negative Bacteria Do Not Form Spores	3:54
		Gram Negative Laboratory Algorithm		4:05
		Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria		6:45
			Outer Membrane	6:50
			Genetic Exchange	6:53
		Immune Reaction to Gram Negative Bacteria		7:49
		Examples of Gram Negative Bacteria		12:12
		Endotoxin		12:52
			Differ from Exotoxin in Several Ways	13:05
			Released When Gram Negative Bacteria Undergo Lysis and Endotoxin is Liberated	13:50
			Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines	14:36
		E. Coli Bacteria		15:03
			Escherichia Coli	15:06
			Pathogenic Strains of E. Coli	15:28
		Shiga-Toxin E. Coli Outbreak, Germany 2011		16:24
		Salmonella Bacteria		18:29
			Pathogenicity	18:36
			Infection by Salmonella	20:36
			Another Image of Infection by Salmonella	21:41
		Bacterial Infections, 2013		23:44
		Vibrio Bacteria		25:12
			Vibrio Genus	25:37
			Most Virulent Species is Vibrio Cholerae	25:50
		Cholera Life Cycle		26:59
		Worldwide Cholera Cases		29:44
		New Cases of Cholera in Haiti During a 2 Year Period		30:24
		Preventing Cholera Infection with Gut Flora		31:10
		Bordetella Pertussis		32:55
			Aerobic Coccobacillus	33:24
			Tracheal Toxin	33:40
			Pertussis Toxin	33:50
		Pertussis Infection Timeline		34:25
		Pertussis Symptom Timeline		36:10
		Reported Pertussis Cases in US 1922-2003		37:31
		Example 1		38:09
		Example 2		39:36
		Example 3		41:16
	Bacteria with Other Cell Walls			24:06
		Intro		0:00
		Bacteria Classification by Cell Wall		0:21
			Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative	1:01
			Gram Stain	1:18
			Shape	1:24
		Bacteria Undetectable with Gram Stain		3:07
			Mycobacteria	3:23
			Mycoplasma Pneumonia	4:02
			Chlamydia	4:11
		Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Bacteria		4:23
			Atypical Small Bacterium Without A Cell Wall	4:30
			Lacks Rigid Cell Wall	5:02
			Extracellular in Respiratory Tract	7:02
		Acid-Fast Bacteria		7:38
		Mycobacterium Tuberculosis		8:36
			Infectious Process	10:31
		Tuberculosis Incidence in 2005		12:45
		Chlamydia Trachomatis Bacteria		15:11
			Obligate Intracellular Human Parasite	15:39
			Gram Negative	16:01
			Three Human Biovars	16:15
		Life Cycle of Chlamydia		17:33
		Example 1		19:42
		Example 2		21:01
Section 10: Microbes and Human Disease
	Tuberculosis			28:00
		Intro		0:00
		Tuberculosis Introduction		0:47
			Malaria	0:51
			Acid-Fast Staining	1:04
			Tuberculosis Disease	1:42
			Latent and Active Disease	1:51
			Strong Man Image Example	2:22
		Mycobacterium Tuberculosis		2:39
			Cell Wall	2:48
		Tuberculosis Incidence in 2012		3:21
		Worldwide Tuberculosis Incidence		4:19
		TB Research Center, Chennai, India		5:00
		Tuberculosis in United States		5:47
		Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.		6:28
		Tuberculosis Pathogenesis		7:40
			Infection	7:50
			How It's Spread	8:09
			What Determines Whether or Not an Individual Will be Exposed	8:49
			Bacilli can Multiply Once Reaching the Alveoli	9:21
		Mycobacterium Tuberculosis		10:18
			Inactive Form of TB	10:34
			Active vs. Inactive Form of TB Depends on If Bacilli Stay in Tissue or Break Out	10:44
		Tuberculosis Pathogenesis		11:20
			Bacilli That Reach Alveoli	11:32
			Those Bacilli are Ingested by Macrophages	12:28
			No Symptoms of Disease	13:20
			More Advanced Stage	13:25
			Multiply in Macrophages	13:45
			Inflammation	14:24
			After a Few Weeks Disease Symptoms Appear	15:00
			Caseous Center	15:30
			Aerobic Bacilli Do Not Grow Well in the Center	16:18
			Granuloma Can Reactivate Later	16:46
			Active Disease: The Granuloma Can Rupture with Liquefaction	17:25
			Active TB	18:04
		Tuberculosis Staging		18:12
			Stage 3 Important Stage	18:40
			Stage 5 You Have TB	18:55
		Tuberculosis Testing		19:31
			Tuberculin Skin Test	19:32
			Positive Skin Reaction Image Example	20:14
		Tuberculosis Vaccination		20:32
			BCG Vaccination in Other Areas Around the World	20:48
			BCG Protects from the Active Form of Tuberculosis	21:06
			BCG Does Not Confer Lifelong Protection	22:34
		Mycobacterium Tuberculosis		22:51
			Target Different Parts	23:09
			Regiment	23:32
		Example 1		24:34
		Example 2		26:40
	Malaria, a Protozoan Disease			29:59
		Intro		0:00
		Protozoa Introduction		1:13
			One-Celled Organisms	1:14
			Free Living or Parasitic	1:19
			Can Multiply in Humans	1:27
			How Does a Pathogen Get to the Digestive Tract	1:44
		Worldwide Cases of Malaria		3:06
			Found Where There a Lot of Mosquitoes	3:14
		Malaria Introduction		4:00
			Protozoa	4:03
			Lives Partially in Human Host, Partially in Mosquito	4:06
			Four Major Species	4:29
			Carried by Anopheles Mosquitoes	4:49
		Lifecycle of Malaria		5:08
			Two Stages in Human Host and One Stage in Mosquito	5:30
			Mosquito Bites and Injects Sporozoites	5:49
			Parasite Goes Into Liver	7:14
			Blood Supply	7:33
			Diagnostic Stage	7:55
			Erythrocytes	8:11
			Gametocytes	9:04
			Final Stage: Release of Sporozoites	9:39
		Sickle Cell Anemia and Moleria		10:16
			Sickle Cell Anemia is a Genetic Mutation Disease	10:34
			Function	11:05
			Hemoglobin Shape and Oxygen Capacity are Slightly Different	11:16
		Selective Advantages and Disadvantages		12:04
			Effects at a Cellular Level	12:06
			Effects at the Organismal Level	12:39
			Effects at the Population Level	12:54
		Evolution of Human Malaria		13:31
			Plasmodium Parasite Has Evolved	13:40
			Plasmodium Reichenowi	13:56
			What's Going on in India	14:43
		Malaria Pathogenicity		15:40
			Incubation Period	15:41
			Symptoms	16:05
			P. vivax and P. ovale	16:41
			Dormant Liver Stage	16:57
			Diagnosis	18:33
		Malaria Treatment		19:30
			Depends on Many Factors	19:32
			Medications	20:32
		Example 1		22:28
		Example 2		27:38
	HIV/AIDS			38:07
		Intro		0:00
		What is HIV / AIDS?		0:31
			Human Immunodeficiency Virus	0:32
			Once Infected, the Virus Will Always Be There	1:28
			Exception	1:45
			Transmitted Through Body Fluids	2:10
			Virus	2:15
		HIV Can be Transmitted Through		3:13
			Sexual Contact, Injection Drug Use, Occupational Exposure, Pregnancy, Blood Transfusion	3:14
			Blood Transfusion Used to be Significant for Disease Transmission	3:31
		Adult HIV Prevalence, 2012		4:30
			Africa is Highest	4:40
			North and South America are Also High Prevalence	4:44
			India	5:02
		Counts of AIDS Cases		5:22
		Example of Disease Transmission		7:19
			Males	7:31
			Females	7:42
			HIV/ AIDS Methods of Transmission	8:33
		HIV Retrovirus		9:10
			Retrovirus	9:21
			Replicate the Virus	10:13
		Life Cycle of HIV Virus		10:55
			Genome	11:10
			Reverse Transcription	11:16
			Host DNA Produces Goes Through Transcription and Translation	11:26
			Produce Viral RNA	11:36
			Importance of Figure	12:00
		Viral Load and Immune Cell		12:45
			Individual Infected	12:52
			Plasma Virus Load Increases then Rapidly Declines	12:58
			CD4+ T Cell	13:34
			Immune System is Suppressed Enough That AIDs Develops	14:20
		Evolution of HIV/ AIDS		15:31
		Immunodeficiency and Development of Opportunistic Infections		17:40
			Herpes Simplex Virus	18:00
			Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus	18:10
			Kaposi Sarcoma and Many More	18:22
			Disease Emerge at Different Time Depending on Degree of Suppression	18:40
		Opportunistic Infections with HIV		18:52
			Early 1900s	19:04
			Pneumocystis	19:21
		Opportunistic Fungal Disease		20:15
			Harmless, Opportunistic Fungi	20:31
			Can Happen to Individuals Who are Taking Drugs to Suppress Immune System	20:44
		Pneumocystis Pneumonia		21:13
			Pathogen	21:32
			Immunodeficient Adults	21:41
		Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.		22:00
		Kaposi Sarcoma		22:42
			Rare Cancer	22:49
			Skin Neoplasm	23:14
			Subtypes All Have Human Herpesvirus-8	23:31
			How It Looks	23:57
			Kaposi Sarcoma Spindle Cells	24:29
			How to Treat Kaposi Sarcoma	25:17
		HIV Prevalence Among Young Adult Women in India		26:02
		Example 1		31:24
		Example 2		33:32
	Ebola			43:09
		Intro		0:00
		Ebola Virus Overview		0:22
		Ebola Virus Outbreak Distribution		0:59
			1976 Ebola Outbreak First Identified	1:00
			Recent Outbreak in Zaire	2:15
			Three Countries Most Affected Today	2:39
			Amount of Hospitals in Those Countries	3:40
		Ebola Virus Ecology		4:14
			Thought to Just Infect Warm Blooded Animals	4:24
			Epidemic Starts When Virus Infects Humans	4:45
		Ebola Virus Infection		5:55
			Virus Comes From Animal and Infects Human	5:57
			Infected Cells	6:10
			Endothelial Cell Gaps Causes Leakage of Blood and Virus	6:35
		Ebola Virus Symptoms		7:37
			Fever	7:43
			Early Signs	7:54
			Big Sign of Being Infected: Travel History	8:18
			Key About the Symptom Emerging	9:40
		Timeline of Ebola Virus Symptoms		11:21
			Day 2: First Symptoms	11:36
			Day 10: High Fever and Vomiting	12:29
			Day 11: Brain Damage and Bleeding	13:13
			Day 12: Loss of Consciousness	13:44
		Ebola Virus Characteristics		14:14
			Filovirus	14:27
			Enveloped, Helical Viruses	14:31
			Ebola and Marburg Viruses	14:36
		Morphology of Helical Ebola Virus		14:52
			Capsid	14:56
			Nucleic Acid	15:04
		Ebola Virus Structure		15:38
			Outside of the Structure	15:42
			Inside the Envelope	15:56
			Virus Can Recreate Itself in the Cytoplasm	16:54
		RNA Viral Replication		18:04
			Negative and Positive Strand	18:32
		Ebola Virus Entry		20:26
			Cell the Virus Penetrates	21:18
			Inflammatory Reaction	21:45
			Viruses Released Into Individuals Body	22:23
		Ebola Virus: Immune Reaction		23:08
			Survivors	23:20
			Individuals Who Die From Ebola	23:33
			Effective Dose	24:03
		Host Immune Response to Ebola		24:36
			Monocyte	24:44
			Cytokines Storm	25:01
		Ebola Virus Pathogenisis		25:40
			Infection	25:46
			Neutrophil	25:56
			Depletion of Natural Killer Cells	26:06
			Ebola Virus Can Serve to Surpress the Immune Reaction	26:37
		How Contagious is Ebola?		27:49
			Not Very Contagious, But Very Infectious	27:58
			In Relation to Other Diseases	28:43
		Ebola Transmission		29:24
			Patient Zero Thought to be Infected by Animal	29:28
			Eating Bushmeat In West Africa	29:46
			Ebola Spreads by Direct Contact	30:16
		Ebola in Healthcare Settings		31:13
			Healthcare Workers at Higher Risk Because They Handle Body Fluids	31:22
			Precautions	32:07
		Treatment of Ebola		34:13
			No Vaccine, but There Are Experimental Treatments (ZMAPP)	34:18
			Basic Interventions When Done Early, Can Improve Chances of Survival	36:27
		Example 1		37:41
		Example 2		39:18
		Example 3		41:05

Duration: 20 hours, 01 minutes

Number of Lessons: 44

This course is essential for college students looking to fully understand Microbiology that will become the foundation for more advanced classes.

Additional Features:

Free Sample Lessons
Downloadable Lecture Slides
Study Guides
Instructor Comments

Topics Include:

Cell Biology
DNA & RNA
Viral Structure
Classification of Microbes
Immune System
Bacterial Metabolic Behavior
Epidemiology
Eukaryotes
Gram Positive Bacteria
Human Disease

Dr. Carpenter has a Bachelor’s degree in Zoology, and a Master’s degree in Public Health, both from UC Berkeley, and a Ph.D. in Epidemiology from UCLA. She is currently on the faculty at UCLA in Medicine, Nursing, and Public Health. For this course, Dr. Carpenter consulted with her colleague, Jennifer Giovanni, a microbiologist at LSU Veterinary School, to develop evidence-based information sourced from top academic journals, the CDC, and the WHO.

Student Testimonials:

“Thank you!” — Ido M.

“I enjoy all your lectures! Very educational indeed!” — Stefania M.

Visit Dr. Carpenter’s page

Student Feedback

4.3

7 Reviews

57%

43%

By Maryam Fayyazi•May 7, 2019

Thanks for the amazing lecture. If we were to design a vaccine for malaria which unique protein or gene has better chance for successful vaccine?

By Apolonia Gardner•November 24, 2015

Professor Carpenter,

I truly appreciate your guidance. I was always tending towards Biochemistry – now I am certain I will choose that major. Thank you!

---Apolonia Gardner

By jwan namiq•May 14, 2015

hello professor,

how the following laboratory parameters can be used for diagnostic purposes?;

a)bilirubin
b)albumin
c)transaminases

thank you

By jwan namiq•May 14, 2015

hello professor,

how the following laboratory parameters can be used for diagnostic purposes?;

a)bilirubin
b)albumin
c)transaminases

thank you

By glenn campbell•March 23, 2015

Good afternoon I hope you are well, can you tell me when we will be able to download the slides for biochem course.
Thanks
Glenn

Related Courses:

Course Overview:

Level Intermediate
44 Lessons (20hr : 01min)
5,484 already enrolled!
4.3 317 Ratings & 7 Reviews
Audio: English

Enroll Today!

See Membership Benefits

Full Access To All Courses. 24/7.
Searchable Lessons.
Get Answers & Community Support.
Downloadable Lecture Notes.
Study Guides, Worksheets and Extra Example Lessons.
Anywhere, Anytime!

Have 5 students or more?
See Multiple Users & Institutional plans.

Microbiology Online Course Dr. Catherine Carpenter, Ph.D.
Facebook Twitter
More

Table of Contents

Section 1: Introduction to Microbiology

Section 2: Cell Biology

Section 3: Virus Biology

Section 4: Classification of Microbes

Section 5: The Immune System

Section 6: The Bacteria

Section 7: Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases

Section 8: Eukaryotes-structure, Function, Diversity, and Environmental Niche

Section 9: Survey of Important Bacteria