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AP Environmental Science Online Prof. Bryan Cardella

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  • Level Advanced
  • 29 Lessons (23hr : 21min)
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  • Audio: English

Join Professor Bryan Cardella in his time-saving AP Environmental Science online course that will help you get that 5 on the exam. Concepts are explained step-by-step complete with tons of diagrams, real life examples, and walkthroughs of actual AP exams.

Table of Contents

Section 1: Introduction
  Major Themes in AP Environmental Science 36:44
   Intro 0:00 
   6 Main Themes 0:05 
    Human Population Growth 0:17 
    Sustainability and Carrying Capacity 0:40 
    Global Solutions 1:33 
    Urbanization 2:14 
    People and Nature 2:35 
    Science and Ethics 3:10 
   Human Population Growth 4:03 
    Largest Increase Began in the Last Half of the 20th Century 4:15 
    Famine and Food Crises 6:41 
   Sustainability and Carrying Capacity 9:29 
    Objective is Sustainability 9:33 
    Sustainable Global Economy 10:17 
    Carrying Capacity 13:47 
   Global Issues and Solutions 14:49 
    Global Perspective 14:53 
    Gaia Hypothesis 15:57 
   Urbanization 17:04 
    Trend of Moving Into Cities 17:06 
    Tokyo Currently has the Largest Population in a Single City 18:13 
   People and Nature 20:04 
    Misconceptions 20:19 
    Sustainable Environment and Sustainable Economy 23:05 
   Science and Ethics 24:12 
    Intellectual Standards 24:20 
    Precautionary Principle 29:41 
    Justifications 30:46 
  Scientific Method 35:00
   Intro 0:00 
   Origin of the Scientific Method 0:04 
    Babylonia and Ancient Egypt 0:14 
    Western Tradition 1:35 
    Scientific Revolution 2:30 
    Francis Bacon 3:35 
    Science is About Knowing 3:53 
    Disprovability 5:19 
   Steps of the Scientific Method 5:43 
    Observe 5:47 
    Formulate a Questions 6:26 
    Hypothesize 6:54 
    Design an Experiment 7:26 
    Collect Data 9:48 
    Interpret Data 10:52 
    Draw Conclusions 11:02 
    Future Experiments 11:29 
   Inductive vs. Deductive Reasoning 14:21 
    Inductive Reasoning 14:25 
    Deductive Reasoning 15:39 
    Proof with Inductive Reasoning 17:38 
   Theories and Models 19:00 
    Scientific Theory 19:02 
    Models 20:08 
   Uncertainty and Accuracy 22:08 
    Objectivity is the Goal 22:39 
    Degree of Uncertainty 24:02 
    Accuracy 25:59 
    Precision 26:50 
   Pseudoscience 28:48 
    Pseudo 28:51 
    Examples 28:59 
  The Big Picture of Environmental Science 27:22
   Intro 0:00 
   Types of Systems 0:05 
    Closed Systems 0:12 
    Open Systems 1:09 
    Static System 1:54 
    Dynamic System 3:02 
   Open Systems 3:28 
    Steady State 3:41 
    Nonsteady State 4:08 
    Balance of Nature 4:34 
    Residence Time 5:40 
   Feedback 10:14 
    Negative Feedback 10:49 
    Positive Feedback 12:18 
   Types of Flows 14:18 
    Flow vs. Flux 14:28 
    Linear Flow 15:18 
    Nonlinear Flow 15:46 
    Lag Time 16:40 
    Curves 17:55 
   Overshoots, Collapse, and Consequences 19:35 
    Overshoot 19:46 
    Collapse 20:05 
    Consequences 21:00 
   Earth as a System 23:19 
    Environmental Unity 23:22 
    Uniformitarianism 24:40 
    Gaia Hypothesis 26:47 

Section 2: Populations and the Environment
  The Dynamic Human Population 47:15
   Intro 0:00 
   Populations Introduction 0:05 
    Population Dynamics 0:10 
    Population 0:25 
    Species 1:02 
    Demography 1:47 
    Abundance, Birth and Death Rate, Growth Rate, Age Structure 1:59 
   Human Population Curves 2:28 
    Four Phases 3:46 
    Hunter and Gatherer 3:48 
    Agriculture 4:18 
    Industrial Rev 5:29 
    Modern Era 6:33 
    Paris Example 7:27 
   Population Key Terms 8:26 
    Crude Birth, Death, and Growth Rate 8:31 
    Fertility 9:20 
    General Fertility Rate 9:29 
    Total Fertility Rate 10:05 
    Age-Specific Birth rate 10:37 
    Cause-Specific Death Rate 11:02 
    Morbidity 11:39 
    Incidence 11:46 
    Prevalence 12:10 
    Case Fatality Rate 12:27 
    Rate of Natural Increase 13:16 
    Doubling Time 13:46 
    Infant Mortality Rate 13:58 
    Life Expectancy at Birth 14:43 
    GNP Per Capita 15:34 
   Human Population Growth 15:51 
    Doubling Time 15:53 
    Logistic Growth 17:46 
    Three Possible Futures 18:53 
   Calculating Population Change 20:23 
    Population 20:05 
    Growth Rate 21:57 
    Doubling Time 22:36 
   Age Structure 23:03 
    Proportion of Each Ages Group in the Population 23:04 
    Examples 23:42 
   Demographic Transition 27:31 
    Three Stage Pattern of Change in Birth/ Death rates in Developed Nations 27:33 
    Crude Rate Over Time and Population Size Over Time 27:49 
   Life Expectancy and Death 32:01 
    Maximum Lifetime vs. Life Expectancy 32:08 
    Acute Disease 33:21 
    Chronic Disease 34:00 
    Crude Death Rate Differences 34:35 
   Human Population's Effect on Earth 35:02 
    Factor of the Number of People and Each Person's Effect 35:09 
    Formula 37:07 
    Key Is Improving the Standard of Living 38:24 
   Human Carrying Capacity 39:02 
    Max Number of People That Can Live on Earth 39:07 
    Limited by These Factors 39:51 
    Estimated in Different Ways 42:45 
   Zero Population Growth 45:15 
    Possible? 45:18 
    Several Approaches 45:29 
  Ecosystems 35:50
   Intro 0:00 
   Key Terms 0:05 
    Ecosystem 0:36 
    Community Effect 1:05 
    Cycling of Chemical Elements and Flow of Energy 2:43 
   Food Webs 4:18 
    Network of Food Chains 4:21 
    Trophic Level 4:47 
    Ecosystem Boundaries 6:10 
   Energy Flow 7:20 
    Ecosystem Energy Flow 7:27 
    Laws of Thermodynamics 8:05 
    Chemistry of Energy Flow 9:48 
   Biomass and Biological Production 11:51 
    Biomass 11:57 
    Biological Production 12:17 
    Primary Production vs. Secondary Production 14:01 
    Energy Efficiency 14:30 
   Succession, Part I 17:36 
    Ecological succession 17:42 
    Examples 21:18 
    Commonalities of Succession 27:37 
    Chemical Cycling 29:48 
    Facilitation 32:17 
    Interference 32:26 

Section 3: Earth's Cycles and Environmental Change
  Earth Cycles 42:55
   Intro 0:00 
   Earth History 0:04 
    About 4.5 Billion Years Old 0:07 
    Only Plant in Our Solar System with Liquid Water, Plate Tectonics, and Life 0:56 
    Atmosphere 1:51 
   Thermodynamic Equilibrium 2:17 
    Characteristics of a Living Planet 2:21 
    Thermodynamic Equilibrium 3:18 
    Planet Acts as a Pump to Keep the Atmosphere, Rocks, and Oceans from this Equilibrium 3:28 
   The Rise of Oxygen 4:29 
    Earth Had a Lot Less Oxygen Prior to 2.3 Billion Years Ago 4:47 
    Evidence is in Pyrite 5:01 
    Photosynthesis 7:03 
   Cells: Then and Now 7:55 
    Fermentation 8:15 
    Prokaryotes 9:08 
    Eukaryotes 10:18 
   Molecules of Life 11:19 
    Macronutrients 11:20 
    Micronutrients 12:41 
    Limiting Factors 13:10 
   Geologic Cycles 13:42 
    Includes These Cycles 13:46 
    About the Cycling of Molecules Throughout the Earth 14:00 
   Movement Through a Cycle 14:23 
    Flow 14:26 
    Flux 14:29 
    Residence Time 14:41 
    Source 15:06 
    Sink 15:08 
    Example 15:17 
   Tectonic Cycle 15:36 
    The Lithosphere 15:45 
    Lithosphere is Composed of Plates 16:03 
    Plate Tectonics 16:09 
    Types of Plate Boundaries 17:23 
   Hydrologic Cycle 19:02 
    Transfer of Water 19:10 
    Key Terms 19:20 
    Driven by Solar Energy 20:34 
    97% in Oceans 20:48 
    Drainage Basins 21:20 
   Rock Cycle 21:45 
    Numerous Processes That Produce Rocks and Soils 21:46 
    Rocks are Classified: Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary 22:01 
   Intro to Biogeochemical Cycles 25:05 
    Includes the Complete Path That a Chemical takes on Earth 25:11 
    General Facts 25:30 
   Carbon Cycle 26:29 
    Basic Building Block of Life 26:30 
    Carbon Cycles Through the Biota 26:57 
    Pathways and Reservoirs 27:55 
    Carbon-Silicate Cycle 31:10 
   Nitrogen Cycle 33:22 
    Nitrogen is Converted to an Inorganic Compound 33:32 
    Nitrogen Fixation 34:00 
    Denitrification 35:06 
    Symbioses 35:30 
    Industrial Fertilizer 35:40 
    Pollution 36:06 
   Phosphorus Cycle 36:28 
    One of the 'Big Six' Required for Life 36:30 
    Slow Rate of Transfer 37:39 
    Tale of Guano 38:14 
    Bone Valley 38:36 
    Rising Phosphorus Prices 39:14 
    Potential Solutions 40:44 
  Earthquakes, Volcanoes, and Other Disasters 1:08:31
   Intro 0:00 
   Geologic Overview 0:06 
    Time Scales 0:13 
    Key Principles of Geologic Time Scale 0:39 
   Earth's Crust 7:42 
    Biosphere, Hydrosphere, and Internal Structure 7:50 
    Crust 8:29 
   Moho, Mantle, and Core 9:53 
    Moho 10:00 
    Mantle 11:24 
    Core 11:47 
   Plate Tectonics Summary 12:14 
    Continental Drift Theory 12:17 
    Five Main Factors to This Theory 13:26 
    Seafloor Spreading 16:12 
    Boundary Types 19:18 
   Results of Convergence 22:26 
    Oceanic Continental Convergence 22:36 
    Oceanic Oceanic Convergence 23:38 
   Earthquake Basics 24:47 
    Focus vs. Epicenter 25:24 
    Richter Scale 27:38 
    Seismograph, Seismogram 28:59 
   Earthquake Severity 31:04 
    What It Depends On 31:06 
    Severity Related to the Scale 31:36 
   Hurricanes and Tornadoes 35:56 
    Hurricanes 35:58 
    Tornadoes 38:19 
   Volcano Basics 39:24 
    Active Volcanoes Produce Magma at the Surface 39:25 
    95% Are At Subduction Zones and Mid-Oceanic Ridges 40:21 
    Common Gases Released 40:53 
    Main Types of Volcano 42:40 
   Volcano Structure and Case Studies 47:24 
    Parts of the Volcano 47:27 
    Case Studies 50:03 
   Erosion 51:27 
    Natural and/or Human-caused 51:48 
    3 Common Types 55:01 
    Desertification 55:53 
    Salinization 57:16 
    Waterlogging 58:29 
   Pesticides: Good and Bad 59:52 
    Pest 60:24 
    Positive 60:53 
    Negative 62:11 
   Types of Pesticides and Alternatives 64:36 
    Pesticide Types 64:42 
    Alternatives to Pesticide Use 66:05 
  The Economics of Environmental Issues 35:19
   Intro 0:00 
   Environmental Economics Overview 0:05 
    Policy Instruments 0:35 
    Tangible and Intangible Factors 1:17 
    Public-Service Functions 2:29 
   The Commons 5:16 
    A Common is Land Owned Publicly 5:19 
    Tragedy of the Commons 5:45 
    Requires Cooperation and Unselfish Behavior to Work 6:59 
    Arctic Sea and Most of Antarctica 7:26 
    Atmosphere 8:14 
    National Parks 8:43 
   Resources and Profits 10:12 
    Resource Sustainability 10:17 
    Maximum Profit 10:55 
    Whale Example 13:49 
   Indirect vs. Direct Costs 14:14 
    Indirect Cost 14:20 
    Direct Costs 15:30 
    The Balancing Act 16:18 
   Natural Beauty and Its Cost 17:15 
    Landscape Aesthetics 17:19 
    Unity 19:30 
    Vividness 19:39 
    Variety 19:42 
   Value in the Future 20:18 
    'A Bird in the hand is Worth Two in the Bush' 20:20 
    Future Value is Hard to Calculate 21:34 
    Rule of Thumb 21:39 
   Risk-Benefit Analysis 22:58 
    Riskiness of Present Action is Weighed Against the Benefit of the Action 23:01 
    Risk of Death from Various Causes 24:15 
    Fixing Air Pollution vs. Increased Ambulance Service 26:08 
   Cap, Trade, and Legal Controls 28:15 
    Example 28:18 
    Ways to Control Emissions 29:03 
    Example: Fisheries 31:36 
  Biological Diversity 49:57
   Intro 0:00 
   The Basics 0:05 
    Biological Diversity 0:07 
    Reasons People Value Biodiversity 1:12 
   Kinds of Diversity 3:46 
    Genetic Diversity 3:49 
    Habitat Diversity 4:45 
    Species Diversity 5:13 
   Species Overview 7:01 
    1.5 Million Species named 7:15 
    Relative Abundance 8:48 
   Domains 10:05 
    Archaea 10:45 
    Bacteria 12:20 
    Eukarya 12:42 
   Evolution of Life 13:16 
    Biological Evolution 13:19 
    Mutation 14:35 
    Natural Selection 17:38 
   More on Natural Selection 20:41 
    Inheritance of Genes 20:46 
    Environmental Variability 21:45 
    Differential Reproduction 21:57 
    Influence of the Environment on Survival 22:08 
   Migration and Genetic Drift 22:53 
    Migration 22:59 
    Adaptive Radiation 23:11 
    Genetic Drift 25:43 
    Founder Effect 26:24 
   Competition and Niches 28:05 
    Ecological Niche 28:10 
    Competitive Exclusion Principle 28:34 
    Tale of the Flour Beetles 29:53 
   Symbiosis 31:46 
    Living Together 31:48 
    Symbiont 33:20 
    Examples 33:27 
   Geography's Effect on Biology 36:24 
    Biogeography 36:30 
    Biotic Provinces 36:45 
   Biome Summary 39:22 
    A Kind of Ecosystem 39:26 
    Relationship Between Precipitation and Latitude 39:42 
   Patterns of Evolution 42:18 
    Divergent Evolution 42:19 
    Convergent Evolution 43:48 
   Invasive Species and Biological Invasions 44:47 
    Potential Benefits 47:26 
    Why is This a Serious Problem in Many Cases? 48:31 

Section 4: Impact of Human Activity
  Ecological Restoration 26:01
   Intro 0:00 
   General Principles 0:05 
    Ecological Restoration 0:07 
    Ecosystems are Dynamic 0:15 
    No Simple Set of Rules 0:57 
    Consideration of Ecosystem Geology 1:12 
    Adaptive Management is Necessary 1:27 
   Goals of Restoration 2:30 
    What is Natural? 2:32 
    Goals Need to Be Reasonable and Realistic 4:22 
   Rivers and Streams 5:23 
    Degraded by Urbanization, Agriculture, Timber Harvesting, and Channelization 5:28 
    Kissimmee River in Florida 6:48 
    Wolves/ Elk/ Streams in Yellowstone 9:12 
   Wetlands 11:16 
    Cradle of Civilization 12:18 
    By 2000, 7% of Wetlands Remained 12:48 
    58% Increase Since 1970s 13:53 
   Prairies 14:08 
    Once the Most Abundant Ecosystem in the U.S. 14:11 
    Restoration Process 14:28 
    Great Plains 15:47 
    Drastic Reduction in Bison 15:54 
    Fires 16:58 
   Island Foxes on Santa Cruz Island 17:55 
    Kept as Pets 18:23 
    1990s: Fox Population Plummeted 19:38 
    Steps to Restoration 21:48 
   Reclamation 22:41 
    Reclamation 22:44 
    Potential to Disrupt Food Webs 22:56 
    Ex: British Peak District National Park 23:35 
    Ex: Butchart Gardens 25:25 
  Pollution & Environmental Health 52:47
   Intro 0:00 
   Disease and Toxicity 0:05 
    Disease 0:10 
    Pollution 2:41 
    Toxin 4:44 
    Point Sources vs. Nonpoint Sources 5:33 
    Mobile Sources 6:24 
   Disease Caused by Microbes 6:41 
    Microbes 6:48 
    Epidemic 10:45 
    Pandemic 11:05 
   Toxic Heavy Metals 11:40 
    Heavy Metals 11:49 
    Found in Soil or Water 11:58 
    Body Burden 12:20 
   Biomagnification 14:45 
    Bioaccumulation 14:52 
    Examples 15:38 
   Organic Compounds, POPs, and HAAs 18:53 
    Organic Compounds 19:00 
    Persistent Organic Pollutant 19:37 
    Hormonally Active Agent 24:33 
   Thermal Pollution 27:19 
    Heat Pollution 27:23 
    Acute or Chronic, Natural or Human-Caused 27:37 
    Example: Electric Power Plants 28:04 
   Particulates 30:08 
    Dust Released into the Atmosphere 30:10 
    Examples 30:39 
   Electromagnetic Fields 32:35 
    EMFs 32:36 
    How Dangerous They Are 32:49 
    Connection Between EMFs and Cancer in Children 32:55 
   Noise Pollution 35:20 
    Unwanted Sounds 35:23 
    How Sound Travels 35:33 
    Examples 37:06 
   Pollutant Exposure and Assessing Risk 41:05 
    Dose, Response, and Dose Response 41:08 
    LD-50 41:59 
    ED-50 43:04 
    TD-50 43:34 
    Threshold 44:09 
    Ecological Gradient 44:54 
    Tolerance 45:57 
    Risk Assessment 47:29 
   Fluoride Example 49:07 
  Agriculture & Aquaculture 1:09:54
   Intro 0:00 
   Agroecosystem Basics 0:06 
    Ways It Differs from Natural Ecosystems 0:26 
    Plowing 4:05 
   Feeding the World 5:13 
    Undernourishment 6:14 
    Malnourishment 6:48 
    Give a Man a Fish 9:55 
   Crops 11:01 
    Crop Data 11:10 
    Small Grain Production 11:44 
    Forage 13:12 
   Livestock 14:45 
    Worldwide 14:47 
    Rangeland 16:19 
    Pasture 16:39 
    Ecological Considerations 20:18 
   Soils 22:29 
    Not Just Dirt 22:31 
    Soil Fertility 28:20 
    Restoring Soils 29:44 
   Fertilizers 31:38 
    Use of Organic Fertilizers 31:39 
    Industrial Fertilizers 32:05 
    Macronutrients and Micronutrients 32:43 
    Limiting Factors 33:48 
    Synergistic Effects 34:50 
   Pests and Pesticides 36:29 
    Total Losses from Pests Can be Huge 36:30 
    Known to Destroy Up to 1/3 of the Potential Harvest and 1/10 of the Harvested Crop 38:41 
    Arrival of Pesticides 39:13 
    Broad-Spectrum Toxins 39:16 
    Petroleum-Based Sprays 40:07 
    Artificial Organic Compounds 41:16 
    Integrated Pest Management and Biological Control 42:43 
   The Future of Agriculture 46:22 
    Increased Production Per Acre 46:32 
    Increased Farmland Area 47:04 
    New Crops and Hybrids 47:51 
    Better Irrigation 48:19 
    Organic Farming 48:57 
    Vegetarianism/ Veganism 49:20 
   GMOs 51:02 
    Genetically Modified Organisms 51:11 
    New Hybrids 53:00 
    Terminator Gene 54:39 
    Gene Transfer 56:06 
   Aquaculture 58:05 
    Popular Animals 58:30 
    Importance on Land 59:52 
    Fish Ponds 61:16 
   Mariculture 61:51 
    Farming of Ocean Fish 62:05 
    Oysters and Mussels 62:19 
    Negatives 63:23 
   The Future of Water Supply 64:06 
    Food Production Must be Doubled by 2025 64:28 
    20% of Water to Sustain Crops and Livestock Worldwide 65:21 
    Potential Solutions 66:15 
    Will Malthus Be Correct…? 68:20 
  Forests, Parks, & the Wilderness 52:12
   Intro 0:00 
   Forests Introduction 0:06 
    Silviculture 0:48 
    Conflict on Forests 1:44 
   Forests in the United States 4:12 
    Commercial Grade Forests 4:17 
    Ownership 5:16 
    Likelihood of Indefinite Production of Timber by Forests 6:14 
   Worldwide Effect of Forests 6:50 
    Changes in the Color of Earth's Surface 8:17 
    Warmth 8:49 
    Increase in the Amount of Water Transpired and Evaporated 9:05 
    Carbon Dioxide Gas Concentration Changes 9:27 
    Change in Surface Roughness on the Earth 9:46 
   Ecology of Forests 10:37 
    Niche 10:40 
    White Birch 11:37 
    Douglas Fir 12:06 
    Determine Which Trees Will Last in Various Areas/ Climates 12:31 
   Forest Management 13:17 
    Stands 13:20 
    Old-Growth Forest 14:44 
    Second Growth Forest 15:22 
   Harvesting Forests 17:20 
    Site Quality 17:24 
    Tree Rings 20:30 
    Harvesting 21:30 
   More on Cutting 24:48 
    Clear-Cutting is Controversial 24:51 
    Clear-Cutting is Neither All Good Nor All Bad 26:25 
   Plantations 27:04 
    Stand of One Species Planted in Straight Rows 27:05 
    Maintained with Fertilization, Often by Helicopter 27:20 
    Could be Used More Readily to Supply the World's Timber 27:40 
   Sustainability and Practices 28:48 
    Sustainability 28:50 
    Certification of Forestry 29:28 
    Banning of Import of Wood From Unsustainable Forests 30:00 
   Deforestation 30:37 
    Estimated Annual Loss 30:43 
    Has Lad to More Erosion, Runoff, Floods, and Sediment Ending Up in Water 31:52 
    Brief History 32:43 
    Causes of Deforestation 33:31 
   Parks vs. Nature Reserves 35:04 
    Park 35:08 
    Nature Preserve 36:05 
    Boundaries 36:32 
   Why Parks and Nature Preserves are Here 38:14 
    Preservation of Nature, Wildlife, and Ecosystems 38:21 
    Conservation of Biological Diversity and a Habitat 38:50 
    Maintenance of Wildlife for Hunting 39:09 
    Aesthetics and the Identity of a Region 39:31 
    Maintenances for Recreation and Tourism 39:49 
    Maintenance for Scientific Research Purposes 40:04 
   Conflicts Related to Parks 41:55 
    Size, Access, Types of Activities 41:59 
    Interactions Between People and Wildlife 43:40 
    How Much Land Should Be Included? 45:27 
   Wilderness 46:55 
    Undisturbed by People 46:56 
    Some Countries Have Non Left 47:06 
    Natural vs. Naturalistic 48:24 
    Managing Wilderness 49:30 
  Wildlife & Endangered Species 39:18
   Intro 0:00 
   Sustainable Yields and Viable Populations 0:06 
    Maximum Sustainable Yield 0:11 
    Minimum Viable Population 0:31 
    Optimum Sustainable Population 1:36 
    Examples 2:10 
   Carrying Capacity 6:47 
    Logistic Carrying Capacity is Reached 6:59 
    Number of Births in Unit Time is Equal to Number of Deaths 8:11 
   Managing Wildlife 8:25 
    IUCN 4 Principle Approach 8:51 
    Time Series 11:12 
   Age Structure and Harvests 13:50 
    Age Structure 13:52 
    Harvests as an Estimate of Numbers 15:09 
   Fisheries 16:41 
    Fish Provide 16% of World's Protein 16:44 
    Fish Harvests Increased Greatly in Mid-20th Century 18:49 
   Can Fisheries Be Sustainable? 20:08 
    World's Fish Catch Went from 39 to 68 Million MT 20:12 
    Fish Harvests Declining 21:08 
   Endangered Species 22:51 
    Why/ How Do We Want to Save These Species? 22:53 
    IUCN's Red List of Endangered Species 25:20 
   Extinction: Kinds and Causes 28:19 
    Local vs. Global Extinction 28:20 
    Causes of Extinction 29:16 
    Recovered Species 33:14 
   Overabundance and Human Fault 34:46 
    Too Many Individuals for a Species 34:50 
    Humans Affect Chances of Extinction 36:54 

Section 5: Energy, Water, and Air
  Energy 34:48
   Intro 0:00 
   Past Struggles with Energy 0:04 
    Ancient Greece 0:28 
    Ancient Rome 2:06 
   Energy Basics 3:44 
    Work 3:45 
    Laws of Thermodynamics 5:51 
    Laws of Efficiency 7:57 
    Thermal Efficiency 10:50 
   U.S. Energy Consumption: Now and Later 12:14 
    1950s 12:21 
    1970s 13:07 
    2009 13:34 
    2030 13:55 
    2050 14:03 
   Energy Sources 14:16 
    U.S. Uses 20% of Energy 14:17 
    Alternative 15:44 
    Renewable 16:46 
   Conservation of Energy 17:37 
    Conservation 17:39 
    Energy Efficiency 19:26 
    Cogeneration 20:34 
    Building Design 21:13 
    Values and Choices 22:31 
   Sustainable-Energy Policy 25:38 
    Not Business as Usual 26:02 
    Energy Sustainability Policy 26:38 
   Micropower 30:08 
    Smaller, Distributed Systems for Electricity Production 30:09 
    Homes Have Their Own Small Power Systems 31:12 
    Distributive Power Systems 32:33 
  Fossil Fuels 1:02:35
   Intro 0:00 
   Fossil Fuel Basics 0:04 
    Matter Is Not Completely Oxidized 0:37 
    Converted Via Chemical Reactions 1:12 
    In a Sense, It's Stored Solar Energy 1:45 
   Fossil Fuel Usage Worldwide 2:33 
    90% of the Energy Used Worldwide 2:36 
    World Energy Consumption Grew 2:52 
    Oil and Natural Gas Make up 70-80% of Primary Energy Usage 4:14 
    China and Coal 4:53 
   Crude Oil and Natural Gas Origins 5:09 
    Petroleum 5:14 
    Elevated Temperature and Pressure Facilitate the Production of the Oil or Natural Gas 5:41 
    Source Rock vs. Reservoir Rock 6:05 
    Upward Migration 7:34 
   Petroleum Production 9:09 
    Primary Production 9:10 
    Enhanced Recovery 9:32 
    Proven Oil Reserves 10:02 
    Overall Oil Resource Estimates 11:06 
   Petroleum Use Now and Later 12:06 
    Scientists Suggest That Proven Oil Reserves Will Only Last Several More Decades 12:10 
    Potential Crisis? 12:55 
   Natural Gas 13:59 
    Search for This Resource Has Not Been Around As Long As Oil 14:02 
    Worldwide Estimate 15:14 
   Coal-Bed Methane 18:32 
    Formation of Coal 18:37 
    Utah and Wyoming Have the Largest Known Coal-Bed Methane Sources in the U.S. 19:04 
    Benefits and Concerns 19:53 
   Black Shale (Tight) Natural Gas 22:47 
    Black Devonian Shale 22:51 
    Recovery is Costly and Controversial 23:27 
   Methane Hydrates 25:14 
    Exist Beneath Ocean Floor 25:17 
    White, Ice-like Compound of CH4 in a Frozen Water 25:30 
    Giant Craters from Methane Eruptions 25:59 
    Potentially Contain 2x the Energy of All the Other Fossil Fuels on Earth 26:29 
   Oil's Effect on the Environment 27:34 
    Use of Land for Wells, Pipes, Storage 27:45 
    Pollution of Surface Waters and Groundwater 27:59 
    Accidental Release of Mass Amounts of Oil 28:17 
    Accidental Release of Air Pollutants 28:56 
    Release of Drilling Muds 29:01 
    Land Subsidence 29:26 
    Loss/ Disruption of Ecosystems 29:42 
   Refining, Delivering and Using Oil 29:57 
    Fractional Distillation Oil Has Its Issues 30:00 
    Creating 'Fine Oil' Can Have its Environmental Costs 30:58 
    Delivery on Land Via Pipelines or in Ocean by Tankers 31:46 
   ANWR: Should We Drill? 32:51 
    Pros of Drilling 33:35 
    Cons of Drilling 35:08 
   Coal Introduction 37:39 
    Partial Decomposed Vegetation, Buried in Sediment, Can Eventually Become Coal 37:45 
    Classified As 38:54 
    Low Sulfur Content is Important 39:50 
   Coal Mining 44:42 
    Thousands of Square Kilometer in the U.S. Disturbed 44:45 
    Strip Mining 45:52 
   Mountaintop Removal of Coal 48:29 
    Growing Concern Over This Practice 48:32 
    Mountaintops are Destroyed, Valleys are Filled with Waste Rock and Mine Waste, Flood Hazard Increased 49:17 
    October 2000, SE Kentucky 49:54 
    Proponents Emphasize $ Value to Local Economy 50:47 
    Experts Claim That Reclamation Success Stories are Few and Far Between 50:56 
   Underground Mining of Coal 51:20 
    Accounts for About 40% of the Coal Mined in the U.S. 51:21 
    Dangers to Miners Are Well Documented 51:34 
    Environmental Issues 52:05 
    Transporting Coal 53:00 
   The Future of Coal 53:51 
    Burning Coal Produces Almost 50% of Electricity Used and 25% of Total Energy Consumed in U.S. 53:52 
    Recent Legislation Has Created a Demand For the Following 54:02 
   Oil Shale and Tar Sands 58:04 
    Oil Shale 58:19 
    Tar Sands 59:43 
  Alternative Energy 41:46
   Intro 0:00 
   Non-renewable vs. Renewable Energy 0:05 
    Alternative Energy 0:06 
    Non-renewables 0:29 
    Renewables 1:03 
   Solar Energy Basics 1:37 
    Worldwide 1:45 
    Passive Solar Energy Systems 2:44 
    Active Solar Energy Systems 4:02 
   Active Solar Energy 4:21 
    Require Mechanical Power to Move Air and/or Water 4:22 
    Solar Collectors 4:32 
    Photovoltaics 7:58 
   Solar Thermal Generators 8:54 
    Solar One 9:17 
    Pros 10:54 
    Cons 12:10 
   Fuel Cells - A Great Alternative for Cars 13:11 
    Fuel Cars 13:32 
    The Only Waste is Water 16:37 
   Water Power Basics 17:13 
    Successful Since the Time of the Roman Empire 17:17 
    Hydroelectric Power Harnesses the Power of Water Stored Behind Dams 17:34 
    Pump Storage System 18:12 
   Small-Scale and Environmental Impact 19:25 
    Large Dam Locations and Use 19:32 
    Environmental Impact 20:49 
   Ocean Energy 21:54 
    Tidal Power 22:07 
    Flood Tide 22:38 
    Ebb Tide 22:57 
    Concerns 23:33 
   Wind Power 25:12 
    In Use with the Ancient Chinese and Persians 25:13 
    18 km/hr Winds on Average 26:24 
    Today's Cheapest Alternative Energy 28:18 
    Pros and Cons 28:36 
   Biofuels 32:13 
    Energy Recovered from Biomass 32:14 
    Oldest Fuel Used by Humans 32:47 
    Pros and Cons 33:46 
   Geothermal Energy 37:13 
    Deep-Earth 37:22 
    Shallow-Earth 38:21 
   Geothermal's Future and the Environment 39:39 
    Geyers Geothermal Field 39:40 
    Deep-Earth and Shallow-Earth in the Future 40:18 
    Environmental Concerns 40:37 
  Nuclear Energy 31:59
   Intro 0:00 
   Nuclear Fission 0:04 
    Atoms Split Into Two or More Smaller Nuclei Along with By-Products 0:13 
    Explosion 0:39 
    Amount of Energy Contained in Nuclear Fuel Is 10 Million Times More Than Coal and Petroleum 1:31 
    1950s-60s Cesium-137 2:36 
   Nuclear Fuel 6:17 
    U-235 6:26 
    U-238 8:42 
    Pu-239 9:11 
   Electricity Production 10:46 
    Reasons for Recent Decline 10:49 
    Currently Provides 15% of Global Electricity 12:49 
    2007 13:20 
    Arguments in Favor of Nuclear Energy for Electricity 13:31 
   Nuclear Reactor Basics 15:18 
    Core 15:33 
    Fuel 16:36 
    Control Rods 16:46 
    Moderator 17:07 
    Coolant 17:22 
   Water Reactors 17:37 
    Light-Water Reactors 17:50 
    Heavy-Water Reactors 20:08 
   Graphite-Moderated and Exotics Reactors 21:40 
    Graphite-Moderated 21:41 
    Exotic Reactors 22:21 
   Overview of Pros and Cons of Nuclear Energy 22:48 
    Pros 22:54 
    Cons 22:36 
   Safety Issues (and Chernobyl) 25:01 
    Up to 50,000 Sites Within the U.S. Have Radioactive Contamination and Require Cleanup 25:05 
    Estimated Nuclear Health Risks Per Year 25:58 
    Chernobyl, Ukraine 26:48 
   Nuclear Fusion 30:12 
    Extremely High Temps Can Force Nuclei of Lightweight Atoms to Fuse Together, Causing Large Amounts of Energy to be Released 30:22 
    For Contrast 30:43 
    The Same Electricity Production from Nuclear Fusion Would Create Only 4 lbs Harmless Helium as Waste 31:19 
  Water Resources & Use 1:05:34
   Intro 0:00 
   Water Basics 0:05 
    Polar Covalently Bonded Molecule 0:22 
    Hydrogen Bonds are Between Neighboring H2Os 0:59 
    High Specific Heat 1:53 
    Universal Solvent 3:04 
    High Surface Tension 3:40 
    Cohesion Adhesion 4:18 
    Solid Form is Less Dense Than the Liquid Form 5:22 
    Filters Out Harmful UV Radiation 6:12 
    Sunlight Penetrates Water to Variable Depths 6:29 
   Hydrologics: A Global Perspective 6:39 
    Earth's Water 8:13 
    Freshwater 8:25 
    Fresh Surface Water 9:16 
    Projection 9:57 
   Water Supply 10:48 
    Water Budget 10:49 
    Missouri River Example 12:27 
    Surface Water Supply Can Never Be As High As Average Annual Runoff 14:08 
   Groundwater and Streams 14:56 
    Groundwater 14:59 
    Recharge Zones vs. Discharge Zones 15:37 
    Aquifer 16:20 
    Streams: Effluent or Influent, Perennial or Ephemeral 18:33 
   Groundwater Use and Problems 20:04 
    Lots of Shallow Groundwater Available in U.S. 20:08 
    Groundwater Withdrawals Exceeds Natural Inflow in Many Areas 20:51 
    Area With the Worst Overdraft Problem 22:01 
   Desalination 23:45 
    More Fresh Water Can be Made Available Through This Process 23:49 
    Expensive 24:57 
    Concerns 25:41 
   Off-Stream and In-Stream Use 26:16 
    Off-Stream 26:26 
    In-Stream 27:23 
   Aral Sea Wake-Up Call 31:16 
    Dying Due to Diverting River Water for Agricultural Use 31:28 
    Environmental Hazards Result 32:45 
    Dam Constructed and Conservation Efforts 33:35 
   Water Transport and Trends in Use 34:43 
    Price Continues to Go Up 34:47 
    CA Dichotomy 35:46 
    Trends in Water Use from 1950-2005 36:45 
   Water Conservation in Agriculture 38:53 
    Careful Use and Protection of Water 38:59 
    Suggestions for Conserving 39:30 
   Water Conservation for Homes/ Cities 43:31 
    Growing Populations in Numerous Cities are Heading for a Situation Where the Water Supply is Exhausted 43:41 
    Suggestions for Conserving 44:23 
   Water Sustainability 49:17 
    Careful Use and Protection of Water 49:18 
    Criteria for Sustainable Water Use 49:33 
    Example: Artificial Recharge 50:42 
   Virtual Water Footprint 51:51 
    Amount of Water Used to Produce a Product 52:00 
    Water Export/ Import Varies by Continent 53:50 
    Use of Water for Making Products is Important to Consider 55:26 
    Footprint: Total Volume Used to Product Services 56:25 
   Wetlands and Their Importance 58:29 
    Natural Sponge 59:05 
    Groundwater Recharge 59:26 
    Endangered Animals Rely on Them 59:45 
    Help Purify Water 60:07 
    Buffer for Storms/Waves 60:24 
    Lots of Carbon Storage 60:38 
    Aesthetically Pleasing 60:58 
   Dams and Their Effects 61:26 
    Environmental Effects of Dams 61:31 
    Three Gorges Dam, China 63:46 
    Marmot Dam Restoration, Oregon 64:57 
  Water Pollution & Treatment 46:39
   Intro 0:00 
   Water Pollution Overview 0:05 
    Degradation of Water Quality 0:09 
    Sources of Pollution 0:37 
    Maximum Contaminant Levels 2:50 
   Biochemical Oxygen Demand 4:08 
    Biochemical Oxygen Demand 4:09 
    Dead Organic Matter Enters Streams From Natural Sources and Agriculture Runoff 4:50 
    Dissolved Oxygen Content of <5 mg/L is Threshold 5:31 
    Three Zones 6:03 
   Waterborne Illnesses 9:34 
    Not Immune to Outbreaks of Waterborne Disease 9:35 
    Fecal Coliform Bacteria 9:53 
    Water Unfit to Swim In 11:02 
   Nutrients in Water 11:49 
    Pollution from Human Sources 12:11 
    Eutrophication 12:28 
    Eutrophic vs. Oligotrophic Lake 13:41 
    Cultural Eutrophication 14:36 
   Oil and Sediment 17:10 
    Oil Has Caused Major Pollution Problems 17:11 
    Sediment Pollution is Also a Major Issue 18:19 
   Acid Mine Drainage 18:57 
    General Equation 19:13 
    Can Occur Near Abandoned Mines 20:35 
    Potential Solutions 21:26 
   Surface-Water Pollution 22:41 
    Point Sources 22:45 
    Urban-Runoff Naturalization 23:43 
   Groundwater Pollution 26:18 
    Groundwater to Drink 26:19 
    Example: Gasoline Pollution 26:52 
    Points to Consider 27:38 
    Different from Surface-Water Pollution 28:21 
   Wastewater Treatment 29:37 
    Sewage Treatment 29:38 
    Septic Tank Disposal Systems 29:58 
    Water Treatment Plant Receives Sewage from Pipes and After Treatment Discharges Water Into Ocean 33:01 
    Primary Water Treatment 33:22 
    Secondary Water Treatment 34:20 
    Advanced Treatment 35:32 
   Land Application of Wastewater 36:28 
    Recycling Wastewater is Becoming More Common 36:69 
    Man-Made Wetlands 36:35 
    Example: Arcata, ca 38:27 
   Water Reuse 39:15 
    Inadvertent Water Reuse 39:24 
    Indirect Water Reuse 40:29 
    Direct Water Reuse 40:41 
   Water Pollution and Environmental Law 41:26 
    Refuse Act 41:40 
    Water Quality Improvement Act 42:07 
    Federal Safe Drinking Water Act 42:28 
    Clean Water Act 42:51 
    Water Quality Act 42:58 
   The Hudson River Story 43:46 
    Flows in 2 Directions 43:56 
    History 44:33 
  Air Pollution 1:27:40
   Intro 0:00 
   Air Pollution Overview 0:05 
    People Have Recognized the Problem for a Long Time Now 0:42 
    Stationary Sources 1:58 
    Mobile Sources 3:22 
   General Effects of Air Pollutants 3:39 
    Affects Vegetation, Animals, Soils, Water Quality, Natural/ Art Structures, Human Health, and Visibility 3:46 
    Major Factor in the Death Rate in Large Cities 5:23 
    Effects on Humans 5:45 
    Synergistic Effects 6:47 
   Major Air Pollutants 7:24 
    Primary Pollutants 7:33 
    Secondary Pollutants 8:15 
    Primary Pollutants That Account for Most of the Problems 9:33 
   Criteria Pollutants 11:08 
    Sulfur Dioxide 11:24 
    Nitrogen Oxides 12:57 
    Carbon Monoxide 16:03 
    Ozone 16:52 
    Particulate Matter 17:10 
    Lead 22:16 
   Acid Rain 23:41 
    Precipitation Lower than 5.6pH 22:44 
    Determining the Effects of Acid Rain 26:49 
    Effects: Forests, Water, Humans 28:12 
    How to Control it 30:46 
   Air Toxics 33:02 
    H2S 33:12 
    HF 34:11 
    Hg 34:55 
    VOCs 36:48 
    C2H3NO 37:30 
    C6H6 38:44 
    CH2CHCHO 39:30 
   Air Pollution Variability 40:11 
    Varies from Place to Place 40:13 
    Varies with Time of Year 42:18 
    Haze from Afar 43:38 
   Urban Air Pollution 44:44 
    Photochemical Smog 44:49 
    Sulfurous Smog 45:23 
    Primary Adverse Effects 46:05 
   Controlling Pollutants and Quality Standards 50:43 
    Preventing Entrance into Atmosphere 50:45 
    Air Pollution Legislation 54:03 
   High Altitude Depletion 56:55 
    Ozone Depletion is a Major Concern 56:59 
    Ozone Shield 57:25 
    Ozone Depletion 60:02 
    Antarctic Ozone Hole 64:30 
    Pole Stratospheric Clouds 65:29 
    Environmental Effects 67:06 
    The Future of Ozone Depletion 69:31 
   Indoor Air Pollution Intro 70:15 
    70-90% Enclosed in Space 70:16 
    Coal Miners' Disease 71:16 
    One of the Biggest Hazards in Modern Workspace 71:50 
    Hurricane Katrina 71:58 
    Sources 73:35 
   Some Sources of Indoor Air Pollution 73:44 
    Heating, Ventilation 73:50 
    Furniture and Carpets 74:07 
    Machines, Computers, Printers 74:21 
    Pesticides 74:49 
    Indoor Smoking 75:13 
    Chemicals Used in Building Construction 75:28 
    Garbage Containers and Vehicle Exhaust 75:40 
    Cleaning Products 76:15 
    Dust Mites and Molds 76:28 
    Pollen 76:37 
   More on Indoor Pollution 76:48 
    Chimney Effect 76:58 
    Heating, Ventilation 77:56 
    Environmental Tobacco Smoke 78:46 
    Radon Gas 80:37 
    'Sick Buildings' 82:24 
   Controlling Indoor Air Pollution 85:04 
    Make Homes/ Buildings Radon Resistant 86:00 
    Building Design 86:33 
  Atmosphere & Climate Change 1:16:03
   Intro 0:00 
   Fundamental Questions on Global Warming 0:06 
   Weather vs. Climate 3:28 
    Weather 3:37 
    Climate 4:10 
    Weather is Affected by Many Factors 5:22 
    Climate is Always Changing 6:12 
   Atmospheric Composition 9:10 
   Factors That Influence Climate 11:12 
    Air Mass and Pressure 11:25 
    Albedo 11:55 
    Altitude and Latitude 12:51 
    Humidity and Clouds 13:58 
    Angle of Sunlight 14:31 
    Carbon Cycle 14:56 
    Heat 15:20 
    Landmasses/ Mountains 16:02 
    Volcanoes 16:14 
    Pollution 16:36 
    Wind Patterns 16:55 
   Greenhouse Gases 17:10 
    Gases That Warm the Earth's Surface as They Accumulate in the Atmosphere 17:11 
    Examples 19:04 
   The Greenhouse Effect 21:05 
    Heat Trapped in Earth by Greenhouse Gases 21:06 
    Majority of Heat Radiates Back Into Outer Space 21:18 
    How It Works 21:46 
   The Atmosphere 25:01 
    Thermosphere 25:49 
    Mesosphere 26:30 
    Stratosphere 26:53 
    Troposphere 27:52 
   How We Study Climate 31:13 
    Instrumental Record 31:17 
    Historical Record 32:59 
    Paleo-Proxy Record 34:03 
   Climate Change and Feedback Loops 40:57 
    Negative Feedback 41:08 
    Positive Feedback 45:20 
   Causes of Climate Change 48:07 
    Milankovitch Cycles 49:12 
    Solar Cycles 51:50 
    Albedo Effects 52:48 
    Roughness of the Earth 53:22 
    Chemistry of Life 53:48 
    Climate Forcing 54:13 
   Oceans and Climate Change 56:22 
    Ocean/ Atmosphere Relationship 56:23 
    Ocean Conveyor Belt 57:37 
    El Niño 58:16 
    La Niña 60:01 
   Forecasting Climate Change 60:06 
    Past Observations and Research 60:10 
    Computer Simulations 63:34 
    Polar Amplification 64:47 
   Potential Environmental, Ecological, Human Effects 65:51 
    Changes in River Flow 65:57 
    Rise in Sea Levels 66:26 
    Glaciers and Sea Ice 67:37 
    Changes in Biodiversity 68:37 
    Agricultural Production 69:53 
    Human Health Effects 70:47 
    Options to Deal With It 72:09 
   Kyoto Protocol 73:18 
    International Agreement to Mitigate Global Warming 73:23 
    Cut of Carbon Dioxide Emissions 73:48 
    2008: U.S. Agreed to 50% Reductions 74:16 
    2010: No International Agreement with U.S. 75:35 

Section 6: Cities and the Future
  The Urban Environment 51:05
   Intro 0:00 
   City Facts 0:05 
    1950: Few people Lived in Cities 1:22 
    U.S. = 75% Urban, 25% Rural 2:07 
    2002: Megacities 2:41 
    Urban Ecosystems 3:19 
   Location, Location, Location 5:04 
    Site 5:29 
    Situation 5:42 
    Fall Line 7:44 
   Site Modification 9:11 
    Negative Consequences: New Orleans 9:22 
    Bruges, Belgium 11:06 
   Environmental History of Cities 12:19 
    Stage 1: Rise of Cities 12:27 
    Stage 2: Urban Center 13:33 
    Stage 3: Industrial Metropolis 15:22 
    Stage 4: Center of Civilization 17:29 
   Planning and the Environment 18:52 
    Defense and Beauty 19:15 
    City Parks are Designed with Nature 21:26 
    Garden City with Green Belt 23:33 
   The City as an Environment 24:14 
    Cities Inevitably Change the Landscape 24:17 
    Energy Budget 26:17 
    Climate Effects 28:00 
    Solar Energy 28:53 
    Water and Soils 30:13 
    Pollution 30:54 
   Bringing Nature to the City 31:52 
    New York City's High Line 31:59 
    Rivers 34:38 
    Vegetation in Cities 37:55 
    Urban 'Wilds' 38:59 
    Animal Pests 41:02 
   Urban Sprawl 45:02 
    1959: Blue Line 46:38 
    1967: Greenbelt 48:01 
    1976: 2% Increase in Residents Per Year 48:25 
    2002: Only Increased 2000 48:41 
  Materials Management 1:14:52
   Intro 0:00 
   The Importance of Resources 0:04 
    Renewable vs. Nonrenewables 0:11 
    Goal 1:22 
    Ways to Achieve Goal 1:28 
   Mineral Resources 5:06 
    Ore Deposits 5:40 
    Sedimentary Processes Result 6:17 
    Weathering 6:59 
   How Much is Left? 8:15 
    Resources 8:22 
    Reserves 8:44 
    Varied Use of Minerals Worldwide 10:36 
    When the Resources is Limited… 11:59 
   Mineral Development and Its Impact 13:42 
    Environmental Impacts 13:46 
    Social Impacts 15:22 
    Minimizing the Impact 17:15 
   Resource Cycle Flowchart 18:47 
   Materials Management and Waste 21:38 
    History or Waste Disposal 21:39 
    Industrial Ecology 25:51 
   Integrated Waste Management 28:06 
    IWM 28:07 
    Single Stream Recycling 29:33 
    Public Support 30:33 
    Recycling Human Waste 32:19 
   Solid-Waste Management 35:48 
    What It's Composed Of 35:51 
    Composting 39:23 
    Incineration 41:11 
    Open Dumps vs. Sanitary Landfills 41:43 
   Landfills: Site Selection and Monitoring 43:51 
    The Hazard of Leachate 44:10 
    Site Selection 45:10 
    Entrance into the Environment 46:33 
   Legislation and Waste Reduction in Landfills 49:03 
    Federal/ EPA Standards 49:07 
    Waste Reduction Strategies 50:51 
   Hazardous Waste 54:20 
    Illegal Dumping 54:40 
    Pollution of Groundwater and/or Soil 57:49 
   Hazardous Waste Disposal, Management 59:35 
    Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 59:38 
    CERCLA 59:48 
    Environmental Audits 61:39 
    Secure Landfill 63:11 
   Alternatives to Land Disposal 63:58 
    We Can Improve Hazardous Waste Disposal 64:00 
    Source Reduction 65:00 
    Recycling, Resource Recovery 65:16 
    Incineration 65:30 
   Ocean Dumping 65:52 
    Oceans Cover More Than 70% of Earth 65:05 
    Some of Marine Pollution's Harmful Effects 66:40 
    Microlayer Dangers 68:43 
    'Plastic Island' in the Pacific 70:09 
   E-Waste 70:56 
    Danger of Electronic Waste 70:59 
    Treasure of the Cell Phone 71:54 
    Some Areas Factor Recycling/ Disposal Into Costs 72:45 
    We Can Do Better! 74:10 
  The Future of the Environment 29:09
   Intro 0:00 
   Ecotopia! 0:05 
    Stable or Declining Human Population 0:23 
    All Resources are Sustainable 0:51 
    Enough Wilderness for People to Enjoy Recreation 1:05 
    Minimized Pollution 1:24 
    Risk of Extinction Minimized for Many Species 1:37 
    Healthy, Functioning Ecosystems 2:14 
    Enough Water and Food for All Life 2:29 
   Planning a Future 2:48 
    Self-Organizing Systems 2:51 
    Example: Town Formation vs. Deepwater Horizon 3:43 
    Democracy 5:19 
    Planning is a Social Experiment We All Participate In 6:02 
   Environment and the Law 7:23 
    'A Horse, a Gun, and a Plan' 7:27 
    Three Stages 8:45 
    How Far Can Governments Go with Enacting Environmental Legislation? 12:29 
   Planning for Services and Recreation 12:51 
    Regional Planning 12:55 
    Planning Goes Into Providing Recreational National Park Space 14:25 
    Policy Implementation Examples 15:32 
    Skiing at Mineral King 16:28 
    Rewilding 18:45 
   Participation in Environmental Law 20:13 
    Environmental Groups Have Been a Powerful Force 20:17 
    Citizens Actions 20:27 
    Mediation 21:41 
   International Law and Security 22:57 
    More Than One Billion People on Earth Live in Poverty 22:58 
    United Nation's Annual Budget for Environment 26:31 
   Earth Summit of Sustainable Development 27:14 
    Johannesburg, South Africa 27:15 
    Objectives 27:21 

Section 7: Lichens
  Lichens: A Closer Look 40:06
   Intro 0:00 
   Lichen Intro 0:05 
    Composite Organism from a Symbiotic Relationship 0:49 
    Thousands of Species 1:58 
    Can Live Anywhere 2:43 
    Found from Sea Level to Alpine Environments 3:10 
    Not Moss 3:24 
    Related to Environmental Science in Many Ways 3:54 
   Various Forms of Lichen 5:48 
    Categorized Based on Growth 5:50 
    Wide Variety of Colors 7:07 
    Range of Forms 7:38 
   Symbiosis: Not a Traditional Mutualism 8:08 
    'Lichens are Fungi That Have Discovered Agriculture' 8:14 
    Mutualism 8:53 
    Some Lichens Live on Other Lichens 12:01 
   Reproduction of Lichens 12:24 
    Reproduction is Generally Asexual 12:27 
    Fungal Part Can Reproduce Sexually 12:54 
    Spore-Containing Bodies Grow from the Thallus 13:25 
   Energy Use of Lichens 13:57 
    Photobiont 14:05 
    Water 14:34 
    Temperature 15:45 
    Minerals 16:41 
    What Eats Lichens? 17:07 
   Lichens in North American Biomes 18:04 
    Arctic/ Alpine Region 18:20 
    Boreal Region 19:36 
    Temperate Region 20:24 
    Madrean 21:31 
    Tropical 22:50 
    Desert 23:45 
   Response to the Environment 24:30 
    Lichens are Efficient Accumulators of Minerals 24:31 
    Absorbed from the Atmosphere and Soil 25:30 
    Pollution Monitors 26:28 
    Transplants Programs 28:27 
    Ability to Absorb Metals Can Potentially Indicate Where Ore is Located 30:02 
    Some Lichens are Restricted to Old Growth Forests, With Undisturbed Growth 30:48 
   Human Use of Lichens 32:12 
    Exceptions 32:33 
    Clothing 35:12 
    Dyes 35:40 
    Perfumes 35:55 
    Medicines 36:47 

Section 8: Practice AP Test
  AP Practice Exam: Math Problems 37:14
   Intro 0:00 
   Testing Basics 0:07 
   Advice on Preparation 4:12 
   Math Problem 1 7:46 
   Math Problem 2 11:37 
   Math Problem 3 13:11 
   Math Problem 4 16:07 
   Math Problem 5 20:41 
   Math Problem 6 22:30 
   Math Problem 7 23:14 
   Math Problem 8 24:28 
   Math Problem 9 25:29 
   Math Problem 10 27:30 
   Math Problem 11 29:26 
   Math Problem 12 31:15 
   Math Problem 13 32:36 
   Math Problem 14 34:44 
  AP Practice Exam: Multiple Choice 41:50
   Intro 0:00 
   Explanation 0:06 
   Breakdown of Concepts 1:57 
   Question 1 2:19 
   Question 2 2:47 
   Question 3 3:36 
   Question 4 4:35 
   Question 5 5:32 
   Question 6 5:48 
   Question 7 6:39 
   Question 8 7:19 
   Question 9 7:59 
   Question 10 9:10 
   Question 11 9:37 
   Question 12 10:29 
   Question 13 11:21 
   Question 14 12:03 
   Question 15 12:42 
   Question 16 13:44 
   Question 17 14:20 
   Question 18 15:14 
   Question 19 16:23 
   Question 20 17:13 
   Question 21 18:24 
   Question 22 19:28 
   Question 23 20:12 
   Question 24 20:51 
   Question 25 21:54 
   Question 26 22:32 
   Question 27 23:44 
   Question 28 24:20 
   Question 29 25:08 
   Question 30 26:03 
   Question 31 26:35 
   Question 32 27:24 
   Question 33 28:11 
   Question 34 29:14 
   Question 35 29:53 
   Question 36 30:42 
   Question 37 31:22 
   Question 38 31:57 
   Question 39 32:32 
   Question 40 33:44 
   Question 41 34:27 
   Question 42 35:01 
   Question 43 35:28 
   Question 44 36:11 
   Question 45 36:51 
   Question 46 37:29 
   Question 47 37:55 
   Question 48 39:16 
   Question 49 40:11 
   Question 50 40:58 
  AP Practice Exam: Free Response 1:01:26
   Intro 0:00 
   Free Response Summary 0:05 
   Advice on Preparation 3:55 
   Free Response Question 1 7:11 
   Free Response Question 2 25:12 
   Free Response Question 3 37:46 
   Free Response Question 4 50:28 

Duration: 23 hours, 21 minutes

Number of Lessons: 29

This course is aimed at high school students taking the AP Environmental Science course and exam, but is also suitable for college students. A full walkthrough of a previous year’s AP exam anchors this course.

Additional Features:

  • Free Sample Lessons
  • Downloadable Lecture Slides
  • Study Guides
  • Instructor Comments

Topics Include:

  • Scientific Method
  • Human Population
  • Earth’s Cycles
  • Pollution
  • Energy, Water, & Air
  • Urban Environment
  • Lichens
  • Practice AP Exam

Professor Cardella brings both extensive knowledge and engaging delivery to this AP course with his 10+ years teaching high school life sciences and stand-up comedy experience.

Student Testimonials:

“Thank you so much! Just took the exam today and felt really confident! Your videos were a huge help in my self-study!” — Caleb K.

Visit Prof. Cardella’s page

Student Feedback

4.4

5 Reviews

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By Kevin Guo•May 1, 2017
I self-studied for APES in 3 days and took the exam today knowing every bit of material. I can confidentally say that these video lectures coupled with REA's Crash Course will get you an easy 5.

Thank you Prof. Cardella!
By Li Xue•April 22, 2016
OK Thank You
By Peter Ke•September 8, 2015
Why is the earth's atmosphere is mostly made up of nitrogen and not oxygen because plants and living things uses oxygen?

I remember my biology teacher say that if earth's atmosphere have more oxygen than nitrogen then some sort of fire will be created. Is she correct?
By R Abdullah•July 21, 2015
Hi Professor Cardella,

I am planning to self-study AP Environmental Science for the 2015-2016 year. I was wondering if you can recommend a textbook that follows your course.

Thank you,

Rasheed Abdullah
By Caleb Kierum•May 4, 2015
Thankyou so much! Just took the exam today and felt really confident! Your vidoes were a huge help in my self study!

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