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Bacterial Infection Patterns

  • Bacterial Pathogenesis
    • Location of bacterial infections
  • Progressive Steps of Bacterial Infection
    • Portals of entry
    • Number of invading bacteria
    • Adherence to host tissue
    • Penetration of host defenses
      • Bacterial structures used for penetration
    • Bacterial destruction of host cells by toxin production
      • Exotoxin
      • Endotoxin

Bacterial Infection Patterns

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  1. Intro
    • 'Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria'
      • Classification of Bacteria
        • Bacterial Pathogenesis
        • Location of Bacteria Infections
          • Steps of Bacterial Infection
          • Portals of Entry
            • The Skin
              • Viral and Bacterial Infection of Respiratory
              • Infection of Intestinal Epithelium
              • Numbers of Invading Bacteria
              • Virulence of Bacillus Anthracis
                • Adherence of Bacteria to Host Tissue
                • Adherence
                • Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci
                  • Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                  • Capsules
                  • Streptococcus Pneumoniae
                    • Cell Wall Components
                    • Bacterial Enzymes
                    • Penetration
                    • Bacterial Damage to Host Cells
                    • Production of Toxins
                    • Exotoxin
                    • Exotoxin Examples
                      • Action of A-B Exotoxin
                        • Endotoxin
                        • Endotoxins and the Pyrogenic Response
                          • Example Endotoxins
                          • Steps of Bacterial Infection
                            • Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                              • Example 1
                                • Example 2
                                  • Example 3
                                    • Intro 0:00
                                    • 'Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria' 0:42
                                    • Classification of Bacteria 2:13
                                    • Bacterial Pathogenesis 2:31
                                      • First Type of Immunity: Innate Immune System
                                      • Complement System
                                      • Innate Immune Cells: Phagocytosis
                                      • Cytokine Production and Epitopes
                                    • Location of Bacteria Infections 4:05
                                    • Steps of Bacterial Infection 5:25
                                      • Entry Into Host
                                      • Adherence to Host Tissue
                                      • Colonization
                                      • Overcome a Host's Defense
                                      • Hosts' Immune Response
                                      • Damage the Host Tissues
                                      • Progression or Recovery
                                    • Portals of Entry 6:35
                                    • The Skin 7:18
                                    • Viral and Bacterial Infection of Respiratory 7:46
                                      • Bacteria Entry
                                      • Some Bacteria Produce Toxins and Enzymes
                                      • Immune Response is Disease Causing Part of Bacterial Infection
                                    • Infection of Intestinal Epithelium 8:59
                                      • Shigella
                                      • Salmonella
                                    • Numbers of Invading Bacteria 11:05
                                      • Virulence
                                      • Potency
                                    • Virulence of Bacillus Anthracis 12:33
                                    • Adherence of Bacteria to Host Tissue 13:49
                                      • Adhesins or Ligands
                                      • Glycocalyx
                                      • Fimbriae
                                      • M Protein
                                    • Adherence 15:07
                                      • Adhesins or Ligands
                                      • E. coli Bacteria
                                      • Bacteria Adhering to Human Skin
                                    • Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci 16:28
                                    • Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses 16:42
                                      • Capsules
                                      • Cell Wall Components
                                      • Enzymes
                                      • Antigenic Variation
                                      • Penetration into Host Cell Cytoskeleton
                                    • Capsules 18:06
                                      • Capsule
                                      • Glycocalyx
                                      • Functions to Impair Phagocytosis
                                      • Host Can However Develop Antibodies Against the Capsule
                                    • Streptococcus Pneumoniae 19:28
                                    • Cell Wall Components 20:06
                                      • M Protein
                                      • Neisseria Gonorrhea
                                      • Fimbriae
                                    • Bacterial Enzymes 21:23
                                      • Coagulase
                                      • Hyalurpnidase
                                      • Collagenase
                                      • IgA Proteases
                                    • Penetration 22:44
                                      • Invasins
                                      • Invasins Cause Host Cell Membrane to Ruffle
                                      • Shigella and Listeria
                                    • Bacterial Damage to Host Cells 23:50
                                      • Production of Toxins
                                      • Types of Toxins
                                    • Production of Toxins 25:00
                                      • Toxin
                                      • Toxigenicity
                                      • Toxemia
                                      • Toxoid
                                      • Antitoxin
                                    • Exotoxin 25:44
                                      • Produced Inside Some Bacteria
                                      • Released When Bacteria Undergoes Lysis
                                      • Proteins and Enzymes That Catalyze Certain Biochemical Reactions
                                      • Bacteria That Produce Exotoxins Can be Gram + or Gram -
                                      • Exotoxins Are Soluble in Body Fluids
                                      • Some Diseases Caused by Their Exotoxins
                                    • Exotoxin Examples 27:35
                                    • Action of A-B Exotoxin 28:11
                                    • Endotoxin 29:12
                                      • Endotoxin Differ from Extoxin in Several Ways
                                      • Endotoxins are Released When Gram - is Liberated
                                      • Antibiotics Used to Treat Gem
                                      • Endotoxins Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
                                    • Endotoxins and the Pyrogenic Response 31:17
                                    • Example Endotoxins 32:08
                                      • Salmonella Typhi
                                      • Neisseria Meningitidis
                                      • Proteus Spp
                                    • Steps of Bacterial Infection 32:42
                                    • Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses 33:59
                                    • Example 1 34:41
                                    • Example 2 37:25
                                    • Example 3 39:39

                                    Related Books

                                    Catherine Carpenter

                                    Catherine Carpenter

                                    Bacterial Infection Patterns

                                    Slide Duration:

                                    Table of Contents

                                    Section 1: Introduction to Microbiology
                                    History of Microbiology

                                    40m 36s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Overview of Microbiology
                                    0:35
                                    What is Microbiology?
                                    0:39
                                    History of Microbiology
                                    0:47
                                    What is Microbiology?
                                    3:11
                                    Study of Biology of Pathogen
                                    4:05
                                    Study of Biology of Vector
                                    4:13
                                    Biology of Human Host
                                    4:28
                                    Microbiology
                                    6:32
                                    Study of Microorganisms
                                    6:35
                                    Includes Viruses, Small Macroscopic Organisms, and Parasites
                                    7:48
                                    Microorganisms are Responsible for Cycling the Chemical Elements Essential for Life
                                    9:32
                                    Produce More Energy Through Photosynthesis Than Plants
                                    10:00
                                    90% of Cells in Our Body are Microbes
                                    11:20
                                    Important Discoveries in Microbiology
                                    11:29
                                    Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
                                    11:48
                                    Invented of the Microscope
                                    11:59
                                    What Was Leeuwenhoek's World?
                                    12:47
                                    The First Smallpox Vaccination: Jenner 1796
                                    13:25
                                    Jenner Invented the First Vaccine
                                    13:35
                                    Protected from Smallpox
                                    13:58
                                    Edward Jenner and Vaccination
                                    14:49
                                    Cowpox Virus
                                    15:25
                                    Material Used for Vaccine Probably Contained Cowpox Virus
                                    15:46
                                    Inoculate James Phipps by Taking Pus from the Lesions on the Hands of a Diary Maid
                                    16:20
                                    Louis Pasteur and Theory of Spontaneous Generation
                                    17:58
                                    Pasteur's S-Shaped Flask Kept Microbes Out but Let Air In
                                    18:04
                                    Disproved Theory of Spontaneous Generation
                                    18:20
                                    Fermentation, Pasteurization, and Vaccination: Louis Pasteur
                                    19:53
                                    Fermentation
                                    19:54
                                    Pasteurizing
                                    20:14
                                    Vaccination
                                    20:56
                                    The Germ Theory of Disease: Robert Koch
                                    21:13
                                    Koch's Postulates
                                    21:47
                                    Koch's Postulates
                                    23:13
                                    Procedure to Determine Criteria to Establish Casual Relationship Between a Microbe and Disease
                                    23:34
                                    A Fortunate Accident: Antibiotics
                                    25:40
                                    Alexander Fleming Discovered the First Antibiotic
                                    25:55
                                    Summary of Important Discoveries
                                    27:12
                                    Ability to Visualize Microorganisms
                                    27:49
                                    Vaccination
                                    28:59
                                    Fermentation, Pasteurization and Vaccination from Rabies
                                    29:21
                                    Germ Theory of Disease
                                    29:42
                                    Antibiotics
                                    30:08
                                    Example 1
                                    31:36
                                    Example 2
                                    32:02
                                    Example 3
                                    33:56
                                    Example 4
                                    37:53
                                    Example 5
                                    38:57
                                    Laboratory Testing & Visualization

                                    44m 19s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Laboratory Testing and Visualization
                                    0:37
                                    Serology
                                    1:09
                                    Visualization: Types of Microscopes
                                    1:32
                                    A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
                                    1:57
                                    Generalized Tests for Microorganisms
                                    2:36
                                    Morphological Characteristics
                                    2:44
                                    Differential Staining
                                    3:00
                                    Biochemical Tests
                                    3:45
                                    A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
                                    4:19
                                    Serology
                                    6:38
                                    Detect Levels of Antibodies
                                    6:46
                                    Blood Serum
                                    7:43
                                    Recent of Past Infection
                                    7:59
                                    Differentiate Different Strains
                                    9:39
                                    Example of Serology Testing for HBV
                                    10:02
                                    Direct Agglutination Testing
                                    12:52
                                    Visual Test
                                    13:08
                                    Positive Results
                                    13:16
                                    Antibodies Sufficient in Level
                                    14:13
                                    ELISA Test
                                    15:56
                                    Sandwich ELISA
                                    16:39
                                    Western Blot
                                    18:56
                                    Proteins are Positioned on the Filter so Antibodies Can Bind to the Antigens
                                    19:09
                                    Filter is Then Washed with Patient's Serum
                                    19:27
                                    Positive Test for Particular Microorganisms
                                    20:04
                                    Flow Cytometry
                                    21:09
                                    Used to Identify Bacteria Without Culturing the Bacteria
                                    21:17
                                    Moving Fluid Containing Bacteria is Forced Through Small Opening
                                    22:03
                                    Differences in Electrical Conductivity Between the Cells are Detected
                                    22:17
                                    Results Distinguishing Three Different Species of Microorganisms
                                    22:56
                                    Genetic Testing: DNA Fingerprinting
                                    23:49
                                    Way to Specify and Differentiate Bacteria
                                    25:36
                                    Some Produce Taxon
                                    25:47
                                    Used as a Proxy for Microbial Cell Abundance
                                    26:13
                                    Detailed Figure
                                    26:43
                                    Pattern Matching to Determine Bacterial Strain
                                    27:22
                                    Example
                                    28:00
                                    Picture of That
                                    28:04
                                    Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
                                    29:36
                                    Light Microscope
                                    30:22
                                    Image
                                    31:18
                                    Darkfield Microscopy
                                    31:44
                                    An Illumination Technique Used to Enhance the Contrast in Unstained Samples
                                    31:51
                                    How It Works
                                    32:01
                                    Planaria in Pond Water
                                    32:19
                                    Electron Microscope
                                    32:55
                                    Uses Electron Beam to Illuminate a Specimen and Produce a Magnified Image
                                    33:23
                                    Electron Microscopy
                                    33:34
                                    Electron Microscope Image
                                    34:23
                                    Atomic Force Microscope
                                    34:41
                                    Manipulates Matter at the Nanoscale
                                    35:09
                                    Atomic Force Microscopy Image
                                    35:37
                                    Atomic Force Imaging
                                    35:54
                                    Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
                                    37:02
                                    Light Microscopes
                                    37:18
                                    Example 1
                                    37:28
                                    Example 2
                                    40:19
                                    Example 3
                                    40:57
                                    Example 4
                                    42:13
                                    Example 5
                                    42:35
                                    Present Day Importance of Microbiology

                                    43m 48s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Two Important Topic Area in Microbiology
                                    0:41
                                    Gut Microbiome
                                    1:21
                                    A Forgotten Organ
                                    1:25
                                    Colonization of the Gut Begins at Birth
                                    2:34
                                    Factors That Alter the Relationship
                                    4:02
                                    Pathologic Inflammation
                                    7:05
                                    Commensal Species
                                    9:47
                                    Pathobionts
                                    10:28
                                    Functional Comparison of the Gut Microbiome with Other Sequenced Microbiomes
                                    10:38
                                    Genes and Microbiome
                                    11:34
                                    Vitamin K Example
                                    12:00
                                    Escherichia Coli
                                    13:07
                                    Genomes of the Bacteria and Viruses of the Human Gut Encode 3.3 Million Genes
                                    14:02
                                    Link to Microbiome and Health
                                    14:57
                                    Antibiotic Resistance
                                    15:42
                                    Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest, Adaptation
                                    16:39
                                    Theory of Evolution
                                    17:07
                                    Origin of Species
                                    17:13
                                    Darwin Came Up with Theory
                                    17:50
                                    Link to Theory of Evolution
                                    18:01
                                    Natural Selection
                                    19:03
                                    Natural Selection
                                    19:09
                                    Adaptive Trait
                                    19:21
                                    Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
                                    19:49
                                    Two Week Course of Antibiotics
                                    20:10
                                    Antibiotic Resistant Strains Found in Hospitals and Schools
                                    21:21
                                    Evolution of Resistant Bacteria
                                    22:01
                                    Evolution of Resistance
                                    24:06
                                    Natural Selection
                                    24:08
                                    Some Bacteria Transfers the Resistant Genes to Other Bacteria Who Don't Have It
                                    24:24
                                    It Reproduces and Soon Populates an Antibiotic Resistant Infection
                                    25:06
                                    Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
                                    25:30
                                    Acquired Resistance
                                    25:31
                                    Resistance Develops by Mutation of Resident or by Acquisition of New Genes
                                    26:55
                                    Flourish in Areas of High Antimicrobial Use
                                    27:10
                                    Spread of Antibiotic Resistance
                                    27:19
                                    Selection of Resistant Bacteria by Overuse and Misuse of Antibiotics
                                    29:02
                                    Multiple Antibiotics
                                    29:46
                                    Antibiotics Used Unnecessarily
                                    30:35
                                    Bacterial and Viral Pneumonia
                                    31:13
                                    Indiscriminant Use of Antibiotic
                                    31:52
                                    Unnecessary Antibiotics Can Promote Resistant Bacteria
                                    32:25
                                    Future Antibiotics May Lose Effectiveness
                                    32:33
                                    Ease of Obtaining Antibiotics
                                    33:11
                                    Over the Counter
                                    33:13
                                    Encourages Indiscriminant and Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics
                                    33:25
                                    Use in Animal Feed
                                    34:26
                                    Prevent Infections and Promote Growth
                                    34:30
                                    Animals Can Develop Resistance Also
                                    35:03
                                    Tutorial on Antibiotic Resistance
                                    36:05
                                    Example 1
                                    36:32
                                    Example 2
                                    39:30
                                    Section 2: Cell Biology
                                    Biology of the Prototype Cell

                                    10m 2s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Cellular Organization
                                    0:14
                                    Prokaryotes
                                    0:27
                                    Eukaryotes
                                    0:48
                                    Three Domains of Life
                                    0:51
                                    Eubacteria
                                    1:02
                                    Archaebacteria
                                    1:09
                                    Eukaryotes
                                    1:15
                                    Evolution of Bacteria
                                    1:21
                                    Common Qualities
                                    2:02
                                    Nucleus
                                    2:12
                                    Plasma Membrane
                                    2:47
                                    Cytoplasm
                                    3:09
                                    Multicellularity
                                    3:17
                                    Multicellularity Evolved
                                    3:28
                                    Cells Gave Rise to Earth's First Lineage of Multicellular Organisms
                                    3:57
                                    Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens are 1.2 Billion Years Old
                                    4:18
                                    Cells Differentiated for Attaching to a Substrate
                                    4:37
                                    Longitudinal Division Divides Disc-Shaped Cells Into Radially Arranged Wedge-Shaped Cells
                                    4:54
                                    According to Energy
                                    5:08
                                    Phototrophs
                                    5:36
                                    Chemotrophs
                                    6:02
                                    Introducing Prokaryotic Cells
                                    6:46
                                    Bacteria and Archaea
                                    6:51
                                    Smallest Form of Life
                                    6:58
                                    Similar in Appearance and Size
                                    7:06
                                    Aerobic
                                    7:13
                                    Anaerobic
                                    7:19
                                    Facultative
                                    7:26
                                    Example 1
                                    7:37
                                    Example 2
                                    9:02
                                    Structures in Common & Structures That Are Unique

                                    8m 40s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Structures
                                    0:22
                                    Way to Remember Cell Structures
                                    0:23
                                    Membrane Similarities
                                    0:34
                                    Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have Plasma Membrane
                                    0:42
                                    Replication Molecules
                                    1:17
                                    Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have DNA and RNA
                                    1:18
                                    One Way Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are Different
                                    1:41
                                    Genome Differences
                                    1:49
                                    Eukaryotes
                                    1:52
                                    Prokaryotes
                                    2:12
                                    Cell Division Differences
                                    2:43
                                    Prokaryotes
                                    2:49
                                    Eukaryotes
                                    2:55
                                    Organelle Differences
                                    3:07
                                    Eukaryotes
                                    3:10
                                    Prokaryotes
                                    3:31
                                    Energy Metabolism Differences
                                    3:42
                                    Eukaryotes
                                    3:48
                                    Prokaryotes
                                    4:21
                                    Cytoskeleton Differences
                                    4:41
                                    Eukaryotes
                                    4:50
                                    Prokaryotes
                                    5:27
                                    Example 1
                                    5:46
                                    Example 2
                                    7:13
                                    DNA & RNA

                                    11m 46s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Which Came First
                                    0:31
                                    RNA Came First
                                    0:38
                                    Short RNA Molecules
                                    0:54
                                    Stored Information
                                    1:05
                                    Early RNA
                                    1:21
                                    Synthesized Proteins and Carried Info
                                    1:24
                                    Information Carrying Role of RNA
                                    1:36
                                    Evolution of Double-Stranded DNA Enabled the Storage of More Complex Info
                                    2:01
                                    DNA Became a Better Mechanism for Information Storage of Complex Traits
                                    2:13
                                    Replicating Molecules
                                    2:35
                                    Replicating Molecules Evolved and Began to Undergo Natural Selection
                                    2:51
                                    Replication
                                    3:05
                                    Protein Synthesis
                                    3:13
                                    RNA Evolves Into DNA
                                    3:24
                                    DNA Contains Instruction
                                    3:32
                                    RNA Transcribes DNA
                                    3:54
                                    Proteins Are Made from the Instructions
                                    3:59
                                    DNA Structure
                                    4:15
                                    Chromosomal DNA
                                    5:02
                                    DNA Coiling
                                    5:26
                                    DNA - Nucleic Functions
                                    5:51
                                    Transcription
                                    6:04
                                    Replication
                                    6:29
                                    Function of DNA
                                    7:10
                                    DNA Replication
                                    7:36
                                    Complete Unzipping of DNA
                                    7:38
                                    Assembly of Complementary Nucleotides
                                    7:47
                                    Only Occurs in Cell Division
                                    8:09
                                    DNA Replication Diagram
                                    8:18
                                    DNA Transcription and Translation
                                    8:41
                                    Example 1
                                    9:46
                                    Example 2
                                    10:27
                                    Example 3
                                    10:45
                                    Motility

                                    11m 24s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Motility is an Important Property
                                    0:26
                                    Flagella
                                    0:37
                                    Pili
                                    0:55
                                    Prokaryotic Cell
                                    1:08
                                    Pili
                                    1:38
                                    Fimbriae
                                    1:45
                                    Pili Connect a Bacterium to Others of the Same Species
                                    1:57
                                    Transferred Plasmids Can Bring a New Function to the Cell
                                    2:37
                                    Fimbriae
                                    3:07
                                    Distributed Over the Entire Surface of the Cell
                                    3:08
                                    Have a Tendency to Adhere to Surfaces and to One Another
                                    3:17
                                    Example: Neisseria Gonorrhea
                                    3:40
                                    An Electron Micrograph of E Coli
                                    3:53
                                    Bacterial Conjugation with Pilus
                                    4:12
                                    Prokaryotic Flagella
                                    5:14
                                    Eukaryotes
                                    5:34
                                    Prokaryotes
                                    5:43
                                    Underneath Inner Plasma Membrane in Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
                                    6:05
                                    Different Types of Flagella
                                    6:13
                                    Flagella Organization
                                    6:14
                                    Bacteria Alters Speed and Direction of Rotation
                                    7:11
                                    Examples
                                    8:07
                                    Example 1
                                    8:41
                                    Example 2
                                    10:05
                                    Plasma Membrane

                                    16m 11s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Plasma Membrane
                                    0:22
                                    Functions of Plasma Membrane
                                    0:28
                                    Physical Isolation
                                    0:31
                                    Regulation of Exchange with the Environment
                                    1:05
                                    Communication Between the Cell and Its Environment
                                    1:46
                                    Structural Support
                                    2:28
                                    Plasma Membrane Composition
                                    2:46
                                    Lipids
                                    2:59
                                    Proteins
                                    3:17
                                    Carbohydrates
                                    3:43
                                    Lipid Bi-Layer of Plasma Membrane
                                    4:19
                                    Micelle
                                    4:28
                                    Bilayer
                                    5:11
                                    Liposome
                                    5:40
                                    Cellular Evolution
                                    5:59
                                    Evoloution of Membranes Advantages
                                    6:49
                                    Encased Cells Out-Competed Naked Cells
                                    7:37
                                    Plasma Membrane Structure
                                    7:57
                                    Plasma Membrane Differences
                                    10:59
                                    Eukaryotic Cells Have Carbohydrates
                                    11:11
                                    Eukaryotic Plasma Membranes Contain Sterols
                                    12:08
                                    Prokaryotic Plasma Membranes Consist Mostly of Phospholipids and Proteins
                                    12:26
                                    Example 1
                                    12:41
                                    Example 2
                                    13:30
                                    Example 3
                                    15:02
                                    Antibody & Antigen Recognition

                                    15m 50s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Finding and Cell Signaling
                                    0:22
                                    Ligand Binding
                                    1:00
                                    Ligand Binds
                                    1:01
                                    Binding Site is Complementary to the Ligand
                                    1:30
                                    Interaction Between Ligand and Binding Site is Specific
                                    2:39
                                    Induced Fit
                                    3:24
                                    Ligand Binding Illustration 1
                                    3:44
                                    Ligand Binding Illustration 2
                                    4:21
                                    Antibody Structure
                                    4:44
                                    Antigen-Antibody Specificity
                                    5:40
                                    Antigen-Antibody Reaction
                                    6:27
                                    Example 1
                                    10:10
                                    Example 2
                                    11:54
                                    Example 3
                                    13:29
                                    Microbial Metabolism

                                    21m 44s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Organisms and Carbon
                                    0:20
                                    Autotrophs
                                    0:40
                                    Heterotrophs
                                    1:12
                                    Organisms and Energy
                                    2:07
                                    Metabolism
                                    3:19
                                    Metabolism
                                    3:26
                                    Catabolism
                                    3:53
                                    Anabolism
                                    4:15
                                    Cellular Respiration
                                    4:56
                                    Aerobic Respiration
                                    5:47
                                    Anaerobic Respiration
                                    6:13
                                    Glucose
                                    6:41
                                    Most Important Carbohydrate
                                    6:42
                                    Three Major Outcomes
                                    7:14
                                    Stored
                                    7:21
                                    Oxidized via Glycolysis
                                    7:22
                                    Oxidized via the Pentose Phosphate
                                    7:50
                                    Outcomes of Glucose I
                                    8:37
                                    Outcomes of Glucose II
                                    10:21
                                    Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
                                    11:50
                                    Glycolysis
                                    12:01
                                    Citric Acid Cycle
                                    12:05
                                    Oxidative Phosphorylation
                                    12:13
                                    Formula
                                    12:17
                                    Aerobic Metabolism
                                    12:28
                                    Respiration and Fermentation
                                    13:52
                                    Carbohydrate Catabolism
                                    15:00
                                    Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
                                    15:59
                                    Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
                                    16:00
                                    Lactic Acid
                                    16:08
                                    ATP Production Requirements
                                    17:13
                                    Energy Sources
                                    17:22
                                    Electron Carriers
                                    17:41
                                    Final Electron Acceptors
                                    17:49
                                    Example 1
                                    18:09
                                    Example 2
                                    18:41
                                    Example 3
                                    20:13
                                    Microbial Genetics

                                    39m 49s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    What is a Gene?
                                    0:39
                                    A Portion of the Chromosome That Determines or Affects a Single Character or Phenotype
                                    0:51
                                    Biochemical Definition of a Gene
                                    0:57
                                    Original Definition: One Gene-One Polypeptide
                                    1:20
                                    What is a Gene?
                                    1:48
                                    Regulatory Sequence
                                    1:50
                                    Genetic Code
                                    2:44
                                    Transcription and Replication
                                    3:56
                                    Replication of Bacterial DNA
                                    5:05
                                    Copy Both Sides of DNA Strand
                                    5:20
                                    DNA Transcription
                                    5:53
                                    DNA is Transcribed to Make RNA
                                    6:18
                                    RNA Polymerase Binds to the Promoter Sequence
                                    6:24
                                    Direction
                                    6:29
                                    Transcription Stops When It Reaches the Terminator Sequence
                                    6:33
                                    Bacterial Transcription
                                    6:39
                                    Transcription
                                    6:46
                                    No Nucleus
                                    6:52
                                    Translation
                                    7:51
                                    mRNA is Translated In Codons
                                    8:11
                                    Translation of mRNA Begins at the Start Codon
                                    8:18
                                    Translation Ends at Nonsense Codon
                                    8:22
                                    Gene Regulation
                                    8:34
                                    Constitutive Genes Are Expressed at a Fixed Rate
                                    8:43
                                    Other Genes Are Expressed Only as Needed
                                    8:58
                                    Regulation of Transcription
                                    9:11
                                    Repression
                                    10:16
                                    Induction
                                    11:04
                                    Germline Mutation
                                    12:09
                                    Evolutionary Biology
                                    12:32
                                    Molecular Biology
                                    13:48
                                    Mutations
                                    14:34
                                    Random and Rare
                                    14:36
                                    Can Be Beneficial or Neutral
                                    14:46
                                    Not All Mutations Matter
                                    14:58
                                    Somatic Mutations
                                    15:20
                                    Germline Mutations
                                    16:30
                                    Causes of Mutations
                                    16:44
                                    DNA Fails to Copy Accurately
                                    16:48
                                    External Influences Can Create Mutations
                                    17:21
                                    Types of Mutations
                                    18:14
                                    Substitution
                                    18:18
                                    Examples of Substitutions
                                    18:29
                                    Silent Mutations
                                    19:56
                                    Insertion
                                    20:39
                                    Deletion
                                    20:51
                                    Frame Shift
                                    21:12
                                    Bacterial Gene Recombination
                                    22:16
                                    Vertical Gene Transfer
                                    22:57
                                    Horizontal Gene Transfer
                                    23:16
                                    Genetic Recombination
                                    23:46
                                    Exchange of Genes Between Two DNA Molecules
                                    23:47
                                    Crossing Over Occurs When Two Chromosomes Break and Rejoin
                                    23:52
                                    Recipient Chromosome Contains New DNA
                                    23:57
                                    Bacterial Recombination
                                    24:51
                                    Bacterial Transformation
                                    25:53
                                    Conjugation in E. Coli
                                    28:36
                                    Transduction by a Bacteriophage
                                    30:04
                                    Plasmids
                                    31:53
                                    What are Plasmids?
                                    32:00
                                    F-Factor
                                    32:14
                                    Other Plasmids Encode for Proteins That Enhance the Pathogenicity of a Bacterium
                                    32:39
                                    Dissimilation Plasmids
                                    33:24
                                    R Factors
                                    33:44
                                    R-Factor, A Type of Plasmid
                                    33:53
                                    Transposons
                                    35:04
                                    Move From One Region of DNA to Another
                                    35:29
                                    Contain Insertion Sequences for Cutting and Resealing DNA (Tansposase)
                                    35:34
                                    Example 1
                                    36:14
                                    Example 2
                                    37:34
                                    Example 3
                                    38:15
                                    Section 3: Virus Biology
                                    Viral Structure, Genome, & Replication

                                    16m 50s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Medical Virology
                                    0:11
                                    Viral Structure
                                    1:37
                                    Viral Genome
                                    1:55
                                    What is a Virus?
                                    2:09
                                    Smaller
                                    2:15
                                    DNA or RNA with no Nucleus
                                    2:34
                                    Classification of Viruses
                                    3:03
                                    Type and Confirmation of Genomic Nucleic Acid
                                    3:07
                                    Viral Morphology
                                    3:19
                                    Viral Structure
                                    3:54
                                    Virion
                                    3:58
                                    Envelope
                                    4:29
                                    Capsid
                                    5:39
                                    Nucleocapsid
                                    5:55
                                    Viral Genome - Composition
                                    6:27
                                    Viral Genome
                                    6:31
                                    DNA vs. RNA Structure
                                    6:42
                                    RNA
                                    7:49
                                    Pathogenicity & Virulence
                                    7:42
                                    DNA
                                    8:06
                                    Viral Genome - Shape
                                    8:36
                                    Segmented
                                    8:40
                                    Non-segmented
                                    9:22
                                    Changes in the Viral Genome
                                    9:36
                                    Genetic Recombination
                                    9:56
                                    Reassortment
                                    10:26
                                    Changes in the Viral Genome
                                    11:16
                                    Quasi-species
                                    11:24
                                    Ebola Virus
                                    11:58
                                    Example 1
                                    12:33
                                    Example 2
                                    13:42
                                    Example 3
                                    15:13
                                    Viral Entry Into a Cell & Transmission

                                    12m 31s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Medical Virology
                                    0:27
                                    Viral Entry Into a Cell
                                    0:30
                                    Viral Transmission
                                    0:39
                                    Viral Entry into Cells
                                    0:53
                                    Attachment
                                    0:58
                                    Membrane Fusion
                                    1:29
                                    Pre Formation
                                    1:56
                                    Penetration
                                    2:12
                                    Transmission of Viruses
                                    2:34
                                    Aerosol
                                    2:51
                                    Contaminated Food
                                    3:19
                                    Arthropods
                                    4:01
                                    Sexual Contact
                                    5:06
                                    Organ and Tissue Transplant
                                    5:22
                                    Site of Virus Entry
                                    6:17
                                    Respiratory Tract
                                    6:37
                                    GI Tract
                                    7:08
                                    Urethra, Vagina, Anus
                                    7:34
                                    Skin
                                    7:42
                                    Conjunctiva
                                    7:45
                                    Type of Cell Best Suited for Virus
                                    7:57
                                    Example 1
                                    9:23
                                    Example 2
                                    10:13
                                    Medically Important Viruses

                                    24m 41s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Medical Virology
                                    0:41
                                    Viruses We Will Study
                                    1:00
                                    How the Viruses Differs
                                    1:10
                                    Medically-Important Viruses
                                    1:23
                                    Selected Viruses of Medical Importance
                                    2:55
                                    Herpesviridae, Simplevirus
                                    2:59
                                    Herpes Virus
                                    4:09
                                    Papillomaviridae, Alphapapillomavirus
                                    4:47
                                    Papilloma Virus
                                    5:27
                                    Reoviridae, Rotavirus
                                    6:57
                                    Rotavirus
                                    7:58
                                    Paramyxovirinae, Morbilivirus
                                    9:04
                                    Measles Virus
                                    10:19
                                    Orthomyxoviridae (Influenza Virus)
                                    10:58
                                    Influenza Virus - Antigenic Drift
                                    12:52
                                    Influenza Virus - Antigenic Shift
                                    15:19
                                    Medically-Important Viruses
                                    18:39
                                    Avian Influenza
                                    18:41
                                    Example 1
                                    20:19
                                    Example 2
                                    21:50
                                    Example 3
                                    23:01
                                    Section 4: Classification of Microbes
                                    Overall Classification of Microbes

                                    15m 51s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    What is Taxonomy?
                                    0:18
                                    Science of Classifying Organisms
                                    0:21
                                    Universal Names Used by All Countries
                                    1:11
                                    Reference for Identifying Organisms
                                    1:19
                                    Binomial Nomenclature
                                    1:28
                                    Systematics or Phylogeny
                                    2:11
                                    Phylogeny
                                    2:12
                                    Like Reading a Family Tree
                                    2:28
                                    Root of the Tree
                                    2:33
                                    Moving Forward in Time
                                    2:49
                                    Clade
                                    3:01
                                    Ancestors and Lineage
                                    3:39
                                    Taxonomic Hierarchy
                                    4:17
                                    Genus and Species
                                    4:28
                                    Classification Changes
                                    4:38
                                    History of Microbial Taxonomy
                                    4:51
                                    Discovery of Microscope
                                    5:09
                                    Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia
                                    5:33
                                    Smallpox Vaccine
                                    5:42
                                    Bacteria and Fungi
                                    6:11
                                    Kingdom Portista
                                    6:24
                                    Prokaryotes Introduced as a New Kingdom
                                    6:57
                                    Definition of Prokaryote
                                    7:17
                                    Kingdom Fungi
                                    7:33
                                    Kingdom Prokaryote
                                    7:40
                                    Two Types of Prokaryotic Cells
                                    7:48
                                    Using Molecular Techniques to Classify
                                    7:58
                                    Classify Microbes
                                    8:24
                                    Three Domain System of Classification
                                    9:21
                                    Classification Criteria
                                    9:29
                                    Physiology
                                    9:58
                                    Ecology
                                    10:06
                                    Behavior
                                    10:27
                                    Morphology
                                    10:54
                                    Molecular Evidence (RNA)
                                    11:11
                                    Three Domains of Life
                                    11:39
                                    Eukaryotes
                                    11:46
                                    Prokaryotes
                                    11:48
                                    Archaea
                                    11:54
                                    Example 1
                                    12:13
                                    Example 2
                                    13:15
                                    Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Archaea

                                    12m 14s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Classification of Prokaryotes
                                    0:45
                                    Lack of Nucleus
                                    0:51
                                    Culture
                                    1:05
                                    Clone
                                    1:19
                                    Strain
                                    1:37
                                    Phylogenetic Relationship
                                    2:02
                                    Archaea
                                    3:53
                                    Two Distinct Groups: Archaea and Bacteria
                                    4:05
                                    Archaea Lived in High Temperatures
                                    4:29
                                    Habitats
                                    4:51
                                    Only Habitants to Live in Extreme Habitats
                                    5:24
                                    New Research Shoes Archaeans are Abundant in the Open Sea
                                    5:40
                                    Archaea Morphology
                                    5:59
                                    Basic Archaeal Structure: Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, and Cell Wall
                                    6:08
                                    Archaeal Cell Membranes
                                    6:13
                                    Plasmid
                                    7:11
                                    Archaeal Ribosomes
                                    7:29
                                    Example 1
                                    8:20
                                    Example 2
                                    11:01
                                    Section 5: The Immune System
                                    The Immune System

                                    20m 18s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Immune System Introduction
                                    0:28
                                    Body Defends Itself from Anything Foreign
                                    0:49
                                    What Immunity Constitutes
                                    1:13
                                    Immune Responses Can be Classified as Nonspecific or Specific
                                    1:27
                                    Nonspecific Immune Response
                                    1:54
                                    Specific Immune Response
                                    2:22
                                    Physiological Barriers
                                    2:49
                                    The Immune System
                                    3:18
                                    Innate Immune Response
                                    3:20
                                    Adaptive Immune Response
                                    3:42
                                    Immunity
                                    4:47
                                    Immunology
                                    5:32
                                    Immunity
                                    5:39
                                    Immune System
                                    6:21
                                    Barriers to Infection - Mechanical
                                    6:41
                                    Physical Barriers
                                    6:54
                                    Epithelial Surfaces
                                    8:31
                                    Mucosal Surfaces
                                    9:54
                                    Muco-ciliary Escalator
                                    10:40
                                    Barriers to Infection - Chemical
                                    11:25
                                    Enzymes
                                    11:33
                                    pH
                                    12:29
                                    Lung
                                    13:48
                                    Physiological Barriers
                                    14:56
                                    The Immune System
                                    16:52
                                    Example 1
                                    17:15
                                    The Complement System

                                    16m 53s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    What is Complement?
                                    0:37
                                    Proteins
                                    0:40
                                    Synthesized by Different Cell Types
                                    1:01
                                    Complement System
                                    1:14
                                    Destroy Pathogens Directly
                                    1:51
                                    Activate Other Components of the Immune Response
                                    2:02
                                    Collaborate with Other Components of the Immune Response
                                    2:12
                                    Classical Pathway
                                    2:28
                                    Lection Pathway
                                    3:29
                                    Alternative Pathway
                                    3:52
                                    Integral Protein Types That Function in Cell-Cell Interaction
                                    4:08
                                    Function of the Complement System
                                    4:49
                                    Complement is Activated Upon Infection
                                    4:50
                                    Complement Functions Like Enzymes
                                    6:16
                                    Enzyme Activation
                                    6:37
                                    Function of the Complement System
                                    7:43
                                    Complements the Ability of Antibodies and Phagocytic Cells to Identify and Remove Foreign Pathogens
                                    7:49
                                    Amplification
                                    8:50
                                    Activation of the Complement System
                                    9:17
                                    Cytolysis
                                    9:27
                                    Chemotaxis
                                    9:39
                                    Opsonization
                                    10:41
                                    Anaphylatoxins
                                    11:16
                                    Complement and Membrane Attack Complex
                                    12:10
                                    The Membrane Attached Complex
                                    12:49
                                    Pathways of Complement Activation
                                    13:07
                                    Classical
                                    13:43
                                    Lectin
                                    13:54
                                    Alternative
                                    14:07
                                    Example 1
                                    14:33
                                    Example 2
                                    15:23
                                    Example 3
                                    16:11
                                    Adaptive Immunity

                                    31m 10s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    What is Adaptive Immunity?
                                    0:27
                                    Primary Immune Response
                                    0:41
                                    Initiated by a Dendritic Cell That Ingested a Pathogen
                                    1:24
                                    Naïve B Cells are Stimulated to Proliferate and Differentiate in Specific Response to the Pathogen
                                    1:49
                                    Process of Adaptive Immunity
                                    2:28
                                    Humoral Immunity
                                    3:03
                                    Development of Acquired Immune Cells
                                    3:41
                                    The B Cell
                                    4:50
                                    Produced in the Bone Marrow
                                    4:52
                                    Outer Surface Contains a Specialized B Cell Receptor
                                    5:01
                                    Initial Activation
                                    5:55
                                    Secondary Activation
                                    6:15
                                    Hallmarks of Humoral Immunity
                                    6:23
                                    B Lymphocyte is the Central Cell
                                    6:51
                                    Antibody-mediated
                                    6:58
                                    Highly Complex
                                    7:03
                                    Step 1: Antigen Recognition
                                    7:18
                                    B Cells Recognize Extracellular Antigenics
                                    7:22
                                    Antigens on Pathogen Surfaces
                                    7:54
                                    Step 2: Clonal Expansion
                                    10:43
                                    B Cell Divides
                                    10:48
                                    Clone
                                    11:46
                                    Maturation of B Cells
                                    12:33
                                    Step 3: Differentiation
                                    13:46
                                    B Cells Differentiate Into Plasma Cells
                                    13:49
                                    Plasma Cell Produces and Secrets Antibodies Specific to the Origin Antigen
                                    14:00
                                    Produce and Secrete Abs Specific to the Original Antigen
                                    15:38
                                    Antigen Presenting Cells Show Protein Antigens to Helper T Cells
                                    15:55
                                    Step 4: Antigen Elimination
                                    16:30
                                    Newly-Manufactured Antibodies Attach to the Antigen
                                    16:36
                                    Termination of the Humoral Immune Response
                                    17:30
                                    Step 5: Immune Memory
                                    18:32
                                    Memory B Cells Reside in Bone Marrow
                                    18:53
                                    High-Affinity Immunoglobulins
                                    19:15
                                    Survive for Years
                                    20:15
                                    Respond Rapidly When the Antigen is Seen Again
                                    20:39
                                    Antibodies
                                    22:34
                                    Classes - IgM
                                    22:41
                                    Example 1
                                    24:51
                                    Example 2
                                    26:54
                                    Example 3
                                    28:03
                                    Antibody & Antigen Interactions

                                    41m 22s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Antibody-Antigen
                                    0:22
                                    Where Do Antigens-Antibodies Belong?
                                    0:57
                                    What is an Antibody?
                                    1:12
                                    Immunoglobulin
                                    1:17
                                    Definition of Antibody
                                    1:32
                                    Each Antigen is Specific to an Antigen
                                    1:58
                                    Antigen Binds to an Antigen
                                    2:44
                                    Produced by Plasma Cells
                                    3:18
                                    Antibody Structure
                                    3:55
                                    Paratope
                                    4:17
                                    Hinge Region
                                    4:53
                                    Fragment Crystallizable
                                    5:44
                                    Antibody Function
                                    6:21
                                    Recognizes and Captures Foreign Proteins and Molecules
                                    6:41
                                    Activates Complement
                                    6:52
                                    Binds to Immune Cells to Activate Their Specific Functions
                                    7:55
                                    The Antibody Isotypes
                                    9:25
                                    IgM
                                    9:37
                                    IgG
                                    12:36
                                    IgD
                                    14:01
                                    IgA
                                    14:27
                                    IgE
                                    14:45
                                    What is an Antigen?
                                    15:18
                                    An Antigen is to Provoke an Immune Response
                                    15:53
                                    Exogenous
                                    16:43
                                    Endogenous
                                    17:16
                                    Autogenous
                                    18:10
                                    Antigen-Antibody Reaction
                                    19:08
                                    Affinity
                                    19:33
                                    Avidity
                                    19:57
                                    Specificity
                                    21:02
                                    Cross Reactivity
                                    21:31
                                    Foreignness
                                    22:17
                                    Size
                                    24:32
                                    What Determines Antigenicity?
                                    25:04
                                    Antigenicity Definition
                                    25:13
                                    Conformation
                                    25:29
                                    Composition
                                    26:02
                                    Bacterial Components
                                    26:27
                                    Antigenic Determinants: Innate Immunity
                                    26:53
                                    Example 1
                                    30:41
                                    Example 2
                                    33:15
                                    Example 3
                                    36:37
                                    Tumor Immunology

                                    33m 16s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Antibodies Surrounding Tumor
                                    0:40
                                    Introduction to Tumor Immunology
                                    1:22
                                    Human Papilloma
                                    1:41
                                    Hepatitis B
                                    2:26
                                    Helicobacter Pylori
                                    2:47
                                    Immunology
                                    4:05
                                    Overview of Tumor Immunology
                                    4:17
                                    Immune Surveillance Theory
                                    4:18
                                    Malignant Transformation
                                    4:34
                                    Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                                    4:37
                                    Tumor Antigens
                                    4:43
                                    Tumor Immunotherapies
                                    4:49
                                    Inflammation and Cancer
                                    4:53
                                    Immune Surveillance Theory and Escape
                                    4:59
                                    Amount of Antigen Expressed is Too Low
                                    5:51
                                    Tumor Sheds Antigens That Block Antibodies and T-Cells from binding to the Tumor
                                    6:01
                                    Tumor Does Not Express Immunogenic Antigens
                                    6:15
                                    Tumor Does Not Express MHC Antigens
                                    6:32
                                    Tumor May Secrete Immunosuppressive
                                    6:51
                                    Hallmark of a Cancer Cell is Proliferation That is Dysregulated
                                    7:12
                                    Malignant Transformation
                                    7:39
                                    One Way to Cause Growth Regulations
                                    8:24
                                    Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Up Regulation of Oncogenes
                                    8:45
                                    Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Down Regulation of Tumor Suppressor Genes
                                    9:15
                                    Tumor Growth Over Time
                                    9:42
                                    Malignant Transformation
                                    10:46
                                    Benign
                                    11:20
                                    Malignant
                                    11:37
                                    Progression of Benign to Malignant
                                    12:35
                                    Micro-Induced Carcinogenesis
                                    13:40
                                    Initiation Promotion Progression Model
                                    14:28
                                    Examples of Malignant Transformation
                                    14:53
                                    Tumor Antigens
                                    15:46
                                    Tumor Must Express Antigens That the Immune System Recognizes as Foreign
                                    16:16
                                    Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                                    16:40
                                    Tumor Antigens
                                    17:07
                                    Tumor Immunotherapies
                                    17:15
                                    Tumorigenesis Secretes Chemical Signals That Change Gene Expression
                                    17:25
                                    Gene Expression Leads To The Following
                                    17:30
                                    Tumors in an Immunosuppressed Host
                                    18:48
                                    HIV and AIDS
                                    19:13
                                    Transplant Patients
                                    19:55
                                    Epstein-Barr Virus
                                    20:19
                                    Malaria
                                    20:27
                                    Tumor Immunotherapies
                                    20:45
                                    Active Therapy
                                    21:01
                                    Passive Therapy
                                    22:02
                                    Inflammation and Cancer
                                    24:05
                                    Chronic Inflammation
                                    24:18
                                    Inflammation as a Response to Cancer
                                    25:23
                                    Neoplastic Cells Induce an Inflammatory Immune System
                                    25:34
                                    Bacteria, Inflammation, and Cancer
                                    25:59
                                    Example 1
                                    27:46
                                    Example 2
                                    29:21
                                    Example 3
                                    30:25
                                    Example 4
                                    31:28
                                    Cell Mediated Immunity

                                    57m 13s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Adaptive Immunity
                                    0:43
                                    Cell-Mediated Immunity
                                    1:47
                                    Lymphocyte T Cell
                                    1:56
                                    Antigen-Presenting Cells
                                    2:15
                                    Subset of T Cells
                                    2:22
                                    Immune Tolerance
                                    2:31
                                    Hallmarks of Cell-Mediated Immunity
                                    3:02
                                    Primary Actor is the T Lymphocyte
                                    3:06
                                    Directed at Pathogens That Survive in Phagocytes
                                    3:12
                                    Based on Activation
                                    3:23
                                    Induce Apoptosis in Cells Displaying Epitopes of Foreign Antigens
                                    4:25
                                    Activates Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells
                                    6:34
                                    Stimulates Cells to Secrete Cytokines That Signal Other Cells of the Humoral and Innate Immune Response
                                    6:47
                                    Responds to Intracellular Antigens
                                    7:16
                                    Requires Direct, Cell-to-Cell Contact
                                    7:24
                                    The T-Cell
                                    7:51
                                    Mature in the Thymus
                                    7:58
                                    Presence of the T-Cell Receptor
                                    8:04
                                    Important Components
                                    8:35
                                    Antigen-Presenting Cell
                                    9:36
                                    Type of Leukocyte
                                    11:17
                                    Responsible for the Immune Responses That Lead to the Following
                                    11:25
                                    T-Cell Maturation
                                    13:34
                                    Thymocyte
                                    13:42
                                    Thymopoiesis
                                    13:59
                                    Thymus Conducts a Testing Process of Positive and Negative Selection
                                    14:15
                                    Somatic Gene Rearrangement
                                    15:49
                                    Infinite Number of Configurations That Create TCRs
                                    17:00
                                    Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
                                    17:27
                                    Function
                                    18:23
                                    Immuno-Phenotyping
                                    19:18
                                    Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
                                    19:34
                                    Nomenclature
                                    19:40
                                    Example
                                    20:01
                                    Antigen-Presenting Cells
                                    20:50
                                    Antigen Presentation
                                    21:24
                                    Antigen-Presenting Cells
                                    21:32
                                    Direct Presentation
                                    21:52
                                    Cross-Presentation
                                    22:37
                                    Cross-Dressing
                                    23:04
                                    Professional
                                    23:24
                                    Others
                                    23:55
                                    Contact Between an APC and TCR Stimulates Important Signaling Events
                                    25:20
                                    T-Cell Subset: T-Helper Cells
                                    25:51
                                    Th1
                                    27:05
                                    Th2
                                    28:48
                                    Th17
                                    29:43
                                    T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
                                    31:26
                                    CD8+ Cells
                                    31:28
                                    Target Cells with Antigen
                                    31:50
                                    T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
                                    32:55
                                    Perforin
                                    33:30
                                    Granzyme
                                    34:07
                                    Pharmaceuticals are Designed to Alter T-Cell Responses
                                    35:00
                                    T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
                                    37:01
                                    Suppress Activation of the Immune System
                                    37:40
                                    Functions
                                    38:36
                                    T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
                                    39:45
                                    Commensal Bacteria
                                    39:51
                                    Graft/ Transplant
                                    41:02
                                    Pregnancy
                                    41:41
                                    Tumors
                                    41:47
                                    Cytokines
                                    42:46
                                    Types of Cytokines
                                    42:57
                                    Chemical Messengers
                                    43:19
                                    Functional Classes of Cytokines
                                    43:38
                                    Chemokines
                                    47:17
                                    Chemotaxis
                                    47:20
                                    Inflammation
                                    48:54
                                    Homeostatic
                                    49:10
                                    Antiviral Response
                                    49:23
                                    Designation
                                    49:27
                                    Pulling It All Together
                                    49:40
                                    Example 1
                                    51:40
                                    Example 2
                                    52:51
                                    Example 3
                                    54:56
                                    Section 6: The Bacteria
                                    Bacterial Cell Wall

                                    18m 38s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Overview
                                    0:45
                                    Gram Negative and Positive Bacteria
                                    1:17
                                    Bacteria Without Cell Walls
                                    1:38
                                    Recall the Prototype Cell
                                    1:52
                                    Plasma Membrane
                                    2:15
                                    Cytoplasm
                                    2:21
                                    Nucleus
                                    2:26
                                    Cell Wall Principles
                                    2:41
                                    Protects Bacteria
                                    2:50
                                    Survive in Fluid Environments
                                    3:08
                                    Attack by Antibiotics
                                    4:26
                                    Source of Identification
                                    4:40
                                    Peptidoglycan
                                    4:47
                                    Murein
                                    5:10
                                    Protects the Plasma Membrane
                                    5:18
                                    Gram Staining
                                    5:42
                                    Gram Positive and Gram Negative
                                    5:55
                                    Gram Positive Bacterial Cell Wall
                                    8:26
                                    Thick Structure
                                    8:45
                                    Gram Staining
                                    8:52
                                    Teichoic Acids in Cell Wall
                                    9:06
                                    Gram Positive Streptococci
                                    9:21
                                    Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
                                    9:57
                                    Allows More Complexity
                                    10:15
                                    Outer Membrane Provides Barrier to Certain Antibiotics
                                    11:00
                                    Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
                                    11:34
                                    The Gram Stain
                                    12:36
                                    Hans Christian Gram Invented a Stain to Visualize Bacteria
                                    12:52
                                    Gram Positive Bacteria
                                    13:51
                                    Gram Negative Bacteria
                                    14:27
                                    Example 1
                                    14:55
                                    Example 2
                                    15:49
                                    Bacterial Morphology & Shape

                                    15m 4s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Bacteria Morphology and Shape
                                    0:28
                                    Classification of Bacteria
                                    0:50
                                    Based on Several Major Properties
                                    0:53
                                    Taxonomy Principles Do Not Quite Fit for Bacteria
                                    1:21
                                    Variation in Shape and Distribution
                                    3:00
                                    Cocci
                                    3:14
                                    Bacilli
                                    4:00
                                    Budding and Appendaged Bacteria
                                    4:27
                                    Others
                                    4:35
                                    Bacterial Distribution
                                    4:51
                                    Shapes of Bacteria
                                    5:45
                                    Bacterial Shapes
                                    6:40
                                    Three Basic Shapes
                                    6:41
                                    Variation in Shapes
                                    7:12
                                    Clusters
                                    7:31
                                    Clusters Example
                                    7:50
                                    Streptococcus Pneumoniae
                                    8:18
                                    Bacterial Shapes
                                    8:56
                                    Streptococci
                                    9:00
                                    Staphylococci
                                    9:12
                                    Comma Shaped
                                    10:28
                                    Vibrios
                                    10:37
                                    Spirilla
                                    11:04
                                    Spirochetes
                                    11:25
                                    Example 1
                                    11:38
                                    Example 2
                                    12:39
                                    Example 3
                                    13:24
                                    Bacterial Metabolic Behavior

                                    23m 50s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Energy Metabolism
                                    0:40
                                    Classification of Bacteria
                                    1:48
                                    Metabolic Behavior
                                    1:51
                                    Some Organisms are Anaerobic
                                    1:57
                                    Organisms and Carbon
                                    2:07
                                    Autotrophs
                                    2:10
                                    Heterotrophs
                                    2:43
                                    Organisms and Energy
                                    3:28
                                    Metabolism
                                    4:13
                                    Metabolism
                                    4:14
                                    Catabolism
                                    4:50
                                    Anabolism
                                    5:04
                                    Cellular Respiration
                                    5:49
                                    Aerobic Respiration
                                    6:55
                                    Anaerobic Respiration
                                    7:13
                                    Glucose
                                    7:41
                                    Energy-Currency Molecule for Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
                                    7:42
                                    Three Major Outcomes
                                    7:56
                                    Outcomes of Glucose
                                    8:18
                                    Outcomes of Glucose and Pyruvate
                                    9:07
                                    Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
                                    11:19
                                    Glycolysis
                                    11:25
                                    Citric Acid Cycle
                                    11:28
                                    Oxidative Phosphorylation
                                    11:30
                                    Aerobic Metabolism
                                    11:51
                                    Respiration and Fermentation
                                    13:18
                                    Carbohydrate Catabolism
                                    14:35
                                    Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
                                    15:37
                                    Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
                                    15:48
                                    Lactic Acid
                                    15:46
                                    Types of Fermentation
                                    16:16
                                    Lactic Acid Fermentation
                                    16:20
                                    Alcohol Fermentation
                                    16:27
                                    Alcohol Fermentation
                                    16:57
                                    Any Spoilage of Food by Microorganisms
                                    17:08
                                    Any Process that Produces Alcoholic Beverages
                                    17:14
                                    Any Large-Scale Microbial Process Occurring With or Without Air
                                    17:25
                                    Yeast and Other Microorganisms Ferment Glucose to Ethanol
                                    17:39
                                    Two Step Process
                                    18:07
                                    Lactic Acid Fermentation
                                    18:34
                                    Classic Anaerobic Metabolism
                                    18:35
                                    Releases Energy from Oxidation of Organic Molecules
                                    18:44
                                    End Products of Fermentation
                                    19:05
                                    Ethanol, Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid
                                    19:22
                                    Propionin Acid and Carbon Dioxide, Acetone, Glycerol, Citric Acid, Sorbose
                                    20:02
                                    Example 1
                                    20:29
                                    Example 2
                                    21:43
                                    Example 3
                                    22:55
                                    Bacterial Infection Patterns

                                    41m 12s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    'Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria'
                                    0:42
                                    Classification of Bacteria
                                    2:13
                                    Bacterial Pathogenesis
                                    2:31
                                    First Type of Immunity: Innate Immune System
                                    2:49
                                    Complement System
                                    3:00
                                    Innate Immune Cells: Phagocytosis
                                    3:10
                                    Cytokine Production and Epitopes
                                    3:29
                                    Location of Bacteria Infections
                                    4:05
                                    Steps of Bacterial Infection
                                    5:25
                                    Entry Into Host
                                    5:30
                                    Adherence to Host Tissue
                                    5:53
                                    Colonization
                                    5:58
                                    Overcome a Host's Defense
                                    6:02
                                    Hosts' Immune Response
                                    6:10
                                    Damage the Host Tissues
                                    6:17
                                    Progression or Recovery
                                    6:25
                                    Portals of Entry
                                    6:35
                                    The Skin
                                    7:18
                                    Viral and Bacterial Infection of Respiratory
                                    7:46
                                    Bacteria Entry
                                    8:00
                                    Some Bacteria Produce Toxins and Enzymes
                                    8:28
                                    Immune Response is Disease Causing Part of Bacterial Infection
                                    8:46
                                    Infection of Intestinal Epithelium
                                    8:59
                                    Shigella
                                    9:00
                                    Salmonella
                                    10:16
                                    Numbers of Invading Bacteria
                                    11:05
                                    Virulence
                                    11:30
                                    Potency
                                    12:07
                                    Virulence of Bacillus Anthracis
                                    12:33
                                    Adherence of Bacteria to Host Tissue
                                    13:49
                                    Adhesins or Ligands
                                    14:10
                                    Glycocalyx
                                    14:26
                                    Fimbriae
                                    14:32
                                    M Protein
                                    14:53
                                    Adherence
                                    15:07
                                    Adhesins or Ligands
                                    15:10
                                    E. coli Bacteria
                                    15:53
                                    Bacteria Adhering to Human Skin
                                    16:17
                                    Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci
                                    16:28
                                    Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                                    16:42
                                    Capsules
                                    16:57
                                    Cell Wall Components
                                    17:03
                                    Enzymes
                                    17:18
                                    Antigenic Variation
                                    17:27
                                    Penetration into Host Cell Cytoskeleton
                                    17:57
                                    Capsules
                                    18:06
                                    Capsule
                                    18:07
                                    Glycocalyx
                                    18:19
                                    Functions to Impair Phagocytosis
                                    18:58
                                    Host Can However Develop Antibodies Against the Capsule
                                    19:07
                                    Streptococcus Pneumoniae
                                    19:28
                                    Cell Wall Components
                                    20:06
                                    M Protein
                                    20:18
                                    Neisseria Gonorrhea
                                    20:49
                                    Fimbriae
                                    20:57
                                    Bacterial Enzymes
                                    21:23
                                    Coagulase
                                    22:08
                                    Hyalurpnidase
                                    22:09
                                    Collagenase
                                    22:13
                                    IgA Proteases
                                    22:19
                                    Penetration
                                    22:44
                                    Invasins
                                    22:59
                                    Invasins Cause Host Cell Membrane to Ruffle
                                    23:12
                                    Shigella and Listeria
                                    23:32
                                    Bacterial Damage to Host Cells
                                    23:50
                                    Production of Toxins
                                    24:11
                                    Types of Toxins
                                    24:56
                                    Production of Toxins
                                    25:00
                                    Toxin
                                    25:08
                                    Toxigenicity
                                    25:21
                                    Toxemia
                                    25:25
                                    Toxoid
                                    25:30
                                    Antitoxin
                                    25:38
                                    Exotoxin
                                    25:44
                                    Produced Inside Some Bacteria
                                    25:55
                                    Released When Bacteria Undergoes Lysis
                                    26:06
                                    Proteins and Enzymes That Catalyze Certain Biochemical Reactions
                                    26:39
                                    Bacteria That Produce Exotoxins Can be Gram + or Gram -
                                    26:53
                                    Exotoxins Are Soluble in Body Fluids
                                    27:04
                                    Some Diseases Caused by Their Exotoxins
                                    27:13
                                    Exotoxin Examples
                                    27:35
                                    Action of A-B Exotoxin
                                    28:11
                                    Endotoxin
                                    29:12
                                    Endotoxin Differ from Extoxin in Several Ways
                                    29:21
                                    Endotoxins are Released When Gram - is Liberated
                                    30:24
                                    Antibiotics Used to Treat Gem
                                    30:32
                                    Endotoxins Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
                                    30:59
                                    Endotoxins and the Pyrogenic Response
                                    31:17
                                    Example Endotoxins
                                    32:08
                                    Salmonella Typhi
                                    32:15
                                    Neisseria Meningitidis
                                    32:22
                                    Proteus Spp
                                    32:35
                                    Steps of Bacterial Infection
                                    32:42
                                    Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                                    33:59
                                    Example 1
                                    34:41
                                    Example 2
                                    37:25
                                    Example 3
                                    39:39
                                    Bacterial Adaptation to Environment

                                    20m 50s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Bacterial Adaptation
                                    0:13
                                    Varied Tissues Within Human Host
                                    0:36
                                    Variable Levels of Oxygenation Both Inside and Outside of Host
                                    0:54
                                    Variable Levels of Moisture Both Inside and Outside Host
                                    1:10
                                    Survive Various Antibiotic and Other Types of Treatment
                                    1:23
                                    Variable Oxygen Environments
                                    1:58
                                    Bacterial Endospores
                                    3:33
                                    Clostridium Botulinum
                                    4:40
                                    Bacillus Anthracis
                                    4:48
                                    Clostridium Tetani
                                    4:50
                                    Botulism: Neurotoxin
                                    5:10
                                    Clostridium Botulinum
                                    6:29
                                    Gram Positive Rod-Shaped Bacteria That are Strictly Anaerobic
                                    6:58
                                    Produce Spores
                                    7:10
                                    Produces Paralysis
                                    7:49
                                    Toxin Can be Destroyed by Heating Food to 80 Degrees Celsius
                                    7:55
                                    Bacillus Anthracis
                                    8:47
                                    Produce Spores
                                    9:08
                                    Anthrax is Mostly a Disease of Herbivores
                                    9:20
                                    Weaponized Anthrax is Primarily Inhalation Form
                                    10:11
                                    Clostridium Tetani
                                    11:50
                                    Spores are Located in Solid and Can Colonize Gastrointestinal Tracts
                                    12:14
                                    Disease Uncommon
                                    12:27
                                    Toxin Produced During Growth Phase of Bacteria When Cell is Lysed
                                    13:14
                                    Toxin Blocks Release of GABA
                                    13:56
                                    Results in Paralysis
                                    14:09
                                    Example 1
                                    15:38
                                    Example 2
                                    16:45
                                    Example 3
                                    18:01
                                    Antigenic Composition of Bacteria

                                    33m 8s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Bacteria as Antigens
                                    1:04
                                    Antigen-antibody Interaction
                                    1:12
                                    Bacterial Adaptations as Antigens
                                    1:31
                                    Cell Wall Components
                                    1:44
                                    Capsules as Antigens
                                    1:50
                                    Flagella as Antigens
                                    1:58
                                    Antigenic Variation
                                    2:00
                                    Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
                                    2:13
                                    Antigen-Antibody Interaction
                                    2:20
                                    What are Antigens
                                    2:25
                                    Examples of Antigens
                                    3:09
                                    Bacteria as Antigens
                                    4:33
                                    Adaptation to the Human Host Environment
                                    5:09
                                    Pathogenic Agent
                                    5:30
                                    Criteria for Effective Antigenicity
                                    6:02
                                    Bacterial Adaptations That are Antigenic
                                    7:36
                                    Pila
                                    7:45
                                    Flagella as Antigens
                                    7:57
                                    Fimbriae
                                    7:59
                                    Capsules as Antigens
                                    8:22
                                    Peptidoglycan
                                    8:33
                                    S Proteins
                                    8:45
                                    M Protein and Lipid A
                                    9:09
                                    Cell Wall Components
                                    9:47
                                    Neisseria Gonorrhea
                                    9:52
                                    Fimbriae and Opa
                                    10:03
                                    After Attachment, Host Cell Takes Bacteria
                                    10:22
                                    Secretory Antibodies
                                    10:38
                                    Circulating Antibodies
                                    10:58
                                    Capsule
                                    11:33
                                    Neutralize the Virulence
                                    12:39
                                    Bacterial Capsules as Antigens
                                    13:20
                                    S. Pneumoniae
                                    13:55
                                    B. Anthracis
                                    14:09
                                    S. Pyogenes
                                    14:38
                                    Bacterial Antigenicity
                                    15:30
                                    Motility and Vibrio Cholerae
                                    16:11
                                    Flagella are Antigenic
                                    16:20
                                    Agglutinate or Immobilize Bacterial Cells
                                    17:00
                                    Antigenic Variation
                                    17:49
                                    Antigenic Variation Over Time
                                    18:54
                                    Antigenic Variation by Space and Time
                                    22:12
                                    Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
                                    24:02
                                    Example 1
                                    27:36
                                    Example 2
                                    31:24
                                    Section 7: Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
                                    Epidemiology of Infectious Disease

                                    15m 43s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Infectious Diseases: Extent of Problem
                                    0:43
                                    26% of Deaths Worldwide
                                    1:21
                                    Ebola Outbreak in Africa
                                    1:50
                                    Cholera in Haiti and South America
                                    2:22
                                    West Nile Virus Infections in U.S.
                                    2:39
                                    Worldwide Cholera Occurrence
                                    3:03
                                    Extent of Research
                                    4:38
                                    Importance to National Security
                                    5:42
                                    Bioterrorism Key Achievements
                                    7:00
                                    Smallpox
                                    7:06
                                    Anthrax
                                    7:22
                                    Botulinum
                                    7:28
                                    Ebola
                                    7:52
                                    Importance of Epidemiology
                                    8:38
                                    Scientific Study of Causes and Determinants of Disease
                                    8:44
                                    Study of Vector and Animal Host Biology
                                    8:56
                                    Patterns of Disease Transmission
                                    9:39
                                    Determine Disease Causation
                                    10:31
                                    Development of Vaccines
                                    11:04
                                    Development and Evaluation of Effective Treatments
                                    11:55
                                    Example 1
                                    12:28
                                    Human Host & Disease Transmission

                                    56m 19s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Human Host and Disease Transmission
                                    0:19
                                    Discuss the Basis of Human Disease
                                    0:27
                                    Non-random Distribution of Disease
                                    0:34
                                    Ways Disease are Transmitted
                                    0:44
                                    Occurrence of Disease
                                    1:09
                                    Measures of Disease Transmission
                                    1:19
                                    Disease Outbreaks
                                    1:23
                                    Basis of Human Disease
                                    1:39
                                    How Human Disease Arise
                                    1:43
                                    Host Must be Susceptible
                                    2:08
                                    Capacity to Infect
                                    2:32
                                    Environment
                                    2:53
                                    Non-Random Distribution of Disease
                                    3:27
                                    Genetic Predisposition
                                    3:34
                                    Nutrition
                                    4:16
                                    Immune Status
                                    4:24
                                    Socio-Economic Status
                                    4:40
                                    Modes of Disease Transmission
                                    5:46
                                    Direct Transmission
                                    5:54
                                    Indirect Transmission
                                    6:50
                                    Example of Disease Transmission
                                    8:30
                                    HIV/ AIDS
                                    8:34
                                    Hepatitis A,B,C
                                    10:10
                                    Clinical and Subclinical Disease
                                    12:42
                                    Clinical Disease
                                    12:49
                                    Subclinical Disease
                                    13:10
                                    Non Clinical Disease
                                    15:36
                                    Carrier Status
                                    17:48
                                    Carrier Status Example: Typhoid Mary
                                    18:33
                                    Occurrence of Disease
                                    20:18
                                    Endemic
                                    20:27
                                    Epidemic
                                    21:30
                                    Pandemic
                                    21:45
                                    Epidemic of Obesity
                                    22:22
                                    Measures of Infectious Disease Transmission
                                    23:45
                                    Incubation Period
                                    24:23
                                    Epidemic Curve
                                    27:44
                                    Disease Outbreaks
                                    28:37
                                    One Exposure, Common Vehicle
                                    28:43
                                    Outbreak Analysis
                                    32:14
                                    Food Borne Illness
                                    34:06
                                    76 Million Cases of Food Borne Illness Per Year
                                    34:07
                                    Known Pathogens
                                    35:08
                                    62 Million Cases from Unknown Agents
                                    35:23
                                    Example of Food Outbreak: Salmonella Saintpaul, 2008
                                    35:34
                                    Distribution of Outbreak Strain of Salmonella Found on Tomatoes and/or Jalapeno Peppers
                                    36:21
                                    Number of Persons Infected with Salmonella Saintpaul
                                    38:10
                                    Clinical Features of Salmonella Infection
                                    40:47
                                    Diarrhea
                                    41:06
                                    Abdominal Cramps
                                    41:11
                                    Identified by Stool Sample Culture
                                    41:19
                                    Severe Infection
                                    41:50
                                    Case-Control Studies of Salmonella Saintpaul Infection
                                    42:26
                                    Description of Outbreak Source Investigation
                                    45:02
                                    Example 1
                                    46:25
                                    Example 2
                                    50:43
                                    Example 3
                                    53:13
                                    Difference Measures of Disease

                                    39m 23s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Introduction
                                    0:16
                                    What is the Extent of Disease?
                                    1:00
                                    Who is at Risk for the Disease?
                                    1:07
                                    How is Disease Transmitted?
                                    1:36
                                    How is Disease Defined?
                                    1:52
                                    Counts
                                    2:17
                                    Assessment
                                    2:32
                                    Example of Tuberculosis Count
                                    3:04
                                    Counts of Influenza Positive Tests
                                    4:02
                                    Counts of AIDS Cases
                                    5:58
                                    Example of a Food Outbreak Investigation
                                    8:01
                                    Steps Public Health Investigators Follow to Determine Cause of Illness
                                    8:24
                                    Identifying the Source
                                    8:39
                                    Example
                                    9:04
                                    Potential Sources of Contamination
                                    9:44
                                    Production
                                    9:55
                                    Farms
                                    10:14
                                    Distribution
                                    10:31
                                    Retail Establishments
                                    10:39
                                    Restaurant Example
                                    10:56
                                    Food Borne Outbreak Investigation Steps
                                    11:43
                                    Determining if an Outbreak is Occurring
                                    11:57
                                    Defining Signs and Symptoms
                                    12:07
                                    Hypothesis
                                    12:14
                                    Collect Data and Test Hypothesis
                                    12:38
                                    Not Finding Associations
                                    13:09
                                    After Finding Pathogen, You Can Conduct Intervention to Remove Contaminated Food
                                    13:45
                                    Determine the Source
                                    14:09
                                    Clear Outbreak When All Contamination is Gone
                                    14:30
                                    Case Study: Norovirus Outbreak Michigan Jan-Feb, 2006
                                    14:34
                                    Norovirus
                                    16:14
                                    Infects All Ages
                                    16:40
                                    Cause Infection Throughout the Year But There's a Peak in Time
                                    16:44
                                    Recognizing Outbreaks of Norovisur Infection
                                    16:51
                                    Cases of Norovirus Over Time
                                    18:42
                                    Attack Rate
                                    19:24
                                    Definition
                                    19:37
                                    Restaurant Example
                                    21:11
                                    Attack Rate by 3 Hour Time Intervals
                                    22:52
                                    Patrons Who Became Ill
                                    23:35
                                    Case Control Analysis to Determine Food Source
                                    24:21
                                    Attack Rate
                                    25:58
                                    Food Outbreak Measures
                                    26:16
                                    Compute the Denominator
                                    27:06
                                    Compute Attack Rate During Certain Time Period
                                    27:28
                                    Construct Possible Hypotheses
                                    28:14
                                    Conduct Case-Control Analysis with Odds Ratio
                                    29:37
                                    Example 1
                                    29:47
                                    Example 2
                                    34:55
                                    Example 3
                                    36:51
                                    Section 8: Eukaryotes-structure, Function, Diversity, and Environmental Niche
                                    Eukaryotic Microbes

                                    20m 53s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Introduction to Eukaryotic Microbes
                                    0:38
                                    Helminths
                                    0:57
                                    Why are They Called Microorganisms
                                    1:01
                                    Parasites
                                    1:25
                                    Introduction to Cell Theory
                                    2:03
                                    Evolution of Multi-Cellularity
                                    3:30
                                    Prokaryotes Can Form into Colonies and Biofilms
                                    3:42
                                    Eukaryotic Cells Can Arrange Themselves Into Tissue
                                    3:58
                                    Multicellularity Evolved
                                    5:03
                                    Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens
                                    5:45
                                    Timeline
                                    6:45
                                    Endosymbiosis
                                    8:00
                                    Ancestral Anaerobic Eukaryote
                                    8:05
                                    Aerobic Eukaryote
                                    8:38
                                    Photosynthetic Cyanobacterium
                                    8:54
                                    Photosynthetic Eukaryote
                                    8:58
                                    Phylogeny
                                    9:24
                                    Prokaryotes
                                    9:34
                                    Eukaryotes
                                    9:39
                                    Organization of Eukaryotic Cell
                                    9:50
                                    Level 1: Monomeric Units
                                    10:13
                                    Level 2: Macromolecules
                                    10:16
                                    Level 3: Supramolecular Complexes
                                    10:37
                                    Level 4: The Cell and Its Organelles
                                    10:40
                                    Eukaryotic Animal Cell
                                    11:01
                                    Nuclear Envelope
                                    11:53
                                    Plasma Membrane
                                    11:58
                                    Mitochondrion
                                    12:15
                                    Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
                                    12:23
                                    Ribosomes
                                    12:51
                                    Peroxisomes
                                    13:00
                                    Cytoskeleton
                                    13:05
                                    Lysosome
                                    13:23
                                    Golgi Complex Processes
                                    13:27
                                    Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
                                    13:40
                                    Eukaryotic Plant Cell
                                    14:01
                                    Cell Wall
                                    14:29
                                    Chloroplast
                                    14:49
                                    Starch Granule
                                    15:06
                                    Thylakoids
                                    15:17
                                    Golgi Complex, Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes
                                    15:25
                                    Nucleus, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleolus
                                    15:33
                                    Mitochondrion
                                    15:39
                                    Example 1
                                    15:56
                                    Example 2
                                    18:44
                                    Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part I

                                    19m 45s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Introduction to Fungi
                                    0:15
                                    1.5 Million Different Species on Earth
                                    0:17
                                    Fungal Diseases
                                    1:10
                                    Fungi Live Outdoors and Indoors
                                    1:17
                                    Most Fungi Are Not Dangerous
                                    1:30
                                    Medically Important Fungi
                                    1:38
                                    Contagious Diseases
                                    1:40
                                    Commensal Organisms
                                    2:39
                                    Fungal Growth
                                    3:14
                                    Vegetative Growth
                                    3:36
                                    Septate Hypha
                                    3:43
                                    Continuous Hyphae
                                    3:52
                                    Spore
                                    3:58
                                    Fungal Dimorphism
                                    4:06
                                    Fungi Life Cycle
                                    4:44
                                    Filamentous Fungi
                                    4:49
                                    Fungal Spores
                                    5:21
                                    Fungal Fragmentation
                                    6:05
                                    Fungal Spore Formation
                                    6:29
                                    Fungi Sexual Reproduction
                                    6:57
                                    Plasmogamy
                                    7:06
                                    Karyogamy
                                    7:10
                                    Meiosis
                                    7:11
                                    Sexual Spores
                                    7:45
                                    Ascospore
                                    8:11
                                    Life Cycle of Ascomycete
                                    8:21
                                    Histoplasmosis Capsulatum (Ascomycete)
                                    9:18
                                    Histoplasmosis Distribution
                                    10:54
                                    Histoplasmosis Lifecycle
                                    11:28
                                    Fungal Diseases
                                    13:06
                                    Mycosis
                                    13:08
                                    Chronic and Long Term
                                    13:16
                                    Five Groups
                                    13:21
                                    Systemic
                                    13:30
                                    Subcutaneous
                                    13:37
                                    Cutaneous
                                    13:40
                                    Superficial
                                    13:42
                                    Opportunistic
                                    13:45
                                    Example 1
                                    14:18
                                    Example 2
                                    17:40
                                    Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part II

                                    31m 55s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Introduction to Fungi
                                    0:19
                                    Recap of Fungi Part One
                                    0:20
                                    1.5 Million Species
                                    0:28
                                    Focus on Fungi That Cause Human Disease
                                    0:59
                                    Medically Important Fungi
                                    1:42
                                    Contagious Diseases?
                                    1:44
                                    Dermatophytosis Example
                                    2:02
                                    Pneumocystis Example
                                    2:22
                                    Commensal Organisms: Candida Albicans
                                    2:36
                                    Fungal Diseases
                                    3:02
                                    Mycosis
                                    3:06
                                    Fungal Mycoses
                                    3:12
                                    Five Groups
                                    3:22
                                    Superficial Fungal Diseases
                                    4:10
                                    Fungi That are Localized in Hair Shafts and on Skin Surface
                                    4:20
                                    Prevalent in Tropical Climate
                                    4:31
                                    Benign
                                    4:38
                                    Figures Explanation
                                    4:44
                                    Cutaneous Fungal Disease
                                    5:04
                                    Infect the Epidermis
                                    5:05
                                    Dermatomycoses
                                    5:21
                                    Dermatophytes
                                    5:31
                                    Dermatophytes Secrete Keratinase
                                    6:04
                                    Examples
                                    6:31
                                    Subcutaneous Fungal Diseases
                                    6:39
                                    Fungal Infections Beneath the Skin
                                    6:42
                                    Occur After a Puncture Wound
                                    6:58
                                    Infections Occur Among Farmers
                                    8:15
                                    Example: Sporotrichosis
                                    8:26
                                    Candidiasis Albicans
                                    8:57
                                    Most Common in Yeast Infections
                                    8:58
                                    Resides on Skin Surfaces
                                    9:16
                                    Resistant to Phagocytosis
                                    9:46
                                    Opportunistic Fungal Disease
                                    12:25
                                    Host is Debilitated or Traumatized
                                    12:52
                                    Under Treatment with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
                                    13:20
                                    Immune System is Suppressed by Drugs
                                    14:03
                                    Has an Immune Disorder or Lung Disease
                                    14:19
                                    Pneumocystis Pneumonia
                                    14:47
                                    Caused by Pneumocystis Jirovecii
                                    14:56
                                    Most Frequent and Severe Opportunistic Infection
                                    15:05
                                    Immunocompetent Adults Have Few or No Symptoms
                                    15:59
                                    Example: Pneumocystis Cysts in Lung of Patient with AIDS
                                    16:58
                                    Life Cycle of Pheumocystis Jirovecii
                                    17:34
                                    Early Incidence of Pneumocystis
                                    18:49
                                    Systemic Fungal Disease
                                    21:21
                                    Fungal Infections Deep Within the Body
                                    21:24
                                    Caused by Fungi Living in the Soil
                                    21:44
                                    Infections Begin in Lungs and Spread to Other Tissue
                                    22:13
                                    Example: Coccidiodomycosis Infection of Lung Tissue
                                    22:21
                                    Life Cycle of Coccidiodes Immitis
                                    23:12
                                    Number of Coccidiomycosis Cases
                                    24:10
                                    Distribution of Coccidiomycosis Cases
                                    26:06
                                    Example 1
                                    27:20
                                    Example 2
                                    30:08
                                    Parasites

                                    20m 1s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Introduction to Parasites
                                    0:48
                                    Live in Human Hosts
                                    1:00
                                    Example of Parasites
                                    1:29
                                    Extent of Parasitic Diseases
                                    1:47
                                    Parasitic Infections Cause a Tremendous Burden of Disease
                                    1:54
                                    Malaria Example
                                    2:12
                                    Neglected Tropical Diseases
                                    2:38
                                    Extent of Malaria
                                    3:22
                                    Relationships Between Species
                                    6:51
                                    Symbiosis Between Pathogen and Host
                                    7:11
                                    Symbiosis
                                    7:29
                                    Mutualism
                                    7:58
                                    Commensalism
                                    8:05
                                    Parasitism
                                    9:10
                                    Parasite Definitions
                                    9:28
                                    Parasite Definition
                                    9:32
                                    Three Major Classes
                                    9:54
                                    Ectoparasites
                                    10:15
                                    Locations of Parasitic Infection
                                    10:48
                                    Parasite Hosts and Vectors
                                    12:21
                                    Vectors Convey a Parasite from Host to Host
                                    12:27
                                    Anopheles Mosquito and Malaria
                                    12:43
                                    Example 1
                                    13:04
                                    Example 2
                                    15:34
                                    Eukaryotes: Protozoa

                                    24m 59s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Introduction to Protozoa
                                    0:13
                                    Protozoa Definition
                                    0:14
                                    Intestinal Protozoa
                                    1:19
                                    Insect Vectors
                                    1:47
                                    Transmission of Enteric Protozoa
                                    2:02
                                    Transmission of Blood Borne Protozoa: Leishmaniasis
                                    4:50
                                    Leishmaniasis Transmission Chart
                                    5:33
                                    Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
                                    7:15
                                    Visceral Leishmaniasis
                                    7:37
                                    Medically Important Protozoa
                                    8:07
                                    Four Classes
                                    8:24
                                    Described by the Systems They Infect
                                    8:54
                                    Flagellates
                                    9:10
                                    Intestinal and Genito-Urinary Flagellates
                                    9:32
                                    Blood and Tissue Flagellates
                                    9:42
                                    Ambae
                                    10:45
                                    Typically Amoeboid
                                    10:49
                                    Represented by Entamoeba, Negleria, and Acanthamoeba
                                    11:27
                                    Sporozoa
                                    12:38
                                    Alternating Sexual and Asexual Reproductive Phases
                                    12:56
                                    Cyclospora Life Stage
                                    13:13
                                    Lifecycle of Sporozoa: Cryptosporidium
                                    16:16
                                    Ciliates
                                    17:20
                                    Complex Protozoa Bearing Cilia Distributed in Rows or Patches with Two Kinds of Nuclei in Each Cell
                                    17:24
                                    Balantidium Coli
                                    17:54
                                    Example 1
                                    20:06
                                    Example 2
                                    22:52
                                    Eukaryotes: Helminths

                                    32m 53s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Introduction to Helminths
                                    0:30
                                    Definition of Helminths
                                    0:31
                                    Three Types of Helminths
                                    0:54
                                    Biological Properties of Helminths
                                    1:38
                                    Biological Life Cycle of Helminths
                                    1:42
                                    Adult Helminths May Be Dioecious
                                    3:25
                                    Monoecious Helminths
                                    3:58
                                    Characteristics of Helminths
                                    4:12
                                    May Lack a Digestive System
                                    4:16
                                    Nervous System is Reduced
                                    4:41
                                    Incidence of Helminth Infections Worldwide
                                    5:50
                                    Intestinal Helminths
                                    6:29
                                    Soil Transmitted Helminths
                                    8:15
                                    Wuchereria Bancrofti
                                    8:35
                                    Wuchereria Bancrofti Causes Lymphatic Filariasis
                                    9:01
                                    Nematode or Roundword That Inhibits Lymphatic Vessels
                                    9:18
                                    Life Cycle
                                    9:43
                                    Lifecycle of Wuchereria Bancrofti
                                    10:11
                                    Symptoms of Wuchereria Bancrofti
                                    11:41
                                    Elephantiasis
                                    11:59
                                    People Who Develop Lymphedema
                                    12:39
                                    Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
                                    14:53
                                    Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis in India
                                    18:08
                                    Taenia Saginata or Solium
                                    19:19
                                    Human Tapeworms
                                    19:20
                                    Cestode That Inhabits Intestinal Tracts of Human Hosts
                                    19:36
                                    Taenia
                                    20:01
                                    Scolex
                                    20:53
                                    Tania or Tapeworms
                                    21:39
                                    Life Cycle of Taenia Saginata or Solium
                                    22:15
                                    Urban Myth of Reality
                                    24:35
                                    Example 1
                                    25:41
                                    Example 2
                                    28:38
                                    Helminths & Immunity

                                    32m 50s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    The Immune System
                                    0:45
                                    Innate Immune Response
                                    1:04
                                    Adaptive Immune Response
                                    1:15
                                    Autoimmunity and Helminth Infection
                                    2:20
                                    Endemic Type 1 Diabetes
                                    2:26
                                    Endemic Helminth Infections
                                    2:47
                                    Coevolution of Helminths and Immunity
                                    4:43
                                    Helminth Infections are a Driving Force in Shaping
                                    5:53
                                    Helminths Do Not Replicate in Human Host
                                    6:37
                                    Helminths are Able to Maintain a Co-existence With Immune System
                                    7:18
                                    Innate Immunity
                                    7:46
                                    Adaptive Immunity
                                    7:52
                                    Localized Impact of Helminth Infection
                                    9:05
                                    Immune Modulation of Helminth Infection
                                    14:07
                                    Helminths and Immune Response
                                    15:55
                                    Other Ways Helminths Facilitate Immune Response
                                    17:45
                                    Helminth Influence on Immunity
                                    19:07
                                    Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
                                    22:04
                                    Infected, Low Pathology - Develop Tolerance
                                    22:35
                                    Chronic Pathology
                                    22:50
                                    Pathogen Co-Existence and Immunity
                                    23:29
                                    Helminths and Autoimmunity in Mice
                                    25:31
                                    Summary of Helminths and Immunity
                                    26:39
                                    Hygiene Hypothesis
                                    26:42
                                    Driving Force in Shaping
                                    27:27
                                    Absence of Helminths and the Immune Tolerances
                                    27:46
                                    Example 1
                                    28:10
                                    Example 2
                                    30:23
                                    Section 9: Survey of Important Bacteria
                                    Gram Positive Bacteria

                                    46m 35s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Introduction
                                    1:01
                                    External Peptidoglycan
                                    1:07
                                    Stain Purple
                                    1:16
                                    Reasons How External Peptidoglycan is Important
                                    1:30
                                    Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
                                    1:51
                                    Immune Attack of Gram Positive Bacteria
                                    3:21
                                    Process of Opsonization
                                    3:29
                                    What is Opsonization
                                    3:39
                                    Complement Forms Membrane Attack Complexes
                                    4:38
                                    Ways Bacteria Gets Recognized by the System
                                    5:14
                                    Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
                                    6:55
                                    Metabolism
                                    7:00
                                    Survival Mechanisms
                                    7:11
                                    Shapes
                                    7:23
                                    Environments
                                    7:39
                                    Examples of Gram Positive Bacteria
                                    7:59
                                    Shapes of Gram Positive Bacteria
                                    9:13
                                    Streptococci vs. Staphylococci
                                    9:26
                                    Staphylococci Shape
                                    9:38
                                    Streptococci Shape
                                    9:52
                                    Staphylococcus Bacteria
                                    10:04
                                    Staphylococcus
                                    10:20
                                    Salt-Tolerant
                                    11:36
                                    Two Main Species
                                    12:24
                                    Pathogenicity
                                    12:38
                                    Enzymes and Toxins
                                    13:38
                                    Staphylococcus Aureus
                                    14:57
                                    Food Borne Infection
                                    15:04
                                    Skin Infections
                                    15:29
                                    Systemic Disease
                                    16:14
                                    Staphylococcus Bacteria
                                    17:36
                                    Categorized According to Antigens
                                    18:00
                                    Streptococcus Group A
                                    18:09
                                    Streptococcus Pyogenes
                                    19:09
                                    Pathogenicity
                                    19:37
                                    Rheumatic Fever
                                    20:00
                                    Necrotizing Fasciatis
                                    20:39
                                    Glomerulonephritis
                                    21:30
                                    Surface M Protein
                                    21:50
                                    Hyaluronic Acid Capsule
                                    22:25
                                    Enzymes
                                    22:47
                                    Pyrogenic Toxins
                                    22:57
                                    Bacillus
                                    23:34
                                    Has Endospore Stage and Produces Toxins
                                    23:59
                                    Bacillus Anthracis
                                    24:16
                                    Spores Activated
                                    25:12
                                    Toxins Cause Disease
                                    25:40
                                    Clostridium Bacteria
                                    26:02
                                    Gram Positive, Anaerobic, and Endospore Producing
                                    26:30
                                    Different Clostridium Bacteria
                                    26:56
                                    Clostridium Difficile
                                    27:34
                                    Commonly Found Among the Intestinal Microbiota
                                    27:38
                                    Opportunistic Pathogen
                                    27:57
                                    Common in Hospital
                                    28:30
                                    Age-Adjusted Death Rate for Enterocolitis Due to C. Difficile
                                    29:16
                                    Listeria Bacteria
                                    29:54
                                    Avoidance of Immune Reaction by Listeria
                                    31:23
                                    Multi-State Listeriosis Outbreak from Whole Cantaloupes Grown by Jensen Farms, Colorado
                                    33:04
                                    Example 1
                                    36:17
                                    Example 2
                                    39:05
                                    Example 3
                                    43:47
                                    Gram Negative Bacteria

                                    44m 38s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Introduction
                                    0:29
                                    Internal Cell Wall
                                    0:45
                                    Characteristic Properties
                                    0:54
                                    Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
                                    2:01
                                    Outer Membrane Provides a Barrier
                                    3:05
                                    Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
                                    3:16
                                    Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
                                    3:20
                                    Lipid A Molecule
                                    3:26
                                    Lipopolysaccharides
                                    3:40
                                    Most Gram Negative Bacteria Do Not Form Spores
                                    3:54
                                    Gram Negative Laboratory Algorithm
                                    4:05
                                    Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
                                    6:45
                                    Outer Membrane
                                    6:50
                                    Genetic Exchange
                                    6:53
                                    Immune Reaction to Gram Negative Bacteria
                                    7:49
                                    Examples of Gram Negative Bacteria
                                    12:12
                                    Endotoxin
                                    12:52
                                    Differ from Exotoxin in Several Ways
                                    13:05
                                    Released When Gram Negative Bacteria Undergo Lysis and Endotoxin is Liberated
                                    13:50
                                    Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
                                    14:36
                                    E. Coli Bacteria
                                    15:03
                                    Escherichia Coli
                                    15:06
                                    Pathogenic Strains of E. Coli
                                    15:28
                                    Shiga-Toxin E. Coli Outbreak, Germany 2011
                                    16:24
                                    Salmonella Bacteria
                                    18:29
                                    Pathogenicity
                                    18:36
                                    Infection by Salmonella
                                    20:36
                                    Another Image of Infection by Salmonella
                                    21:41
                                    Bacterial Infections, 2013
                                    23:44
                                    Vibrio Bacteria
                                    25:12
                                    Vibrio Genus
                                    25:37
                                    Most Virulent Species is Vibrio Cholerae
                                    25:50
                                    Cholera Life Cycle
                                    26:59
                                    Worldwide Cholera Cases
                                    29:44
                                    New Cases of Cholera in Haiti During a 2 Year Period
                                    30:24
                                    Preventing Cholera Infection with Gut Flora
                                    31:10
                                    Bordetella Pertussis
                                    32:55
                                    Aerobic Coccobacillus
                                    33:24
                                    Tracheal Toxin
                                    33:40
                                    Pertussis Toxin
                                    33:50
                                    Pertussis Infection Timeline
                                    34:25
                                    Pertussis Symptom Timeline
                                    36:10
                                    Reported Pertussis Cases in US 1922-2003
                                    37:31
                                    Example 1
                                    38:09
                                    Example 2
                                    39:36
                                    Example 3
                                    41:16
                                    Bacteria with Other Cell Walls

                                    24m 6s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Bacteria Classification by Cell Wall
                                    0:21
                                    Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative
                                    1:01
                                    Gram Stain
                                    1:18
                                    Shape
                                    1:24
                                    Bacteria Undetectable with Gram Stain
                                    3:07
                                    Mycobacteria
                                    3:23
                                    Mycoplasma Pneumonia
                                    4:02
                                    Chlamydia
                                    4:11
                                    Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Bacteria
                                    4:23
                                    Atypical Small Bacterium Without A Cell Wall
                                    4:30
                                    Lacks Rigid Cell Wall
                                    5:02
                                    Extracellular in Respiratory Tract
                                    7:02
                                    Acid-Fast Bacteria
                                    7:38
                                    Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                                    8:36
                                    Infectious Process
                                    10:31
                                    Tuberculosis Incidence in 2005
                                    12:45
                                    Chlamydia Trachomatis Bacteria
                                    15:11
                                    Obligate Intracellular Human Parasite
                                    15:39
                                    Gram Negative
                                    16:01
                                    Three Human Biovars
                                    16:15
                                    Life Cycle of Chlamydia
                                    17:33
                                    Example 1
                                    19:42
                                    Example 2
                                    21:01
                                    Section 10: Microbes and Human Disease
                                    Tuberculosis

                                    28m

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Tuberculosis Introduction
                                    0:47
                                    Malaria
                                    0:51
                                    Acid-Fast Staining
                                    1:04
                                    Tuberculosis Disease
                                    1:42
                                    Latent and Active Disease
                                    1:51
                                    Strong Man Image Example
                                    2:22
                                    Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                                    2:39
                                    Cell Wall
                                    2:48
                                    Tuberculosis Incidence in 2012
                                    3:21
                                    Worldwide Tuberculosis Incidence
                                    4:19
                                    TB Research Center, Chennai, India
                                    5:00
                                    Tuberculosis in United States
                                    5:47
                                    Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
                                    6:28
                                    Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
                                    7:40
                                    Infection
                                    7:50
                                    How It's Spread
                                    8:09
                                    What Determines Whether or Not an Individual Will be Exposed
                                    8:49
                                    Bacilli can Multiply Once Reaching the Alveoli
                                    9:21
                                    Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                                    10:18
                                    Inactive Form of TB
                                    10:34
                                    Active vs. Inactive Form of TB Depends on If Bacilli Stay in Tissue or Break Out
                                    10:44
                                    Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
                                    11:20
                                    Bacilli That Reach Alveoli
                                    11:32
                                    Those Bacilli are Ingested by Macrophages
                                    12:28
                                    No Symptoms of Disease
                                    13:20
                                    More Advanced Stage
                                    13:25
                                    Multiply in Macrophages
                                    13:45
                                    Inflammation
                                    14:24
                                    After a Few Weeks Disease Symptoms Appear
                                    15:00
                                    Caseous Center
                                    15:30
                                    Aerobic Bacilli Do Not Grow Well in the Center
                                    16:18
                                    Granuloma Can Reactivate Later
                                    16:46
                                    Active Disease: The Granuloma Can Rupture with Liquefaction
                                    17:25
                                    Active TB
                                    18:04
                                    Tuberculosis Staging
                                    18:12
                                    Stage 3 Important Stage
                                    18:40
                                    Stage 5 You Have TB
                                    18:55
                                    Tuberculosis Testing
                                    19:31
                                    Tuberculin Skin Test
                                    19:32
                                    Positive Skin Reaction Image Example
                                    20:14
                                    Tuberculosis Vaccination
                                    20:32
                                    BCG Vaccination in Other Areas Around the World
                                    20:48
                                    BCG Protects from the Active Form of Tuberculosis
                                    21:06
                                    BCG Does Not Confer Lifelong Protection
                                    22:34
                                    Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                                    22:51
                                    Target Different Parts
                                    23:09
                                    Regiment
                                    23:32
                                    Example 1
                                    24:34
                                    Example 2
                                    26:40
                                    Malaria, a Protozoan Disease

                                    29m 59s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Protozoa Introduction
                                    1:13
                                    One-Celled Organisms
                                    1:14
                                    Free Living or Parasitic
                                    1:19
                                    Can Multiply in Humans
                                    1:27
                                    How Does a Pathogen Get to the Digestive Tract
                                    1:44
                                    Worldwide Cases of Malaria
                                    3:06
                                    Found Where There a Lot of Mosquitoes
                                    3:14
                                    Malaria Introduction
                                    4:00
                                    Protozoa
                                    4:03
                                    Lives Partially in Human Host, Partially in Mosquito
                                    4:06
                                    Four Major Species
                                    4:29
                                    Carried by Anopheles Mosquitoes
                                    4:49
                                    Lifecycle of Malaria
                                    5:08
                                    Two Stages in Human Host and One Stage in Mosquito
                                    5:30
                                    Mosquito Bites and Injects Sporozoites
                                    5:49
                                    Parasite Goes Into Liver
                                    7:14
                                    Blood Supply
                                    7:33
                                    Diagnostic Stage
                                    7:55
                                    Erythrocytes
                                    8:11
                                    Gametocytes
                                    9:04
                                    Final Stage: Release of Sporozoites
                                    9:39
                                    Sickle Cell Anemia and Moleria
                                    10:16
                                    Sickle Cell Anemia is a Genetic Mutation Disease
                                    10:34
                                    Function
                                    11:05
                                    Hemoglobin Shape and Oxygen Capacity are Slightly Different
                                    11:16
                                    Selective Advantages and Disadvantages
                                    12:04
                                    Effects at a Cellular Level
                                    12:06
                                    Effects at the Organismal Level
                                    12:39
                                    Effects at the Population Level
                                    12:54
                                    Evolution of Human Malaria
                                    13:31
                                    Plasmodium Parasite Has Evolved
                                    13:40
                                    Plasmodium Reichenowi
                                    13:56
                                    What's Going on in India
                                    14:43
                                    Malaria Pathogenicity
                                    15:40
                                    Incubation Period
                                    15:41
                                    Symptoms
                                    16:05
                                    P. vivax and P. ovale
                                    16:41
                                    Dormant Liver Stage
                                    16:57
                                    Diagnosis
                                    18:33
                                    Malaria Treatment
                                    19:30
                                    Depends on Many Factors
                                    19:32
                                    Medications
                                    20:32
                                    Example 1
                                    22:28
                                    Example 2
                                    27:38
                                    HIV/AIDS

                                    38m 7s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    What is HIV / AIDS?
                                    0:31
                                    Human Immunodeficiency Virus
                                    0:32
                                    Once Infected, the Virus Will Always Be There
                                    1:28
                                    Exception
                                    1:45
                                    Transmitted Through Body Fluids
                                    2:10
                                    Virus
                                    2:15
                                    HIV Can be Transmitted Through
                                    3:13
                                    Sexual Contact, Injection Drug Use, Occupational Exposure, Pregnancy, Blood Transfusion
                                    3:14
                                    Blood Transfusion Used to be Significant for Disease Transmission
                                    3:31
                                    Adult HIV Prevalence, 2012
                                    4:30
                                    Africa is Highest
                                    4:40
                                    North and South America are Also High Prevalence
                                    4:44
                                    India
                                    5:02
                                    Counts of AIDS Cases
                                    5:22
                                    Example of Disease Transmission
                                    7:19
                                    Males
                                    7:31
                                    Females
                                    7:42
                                    HIV/ AIDS Methods of Transmission
                                    8:33
                                    HIV Retrovirus
                                    9:10
                                    Retrovirus
                                    9:21
                                    Replicate the Virus
                                    10:13
                                    Life Cycle of HIV Virus
                                    10:55
                                    Genome
                                    11:10
                                    Reverse Transcription
                                    11:16
                                    Host DNA Produces Goes Through Transcription and Translation
                                    11:26
                                    Produce Viral RNA
                                    11:36
                                    Importance of Figure
                                    12:00
                                    Viral Load and Immune Cell
                                    12:45
                                    Individual Infected
                                    12:52
                                    Plasma Virus Load Increases then Rapidly Declines
                                    12:58
                                    CD4+ T Cell
                                    13:34
                                    Immune System is Suppressed Enough That AIDs Develops
                                    14:20
                                    Evolution of HIV/ AIDS
                                    15:31
                                    Immunodeficiency and Development of Opportunistic Infections
                                    17:40
                                    Herpes Simplex Virus
                                    18:00
                                    Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
                                    18:10
                                    Kaposi Sarcoma and Many More
                                    18:22
                                    Disease Emerge at Different Time Depending on Degree of Suppression
                                    18:40
                                    Opportunistic Infections with HIV
                                    18:52
                                    Early 1900s
                                    19:04
                                    Pneumocystis
                                    19:21
                                    Opportunistic Fungal Disease
                                    20:15
                                    Harmless, Opportunistic Fungi
                                    20:31
                                    Can Happen to Individuals Who are Taking Drugs to Suppress Immune System
                                    20:44
                                    Pneumocystis Pneumonia
                                    21:13
                                    Pathogen
                                    21:32
                                    Immunodeficient Adults
                                    21:41
                                    Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
                                    22:00
                                    Kaposi Sarcoma
                                    22:42
                                    Rare Cancer
                                    22:49
                                    Skin Neoplasm
                                    23:14
                                    Subtypes All Have Human Herpesvirus-8
                                    23:31
                                    How It Looks
                                    23:57
                                    Kaposi Sarcoma Spindle Cells
                                    24:29
                                    How to Treat Kaposi Sarcoma
                                    25:17
                                    HIV Prevalence Among Young Adult Women in India
                                    26:02
                                    Example 1
                                    31:24
                                    Example 2
                                    33:32
                                    Ebola

                                    43m 9s

                                    Intro
                                    0:00
                                    Ebola Virus Overview
                                    0:22
                                    Ebola Virus Outbreak Distribution
                                    0:59
                                    1976 Ebola Outbreak First Identified
                                    1:00
                                    Recent Outbreak in Zaire
                                    2:15
                                    Three Countries Most Affected Today
                                    2:39
                                    Amount of Hospitals in Those Countries
                                    3:40
                                    Ebola Virus Ecology
                                    4:14
                                    Thought to Just Infect Warm Blooded Animals
                                    4:24
                                    Epidemic Starts When Virus Infects Humans
                                    4:45
                                    Ebola Virus Infection
                                    5:55
                                    Virus Comes From Animal and Infects Human
                                    5:57
                                    Infected Cells
                                    6:10
                                    Endothelial Cell Gaps Causes Leakage of Blood and Virus
                                    6:35
                                    Ebola Virus Symptoms
                                    7:37
                                    Fever
                                    7:43
                                    Early Signs
                                    7:54
                                    Big Sign of Being Infected: Travel History
                                    8:18
                                    Key About the Symptom Emerging
                                    9:40
                                    Timeline of Ebola Virus Symptoms
                                    11:21
                                    Day 2: First Symptoms
                                    11:36
                                    Day 10: High Fever and Vomiting
                                    12:29
                                    Day 11: Brain Damage and Bleeding
                                    13:13
                                    Day 12: Loss of Consciousness
                                    13:44
                                    Ebola Virus Characteristics
                                    14:14
                                    Filovirus
                                    14:27
                                    Enveloped, Helical Viruses
                                    14:31
                                    Ebola and Marburg Viruses
                                    14:36
                                    Morphology of Helical Ebola Virus
                                    14:52
                                    Capsid
                                    14:56
                                    Nucleic Acid
                                    15:04
                                    Ebola Virus Structure
                                    15:38
                                    Outside of the Structure
                                    15:42
                                    Inside the Envelope
                                    15:56
                                    Virus Can Recreate Itself in the Cytoplasm
                                    16:54
                                    RNA Viral Replication
                                    18:04
                                    Negative and Positive Strand
                                    18:32
                                    Ebola Virus Entry
                                    20:26
                                    Cell the Virus Penetrates
                                    21:18
                                    Inflammatory Reaction
                                    21:45
                                    Viruses Released Into Individuals Body
                                    22:23
                                    Ebola Virus: Immune Reaction
                                    23:08
                                    Survivors
                                    23:20
                                    Individuals Who Die From Ebola
                                    23:33
                                    Effective Dose
                                    24:03
                                    Host Immune Response to Ebola
                                    24:36
                                    Monocyte
                                    24:44
                                    Cytokines Storm
                                    25:01
                                    Ebola Virus Pathogenisis
                                    25:40
                                    Infection
                                    25:46
                                    Neutrophil
                                    25:56
                                    Depletion of Natural Killer Cells
                                    26:06
                                    Ebola Virus Can Serve to Surpress the Immune Reaction
                                    26:37
                                    How Contagious is Ebola?
                                    27:49
                                    Not Very Contagious, But Very Infectious
                                    27:58
                                    In Relation to Other Diseases
                                    28:43
                                    Ebola Transmission
                                    29:24
                                    Patient Zero Thought to be Infected by Animal
                                    29:28
                                    Eating Bushmeat In West Africa
                                    29:46
                                    Ebola Spreads by Direct Contact
                                    30:16
                                    Ebola in Healthcare Settings
                                    31:13
                                    Healthcare Workers at Higher Risk Because They Handle Body Fluids
                                    31:22
                                    Precautions
                                    32:07
                                    Treatment of Ebola
                                    34:13
                                    No Vaccine, but There Are Experimental Treatments (ZMAPP)
                                    34:18
                                    Basic Interventions When Done Early, Can Improve Chances of Survival
                                    36:27
                                    Example 1
                                    37:41
                                    Example 2
                                    39:18
                                    Example 3
                                    41:05
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