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Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part II

  • Classification of Medically Important Fungi
    • Dependent on tissue involvement and mode of entry
      • Superficial, cutaneous and subcutaneous fungal diseases
  • Example Fungal Disease: Candidiasis albicans
    • Considered cutaneous, can also occur subcutaneous and systemically.
  • Opportunistic Fungal Disease
    • Pneumocystis jirovecii
  • Systemic Fungal Disease
    • Coccidioidocosis immitis

Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part II

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  1. Intro
    • Introduction to Fungi
    • Medically Important Fungi
    • Fungal Diseases
    • Superficial Fungal Diseases
    • Cutaneous Fungal Disease
    • Subcutaneous Fungal Diseases
    • Candidiasis Albicans
    • Opportunistic Fungal Disease
    • Pneumocystis Pneumonia
    • Life Cycle of Pheumocystis Jirovecii
      • Early Incidence of Pneumocystis
        • Systemic Fungal Disease
        • Life Cycle of Coccidiodes Immitis
          • Number of Coccidiomycosis Cases
            • Distribution of Coccidiomycosis Cases
              • Example 1
                • Example 2
                  • Intro 0:00
                  • Introduction to Fungi 0:19
                    • Recap of Fungi Part One
                    • 1.5 Million Species
                    • Focus on Fungi That Cause Human Disease
                  • Medically Important Fungi 1:42
                    • Contagious Diseases?
                    • Dermatophytosis Example
                    • Pneumocystis Example
                    • Commensal Organisms: Candida Albicans
                  • Fungal Diseases 3:02
                    • Mycosis
                    • Fungal Mycoses
                    • Five Groups
                  • Superficial Fungal Diseases 4:10
                    • Fungi That are Localized in Hair Shafts and on Skin Surface
                    • Prevalent in Tropical Climate
                    • Benign
                    • Figures Explanation
                  • Cutaneous Fungal Disease 5:04
                    • Infect the Epidermis
                    • Dermatomycoses
                    • Dermatophytes
                    • Dermatophytes Secrete Keratinase
                    • Examples
                  • Subcutaneous Fungal Diseases 6:39
                    • Fungal Infections Beneath the Skin
                    • Occur After a Puncture Wound
                    • Infections Occur Among Farmers
                    • Example: Sporotrichosis
                  • Candidiasis Albicans 8:57
                    • Most Common in Yeast Infections
                    • Resides on Skin Surfaces
                    • Resistant to Phagocytosis
                  • Opportunistic Fungal Disease 12:25
                    • Host is Debilitated or Traumatized
                    • Under Treatment with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
                    • Immune System is Suppressed by Drugs
                    • Has an Immune Disorder or Lung Disease
                  • Pneumocystis Pneumonia 14:47
                    • Caused by Pneumocystis Jirovecii
                    • Most Frequent and Severe Opportunistic Infection
                    • Immunocompetent Adults Have Few or No Symptoms
                    • Example: Pneumocystis Cysts in Lung of Patient with AIDS
                  • Life Cycle of Pheumocystis Jirovecii 17:34
                  • Early Incidence of Pneumocystis 18:49
                  • Systemic Fungal Disease 21:21
                    • Fungal Infections Deep Within the Body
                    • Caused by Fungi Living in the Soil
                    • Infections Begin in Lungs and Spread to Other Tissue
                    • Example: Coccidiodomycosis Infection of Lung Tissue
                  • Life Cycle of Coccidiodes Immitis 23:12
                  • Number of Coccidiomycosis Cases 24:10
                  • Distribution of Coccidiomycosis Cases 26:06
                  • Example 1 27:20
                  • Example 2 30:08

                  Related Books

                  Catherine Carpenter

                  Catherine Carpenter

                  Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part II

                  Slide Duration:

                  Table of Contents

                  Section 1: Introduction to Microbiology
                  History of Microbiology

                  40m 36s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Overview of Microbiology
                  0:35
                  What is Microbiology?
                  0:39
                  History of Microbiology
                  0:47
                  What is Microbiology?
                  3:11
                  Study of Biology of Pathogen
                  4:05
                  Study of Biology of Vector
                  4:13
                  Biology of Human Host
                  4:28
                  Microbiology
                  6:32
                  Study of Microorganisms
                  6:35
                  Includes Viruses, Small Macroscopic Organisms, and Parasites
                  7:48
                  Microorganisms are Responsible for Cycling the Chemical Elements Essential for Life
                  9:32
                  Produce More Energy Through Photosynthesis Than Plants
                  10:00
                  90% of Cells in Our Body are Microbes
                  11:20
                  Important Discoveries in Microbiology
                  11:29
                  Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
                  11:48
                  Invented of the Microscope
                  11:59
                  What Was Leeuwenhoek's World?
                  12:47
                  The First Smallpox Vaccination: Jenner 1796
                  13:25
                  Jenner Invented the First Vaccine
                  13:35
                  Protected from Smallpox
                  13:58
                  Edward Jenner and Vaccination
                  14:49
                  Cowpox Virus
                  15:25
                  Material Used for Vaccine Probably Contained Cowpox Virus
                  15:46
                  Inoculate James Phipps by Taking Pus from the Lesions on the Hands of a Diary Maid
                  16:20
                  Louis Pasteur and Theory of Spontaneous Generation
                  17:58
                  Pasteur's S-Shaped Flask Kept Microbes Out but Let Air In
                  18:04
                  Disproved Theory of Spontaneous Generation
                  18:20
                  Fermentation, Pasteurization, and Vaccination: Louis Pasteur
                  19:53
                  Fermentation
                  19:54
                  Pasteurizing
                  20:14
                  Vaccination
                  20:56
                  The Germ Theory of Disease: Robert Koch
                  21:13
                  Koch's Postulates
                  21:47
                  Koch's Postulates
                  23:13
                  Procedure to Determine Criteria to Establish Casual Relationship Between a Microbe and Disease
                  23:34
                  A Fortunate Accident: Antibiotics
                  25:40
                  Alexander Fleming Discovered the First Antibiotic
                  25:55
                  Summary of Important Discoveries
                  27:12
                  Ability to Visualize Microorganisms
                  27:49
                  Vaccination
                  28:59
                  Fermentation, Pasteurization and Vaccination from Rabies
                  29:21
                  Germ Theory of Disease
                  29:42
                  Antibiotics
                  30:08
                  Example 1
                  31:36
                  Example 2
                  32:02
                  Example 3
                  33:56
                  Example 4
                  37:53
                  Example 5
                  38:57
                  Laboratory Testing & Visualization

                  44m 19s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Laboratory Testing and Visualization
                  0:37
                  Serology
                  1:09
                  Visualization: Types of Microscopes
                  1:32
                  A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
                  1:57
                  Generalized Tests for Microorganisms
                  2:36
                  Morphological Characteristics
                  2:44
                  Differential Staining
                  3:00
                  Biochemical Tests
                  3:45
                  A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
                  4:19
                  Serology
                  6:38
                  Detect Levels of Antibodies
                  6:46
                  Blood Serum
                  7:43
                  Recent of Past Infection
                  7:59
                  Differentiate Different Strains
                  9:39
                  Example of Serology Testing for HBV
                  10:02
                  Direct Agglutination Testing
                  12:52
                  Visual Test
                  13:08
                  Positive Results
                  13:16
                  Antibodies Sufficient in Level
                  14:13
                  ELISA Test
                  15:56
                  Sandwich ELISA
                  16:39
                  Western Blot
                  18:56
                  Proteins are Positioned on the Filter so Antibodies Can Bind to the Antigens
                  19:09
                  Filter is Then Washed with Patient's Serum
                  19:27
                  Positive Test for Particular Microorganisms
                  20:04
                  Flow Cytometry
                  21:09
                  Used to Identify Bacteria Without Culturing the Bacteria
                  21:17
                  Moving Fluid Containing Bacteria is Forced Through Small Opening
                  22:03
                  Differences in Electrical Conductivity Between the Cells are Detected
                  22:17
                  Results Distinguishing Three Different Species of Microorganisms
                  22:56
                  Genetic Testing: DNA Fingerprinting
                  23:49
                  Way to Specify and Differentiate Bacteria
                  25:36
                  Some Produce Taxon
                  25:47
                  Used as a Proxy for Microbial Cell Abundance
                  26:13
                  Detailed Figure
                  26:43
                  Pattern Matching to Determine Bacterial Strain
                  27:22
                  Example
                  28:00
                  Picture of That
                  28:04
                  Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
                  29:36
                  Light Microscope
                  30:22
                  Image
                  31:18
                  Darkfield Microscopy
                  31:44
                  An Illumination Technique Used to Enhance the Contrast in Unstained Samples
                  31:51
                  How It Works
                  32:01
                  Planaria in Pond Water
                  32:19
                  Electron Microscope
                  32:55
                  Uses Electron Beam to Illuminate a Specimen and Produce a Magnified Image
                  33:23
                  Electron Microscopy
                  33:34
                  Electron Microscope Image
                  34:23
                  Atomic Force Microscope
                  34:41
                  Manipulates Matter at the Nanoscale
                  35:09
                  Atomic Force Microscopy Image
                  35:37
                  Atomic Force Imaging
                  35:54
                  Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
                  37:02
                  Light Microscopes
                  37:18
                  Example 1
                  37:28
                  Example 2
                  40:19
                  Example 3
                  40:57
                  Example 4
                  42:13
                  Example 5
                  42:35
                  Present Day Importance of Microbiology

                  43m 48s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Two Important Topic Area in Microbiology
                  0:41
                  Gut Microbiome
                  1:21
                  A Forgotten Organ
                  1:25
                  Colonization of the Gut Begins at Birth
                  2:34
                  Factors That Alter the Relationship
                  4:02
                  Pathologic Inflammation
                  7:05
                  Commensal Species
                  9:47
                  Pathobionts
                  10:28
                  Functional Comparison of the Gut Microbiome with Other Sequenced Microbiomes
                  10:38
                  Genes and Microbiome
                  11:34
                  Vitamin K Example
                  12:00
                  Escherichia Coli
                  13:07
                  Genomes of the Bacteria and Viruses of the Human Gut Encode 3.3 Million Genes
                  14:02
                  Link to Microbiome and Health
                  14:57
                  Antibiotic Resistance
                  15:42
                  Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest, Adaptation
                  16:39
                  Theory of Evolution
                  17:07
                  Origin of Species
                  17:13
                  Darwin Came Up with Theory
                  17:50
                  Link to Theory of Evolution
                  18:01
                  Natural Selection
                  19:03
                  Natural Selection
                  19:09
                  Adaptive Trait
                  19:21
                  Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
                  19:49
                  Two Week Course of Antibiotics
                  20:10
                  Antibiotic Resistant Strains Found in Hospitals and Schools
                  21:21
                  Evolution of Resistant Bacteria
                  22:01
                  Evolution of Resistance
                  24:06
                  Natural Selection
                  24:08
                  Some Bacteria Transfers the Resistant Genes to Other Bacteria Who Don't Have It
                  24:24
                  It Reproduces and Soon Populates an Antibiotic Resistant Infection
                  25:06
                  Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
                  25:30
                  Acquired Resistance
                  25:31
                  Resistance Develops by Mutation of Resident or by Acquisition of New Genes
                  26:55
                  Flourish in Areas of High Antimicrobial Use
                  27:10
                  Spread of Antibiotic Resistance
                  27:19
                  Selection of Resistant Bacteria by Overuse and Misuse of Antibiotics
                  29:02
                  Multiple Antibiotics
                  29:46
                  Antibiotics Used Unnecessarily
                  30:35
                  Bacterial and Viral Pneumonia
                  31:13
                  Indiscriminant Use of Antibiotic
                  31:52
                  Unnecessary Antibiotics Can Promote Resistant Bacteria
                  32:25
                  Future Antibiotics May Lose Effectiveness
                  32:33
                  Ease of Obtaining Antibiotics
                  33:11
                  Over the Counter
                  33:13
                  Encourages Indiscriminant and Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics
                  33:25
                  Use in Animal Feed
                  34:26
                  Prevent Infections and Promote Growth
                  34:30
                  Animals Can Develop Resistance Also
                  35:03
                  Tutorial on Antibiotic Resistance
                  36:05
                  Example 1
                  36:32
                  Example 2
                  39:30
                  Section 2: Cell Biology
                  Biology of the Prototype Cell

                  10m 2s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Cellular Organization
                  0:14
                  Prokaryotes
                  0:27
                  Eukaryotes
                  0:48
                  Three Domains of Life
                  0:51
                  Eubacteria
                  1:02
                  Archaebacteria
                  1:09
                  Eukaryotes
                  1:15
                  Evolution of Bacteria
                  1:21
                  Common Qualities
                  2:02
                  Nucleus
                  2:12
                  Plasma Membrane
                  2:47
                  Cytoplasm
                  3:09
                  Multicellularity
                  3:17
                  Multicellularity Evolved
                  3:28
                  Cells Gave Rise to Earth's First Lineage of Multicellular Organisms
                  3:57
                  Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens are 1.2 Billion Years Old
                  4:18
                  Cells Differentiated for Attaching to a Substrate
                  4:37
                  Longitudinal Division Divides Disc-Shaped Cells Into Radially Arranged Wedge-Shaped Cells
                  4:54
                  According to Energy
                  5:08
                  Phototrophs
                  5:36
                  Chemotrophs
                  6:02
                  Introducing Prokaryotic Cells
                  6:46
                  Bacteria and Archaea
                  6:51
                  Smallest Form of Life
                  6:58
                  Similar in Appearance and Size
                  7:06
                  Aerobic
                  7:13
                  Anaerobic
                  7:19
                  Facultative
                  7:26
                  Example 1
                  7:37
                  Example 2
                  9:02
                  Structures in Common & Structures That Are Unique

                  8m 40s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Structures
                  0:22
                  Way to Remember Cell Structures
                  0:23
                  Membrane Similarities
                  0:34
                  Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have Plasma Membrane
                  0:42
                  Replication Molecules
                  1:17
                  Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have DNA and RNA
                  1:18
                  One Way Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are Different
                  1:41
                  Genome Differences
                  1:49
                  Eukaryotes
                  1:52
                  Prokaryotes
                  2:12
                  Cell Division Differences
                  2:43
                  Prokaryotes
                  2:49
                  Eukaryotes
                  2:55
                  Organelle Differences
                  3:07
                  Eukaryotes
                  3:10
                  Prokaryotes
                  3:31
                  Energy Metabolism Differences
                  3:42
                  Eukaryotes
                  3:48
                  Prokaryotes
                  4:21
                  Cytoskeleton Differences
                  4:41
                  Eukaryotes
                  4:50
                  Prokaryotes
                  5:27
                  Example 1
                  5:46
                  Example 2
                  7:13
                  DNA & RNA

                  11m 46s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Which Came First
                  0:31
                  RNA Came First
                  0:38
                  Short RNA Molecules
                  0:54
                  Stored Information
                  1:05
                  Early RNA
                  1:21
                  Synthesized Proteins and Carried Info
                  1:24
                  Information Carrying Role of RNA
                  1:36
                  Evolution of Double-Stranded DNA Enabled the Storage of More Complex Info
                  2:01
                  DNA Became a Better Mechanism for Information Storage of Complex Traits
                  2:13
                  Replicating Molecules
                  2:35
                  Replicating Molecules Evolved and Began to Undergo Natural Selection
                  2:51
                  Replication
                  3:05
                  Protein Synthesis
                  3:13
                  RNA Evolves Into DNA
                  3:24
                  DNA Contains Instruction
                  3:32
                  RNA Transcribes DNA
                  3:54
                  Proteins Are Made from the Instructions
                  3:59
                  DNA Structure
                  4:15
                  Chromosomal DNA
                  5:02
                  DNA Coiling
                  5:26
                  DNA - Nucleic Functions
                  5:51
                  Transcription
                  6:04
                  Replication
                  6:29
                  Function of DNA
                  7:10
                  DNA Replication
                  7:36
                  Complete Unzipping of DNA
                  7:38
                  Assembly of Complementary Nucleotides
                  7:47
                  Only Occurs in Cell Division
                  8:09
                  DNA Replication Diagram
                  8:18
                  DNA Transcription and Translation
                  8:41
                  Example 1
                  9:46
                  Example 2
                  10:27
                  Example 3
                  10:45
                  Motility

                  11m 24s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Motility is an Important Property
                  0:26
                  Flagella
                  0:37
                  Pili
                  0:55
                  Prokaryotic Cell
                  1:08
                  Pili
                  1:38
                  Fimbriae
                  1:45
                  Pili Connect a Bacterium to Others of the Same Species
                  1:57
                  Transferred Plasmids Can Bring a New Function to the Cell
                  2:37
                  Fimbriae
                  3:07
                  Distributed Over the Entire Surface of the Cell
                  3:08
                  Have a Tendency to Adhere to Surfaces and to One Another
                  3:17
                  Example: Neisseria Gonorrhea
                  3:40
                  An Electron Micrograph of E Coli
                  3:53
                  Bacterial Conjugation with Pilus
                  4:12
                  Prokaryotic Flagella
                  5:14
                  Eukaryotes
                  5:34
                  Prokaryotes
                  5:43
                  Underneath Inner Plasma Membrane in Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
                  6:05
                  Different Types of Flagella
                  6:13
                  Flagella Organization
                  6:14
                  Bacteria Alters Speed and Direction of Rotation
                  7:11
                  Examples
                  8:07
                  Example 1
                  8:41
                  Example 2
                  10:05
                  Plasma Membrane

                  16m 11s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Plasma Membrane
                  0:22
                  Functions of Plasma Membrane
                  0:28
                  Physical Isolation
                  0:31
                  Regulation of Exchange with the Environment
                  1:05
                  Communication Between the Cell and Its Environment
                  1:46
                  Structural Support
                  2:28
                  Plasma Membrane Composition
                  2:46
                  Lipids
                  2:59
                  Proteins
                  3:17
                  Carbohydrates
                  3:43
                  Lipid Bi-Layer of Plasma Membrane
                  4:19
                  Micelle
                  4:28
                  Bilayer
                  5:11
                  Liposome
                  5:40
                  Cellular Evolution
                  5:59
                  Evoloution of Membranes Advantages
                  6:49
                  Encased Cells Out-Competed Naked Cells
                  7:37
                  Plasma Membrane Structure
                  7:57
                  Plasma Membrane Differences
                  10:59
                  Eukaryotic Cells Have Carbohydrates
                  11:11
                  Eukaryotic Plasma Membranes Contain Sterols
                  12:08
                  Prokaryotic Plasma Membranes Consist Mostly of Phospholipids and Proteins
                  12:26
                  Example 1
                  12:41
                  Example 2
                  13:30
                  Example 3
                  15:02
                  Antibody & Antigen Recognition

                  15m 50s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Finding and Cell Signaling
                  0:22
                  Ligand Binding
                  1:00
                  Ligand Binds
                  1:01
                  Binding Site is Complementary to the Ligand
                  1:30
                  Interaction Between Ligand and Binding Site is Specific
                  2:39
                  Induced Fit
                  3:24
                  Ligand Binding Illustration 1
                  3:44
                  Ligand Binding Illustration 2
                  4:21
                  Antibody Structure
                  4:44
                  Antigen-Antibody Specificity
                  5:40
                  Antigen-Antibody Reaction
                  6:27
                  Example 1
                  10:10
                  Example 2
                  11:54
                  Example 3
                  13:29
                  Microbial Metabolism

                  21m 44s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Organisms and Carbon
                  0:20
                  Autotrophs
                  0:40
                  Heterotrophs
                  1:12
                  Organisms and Energy
                  2:07
                  Metabolism
                  3:19
                  Metabolism
                  3:26
                  Catabolism
                  3:53
                  Anabolism
                  4:15
                  Cellular Respiration
                  4:56
                  Aerobic Respiration
                  5:47
                  Anaerobic Respiration
                  6:13
                  Glucose
                  6:41
                  Most Important Carbohydrate
                  6:42
                  Three Major Outcomes
                  7:14
                  Stored
                  7:21
                  Oxidized via Glycolysis
                  7:22
                  Oxidized via the Pentose Phosphate
                  7:50
                  Outcomes of Glucose I
                  8:37
                  Outcomes of Glucose II
                  10:21
                  Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
                  11:50
                  Glycolysis
                  12:01
                  Citric Acid Cycle
                  12:05
                  Oxidative Phosphorylation
                  12:13
                  Formula
                  12:17
                  Aerobic Metabolism
                  12:28
                  Respiration and Fermentation
                  13:52
                  Carbohydrate Catabolism
                  15:00
                  Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
                  15:59
                  Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
                  16:00
                  Lactic Acid
                  16:08
                  ATP Production Requirements
                  17:13
                  Energy Sources
                  17:22
                  Electron Carriers
                  17:41
                  Final Electron Acceptors
                  17:49
                  Example 1
                  18:09
                  Example 2
                  18:41
                  Example 3
                  20:13
                  Microbial Genetics

                  39m 49s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  What is a Gene?
                  0:39
                  A Portion of the Chromosome That Determines or Affects a Single Character or Phenotype
                  0:51
                  Biochemical Definition of a Gene
                  0:57
                  Original Definition: One Gene-One Polypeptide
                  1:20
                  What is a Gene?
                  1:48
                  Regulatory Sequence
                  1:50
                  Genetic Code
                  2:44
                  Transcription and Replication
                  3:56
                  Replication of Bacterial DNA
                  5:05
                  Copy Both Sides of DNA Strand
                  5:20
                  DNA Transcription
                  5:53
                  DNA is Transcribed to Make RNA
                  6:18
                  RNA Polymerase Binds to the Promoter Sequence
                  6:24
                  Direction
                  6:29
                  Transcription Stops When It Reaches the Terminator Sequence
                  6:33
                  Bacterial Transcription
                  6:39
                  Transcription
                  6:46
                  No Nucleus
                  6:52
                  Translation
                  7:51
                  mRNA is Translated In Codons
                  8:11
                  Translation of mRNA Begins at the Start Codon
                  8:18
                  Translation Ends at Nonsense Codon
                  8:22
                  Gene Regulation
                  8:34
                  Constitutive Genes Are Expressed at a Fixed Rate
                  8:43
                  Other Genes Are Expressed Only as Needed
                  8:58
                  Regulation of Transcription
                  9:11
                  Repression
                  10:16
                  Induction
                  11:04
                  Germline Mutation
                  12:09
                  Evolutionary Biology
                  12:32
                  Molecular Biology
                  13:48
                  Mutations
                  14:34
                  Random and Rare
                  14:36
                  Can Be Beneficial or Neutral
                  14:46
                  Not All Mutations Matter
                  14:58
                  Somatic Mutations
                  15:20
                  Germline Mutations
                  16:30
                  Causes of Mutations
                  16:44
                  DNA Fails to Copy Accurately
                  16:48
                  External Influences Can Create Mutations
                  17:21
                  Types of Mutations
                  18:14
                  Substitution
                  18:18
                  Examples of Substitutions
                  18:29
                  Silent Mutations
                  19:56
                  Insertion
                  20:39
                  Deletion
                  20:51
                  Frame Shift
                  21:12
                  Bacterial Gene Recombination
                  22:16
                  Vertical Gene Transfer
                  22:57
                  Horizontal Gene Transfer
                  23:16
                  Genetic Recombination
                  23:46
                  Exchange of Genes Between Two DNA Molecules
                  23:47
                  Crossing Over Occurs When Two Chromosomes Break and Rejoin
                  23:52
                  Recipient Chromosome Contains New DNA
                  23:57
                  Bacterial Recombination
                  24:51
                  Bacterial Transformation
                  25:53
                  Conjugation in E. Coli
                  28:36
                  Transduction by a Bacteriophage
                  30:04
                  Plasmids
                  31:53
                  What are Plasmids?
                  32:00
                  F-Factor
                  32:14
                  Other Plasmids Encode for Proteins That Enhance the Pathogenicity of a Bacterium
                  32:39
                  Dissimilation Plasmids
                  33:24
                  R Factors
                  33:44
                  R-Factor, A Type of Plasmid
                  33:53
                  Transposons
                  35:04
                  Move From One Region of DNA to Another
                  35:29
                  Contain Insertion Sequences for Cutting and Resealing DNA (Tansposase)
                  35:34
                  Example 1
                  36:14
                  Example 2
                  37:34
                  Example 3
                  38:15
                  Section 3: Virus Biology
                  Viral Structure, Genome, & Replication

                  16m 50s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Medical Virology
                  0:11
                  Viral Structure
                  1:37
                  Viral Genome
                  1:55
                  What is a Virus?
                  2:09
                  Smaller
                  2:15
                  DNA or RNA with no Nucleus
                  2:34
                  Classification of Viruses
                  3:03
                  Type and Confirmation of Genomic Nucleic Acid
                  3:07
                  Viral Morphology
                  3:19
                  Viral Structure
                  3:54
                  Virion
                  3:58
                  Envelope
                  4:29
                  Capsid
                  5:39
                  Nucleocapsid
                  5:55
                  Viral Genome - Composition
                  6:27
                  Viral Genome
                  6:31
                  DNA vs. RNA Structure
                  6:42
                  RNA
                  7:49
                  Pathogenicity & Virulence
                  7:42
                  DNA
                  8:06
                  Viral Genome - Shape
                  8:36
                  Segmented
                  8:40
                  Non-segmented
                  9:22
                  Changes in the Viral Genome
                  9:36
                  Genetic Recombination
                  9:56
                  Reassortment
                  10:26
                  Changes in the Viral Genome
                  11:16
                  Quasi-species
                  11:24
                  Ebola Virus
                  11:58
                  Example 1
                  12:33
                  Example 2
                  13:42
                  Example 3
                  15:13
                  Viral Entry Into a Cell & Transmission

                  12m 31s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Medical Virology
                  0:27
                  Viral Entry Into a Cell
                  0:30
                  Viral Transmission
                  0:39
                  Viral Entry into Cells
                  0:53
                  Attachment
                  0:58
                  Membrane Fusion
                  1:29
                  Pre Formation
                  1:56
                  Penetration
                  2:12
                  Transmission of Viruses
                  2:34
                  Aerosol
                  2:51
                  Contaminated Food
                  3:19
                  Arthropods
                  4:01
                  Sexual Contact
                  5:06
                  Organ and Tissue Transplant
                  5:22
                  Site of Virus Entry
                  6:17
                  Respiratory Tract
                  6:37
                  GI Tract
                  7:08
                  Urethra, Vagina, Anus
                  7:34
                  Skin
                  7:42
                  Conjunctiva
                  7:45
                  Type of Cell Best Suited for Virus
                  7:57
                  Example 1
                  9:23
                  Example 2
                  10:13
                  Medically Important Viruses

                  24m 41s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Medical Virology
                  0:41
                  Viruses We Will Study
                  1:00
                  How the Viruses Differs
                  1:10
                  Medically-Important Viruses
                  1:23
                  Selected Viruses of Medical Importance
                  2:55
                  Herpesviridae, Simplevirus
                  2:59
                  Herpes Virus
                  4:09
                  Papillomaviridae, Alphapapillomavirus
                  4:47
                  Papilloma Virus
                  5:27
                  Reoviridae, Rotavirus
                  6:57
                  Rotavirus
                  7:58
                  Paramyxovirinae, Morbilivirus
                  9:04
                  Measles Virus
                  10:19
                  Orthomyxoviridae (Influenza Virus)
                  10:58
                  Influenza Virus - Antigenic Drift
                  12:52
                  Influenza Virus - Antigenic Shift
                  15:19
                  Medically-Important Viruses
                  18:39
                  Avian Influenza
                  18:41
                  Example 1
                  20:19
                  Example 2
                  21:50
                  Example 3
                  23:01
                  Section 4: Classification of Microbes
                  Overall Classification of Microbes

                  15m 51s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  What is Taxonomy?
                  0:18
                  Science of Classifying Organisms
                  0:21
                  Universal Names Used by All Countries
                  1:11
                  Reference for Identifying Organisms
                  1:19
                  Binomial Nomenclature
                  1:28
                  Systematics or Phylogeny
                  2:11
                  Phylogeny
                  2:12
                  Like Reading a Family Tree
                  2:28
                  Root of the Tree
                  2:33
                  Moving Forward in Time
                  2:49
                  Clade
                  3:01
                  Ancestors and Lineage
                  3:39
                  Taxonomic Hierarchy
                  4:17
                  Genus and Species
                  4:28
                  Classification Changes
                  4:38
                  History of Microbial Taxonomy
                  4:51
                  Discovery of Microscope
                  5:09
                  Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia
                  5:33
                  Smallpox Vaccine
                  5:42
                  Bacteria and Fungi
                  6:11
                  Kingdom Portista
                  6:24
                  Prokaryotes Introduced as a New Kingdom
                  6:57
                  Definition of Prokaryote
                  7:17
                  Kingdom Fungi
                  7:33
                  Kingdom Prokaryote
                  7:40
                  Two Types of Prokaryotic Cells
                  7:48
                  Using Molecular Techniques to Classify
                  7:58
                  Classify Microbes
                  8:24
                  Three Domain System of Classification
                  9:21
                  Classification Criteria
                  9:29
                  Physiology
                  9:58
                  Ecology
                  10:06
                  Behavior
                  10:27
                  Morphology
                  10:54
                  Molecular Evidence (RNA)
                  11:11
                  Three Domains of Life
                  11:39
                  Eukaryotes
                  11:46
                  Prokaryotes
                  11:48
                  Archaea
                  11:54
                  Example 1
                  12:13
                  Example 2
                  13:15
                  Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Archaea

                  12m 14s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Classification of Prokaryotes
                  0:45
                  Lack of Nucleus
                  0:51
                  Culture
                  1:05
                  Clone
                  1:19
                  Strain
                  1:37
                  Phylogenetic Relationship
                  2:02
                  Archaea
                  3:53
                  Two Distinct Groups: Archaea and Bacteria
                  4:05
                  Archaea Lived in High Temperatures
                  4:29
                  Habitats
                  4:51
                  Only Habitants to Live in Extreme Habitats
                  5:24
                  New Research Shoes Archaeans are Abundant in the Open Sea
                  5:40
                  Archaea Morphology
                  5:59
                  Basic Archaeal Structure: Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, and Cell Wall
                  6:08
                  Archaeal Cell Membranes
                  6:13
                  Plasmid
                  7:11
                  Archaeal Ribosomes
                  7:29
                  Example 1
                  8:20
                  Example 2
                  11:01
                  Section 5: The Immune System
                  The Immune System

                  20m 18s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Immune System Introduction
                  0:28
                  Body Defends Itself from Anything Foreign
                  0:49
                  What Immunity Constitutes
                  1:13
                  Immune Responses Can be Classified as Nonspecific or Specific
                  1:27
                  Nonspecific Immune Response
                  1:54
                  Specific Immune Response
                  2:22
                  Physiological Barriers
                  2:49
                  The Immune System
                  3:18
                  Innate Immune Response
                  3:20
                  Adaptive Immune Response
                  3:42
                  Immunity
                  4:47
                  Immunology
                  5:32
                  Immunity
                  5:39
                  Immune System
                  6:21
                  Barriers to Infection - Mechanical
                  6:41
                  Physical Barriers
                  6:54
                  Epithelial Surfaces
                  8:31
                  Mucosal Surfaces
                  9:54
                  Muco-ciliary Escalator
                  10:40
                  Barriers to Infection - Chemical
                  11:25
                  Enzymes
                  11:33
                  pH
                  12:29
                  Lung
                  13:48
                  Physiological Barriers
                  14:56
                  The Immune System
                  16:52
                  Example 1
                  17:15
                  The Complement System

                  16m 53s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  What is Complement?
                  0:37
                  Proteins
                  0:40
                  Synthesized by Different Cell Types
                  1:01
                  Complement System
                  1:14
                  Destroy Pathogens Directly
                  1:51
                  Activate Other Components of the Immune Response
                  2:02
                  Collaborate with Other Components of the Immune Response
                  2:12
                  Classical Pathway
                  2:28
                  Lection Pathway
                  3:29
                  Alternative Pathway
                  3:52
                  Integral Protein Types That Function in Cell-Cell Interaction
                  4:08
                  Function of the Complement System
                  4:49
                  Complement is Activated Upon Infection
                  4:50
                  Complement Functions Like Enzymes
                  6:16
                  Enzyme Activation
                  6:37
                  Function of the Complement System
                  7:43
                  Complements the Ability of Antibodies and Phagocytic Cells to Identify and Remove Foreign Pathogens
                  7:49
                  Amplification
                  8:50
                  Activation of the Complement System
                  9:17
                  Cytolysis
                  9:27
                  Chemotaxis
                  9:39
                  Opsonization
                  10:41
                  Anaphylatoxins
                  11:16
                  Complement and Membrane Attack Complex
                  12:10
                  The Membrane Attached Complex
                  12:49
                  Pathways of Complement Activation
                  13:07
                  Classical
                  13:43
                  Lectin
                  13:54
                  Alternative
                  14:07
                  Example 1
                  14:33
                  Example 2
                  15:23
                  Example 3
                  16:11
                  Adaptive Immunity

                  31m 10s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  What is Adaptive Immunity?
                  0:27
                  Primary Immune Response
                  0:41
                  Initiated by a Dendritic Cell That Ingested a Pathogen
                  1:24
                  Naïve B Cells are Stimulated to Proliferate and Differentiate in Specific Response to the Pathogen
                  1:49
                  Process of Adaptive Immunity
                  2:28
                  Humoral Immunity
                  3:03
                  Development of Acquired Immune Cells
                  3:41
                  The B Cell
                  4:50
                  Produced in the Bone Marrow
                  4:52
                  Outer Surface Contains a Specialized B Cell Receptor
                  5:01
                  Initial Activation
                  5:55
                  Secondary Activation
                  6:15
                  Hallmarks of Humoral Immunity
                  6:23
                  B Lymphocyte is the Central Cell
                  6:51
                  Antibody-mediated
                  6:58
                  Highly Complex
                  7:03
                  Step 1: Antigen Recognition
                  7:18
                  B Cells Recognize Extracellular Antigenics
                  7:22
                  Antigens on Pathogen Surfaces
                  7:54
                  Step 2: Clonal Expansion
                  10:43
                  B Cell Divides
                  10:48
                  Clone
                  11:46
                  Maturation of B Cells
                  12:33
                  Step 3: Differentiation
                  13:46
                  B Cells Differentiate Into Plasma Cells
                  13:49
                  Plasma Cell Produces and Secrets Antibodies Specific to the Origin Antigen
                  14:00
                  Produce and Secrete Abs Specific to the Original Antigen
                  15:38
                  Antigen Presenting Cells Show Protein Antigens to Helper T Cells
                  15:55
                  Step 4: Antigen Elimination
                  16:30
                  Newly-Manufactured Antibodies Attach to the Antigen
                  16:36
                  Termination of the Humoral Immune Response
                  17:30
                  Step 5: Immune Memory
                  18:32
                  Memory B Cells Reside in Bone Marrow
                  18:53
                  High-Affinity Immunoglobulins
                  19:15
                  Survive for Years
                  20:15
                  Respond Rapidly When the Antigen is Seen Again
                  20:39
                  Antibodies
                  22:34
                  Classes - IgM
                  22:41
                  Example 1
                  24:51
                  Example 2
                  26:54
                  Example 3
                  28:03
                  Antibody & Antigen Interactions

                  41m 22s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Antibody-Antigen
                  0:22
                  Where Do Antigens-Antibodies Belong?
                  0:57
                  What is an Antibody?
                  1:12
                  Immunoglobulin
                  1:17
                  Definition of Antibody
                  1:32
                  Each Antigen is Specific to an Antigen
                  1:58
                  Antigen Binds to an Antigen
                  2:44
                  Produced by Plasma Cells
                  3:18
                  Antibody Structure
                  3:55
                  Paratope
                  4:17
                  Hinge Region
                  4:53
                  Fragment Crystallizable
                  5:44
                  Antibody Function
                  6:21
                  Recognizes and Captures Foreign Proteins and Molecules
                  6:41
                  Activates Complement
                  6:52
                  Binds to Immune Cells to Activate Their Specific Functions
                  7:55
                  The Antibody Isotypes
                  9:25
                  IgM
                  9:37
                  IgG
                  12:36
                  IgD
                  14:01
                  IgA
                  14:27
                  IgE
                  14:45
                  What is an Antigen?
                  15:18
                  An Antigen is to Provoke an Immune Response
                  15:53
                  Exogenous
                  16:43
                  Endogenous
                  17:16
                  Autogenous
                  18:10
                  Antigen-Antibody Reaction
                  19:08
                  Affinity
                  19:33
                  Avidity
                  19:57
                  Specificity
                  21:02
                  Cross Reactivity
                  21:31
                  Foreignness
                  22:17
                  Size
                  24:32
                  What Determines Antigenicity?
                  25:04
                  Antigenicity Definition
                  25:13
                  Conformation
                  25:29
                  Composition
                  26:02
                  Bacterial Components
                  26:27
                  Antigenic Determinants: Innate Immunity
                  26:53
                  Example 1
                  30:41
                  Example 2
                  33:15
                  Example 3
                  36:37
                  Tumor Immunology

                  33m 16s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Antibodies Surrounding Tumor
                  0:40
                  Introduction to Tumor Immunology
                  1:22
                  Human Papilloma
                  1:41
                  Hepatitis B
                  2:26
                  Helicobacter Pylori
                  2:47
                  Immunology
                  4:05
                  Overview of Tumor Immunology
                  4:17
                  Immune Surveillance Theory
                  4:18
                  Malignant Transformation
                  4:34
                  Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                  4:37
                  Tumor Antigens
                  4:43
                  Tumor Immunotherapies
                  4:49
                  Inflammation and Cancer
                  4:53
                  Immune Surveillance Theory and Escape
                  4:59
                  Amount of Antigen Expressed is Too Low
                  5:51
                  Tumor Sheds Antigens That Block Antibodies and T-Cells from binding to the Tumor
                  6:01
                  Tumor Does Not Express Immunogenic Antigens
                  6:15
                  Tumor Does Not Express MHC Antigens
                  6:32
                  Tumor May Secrete Immunosuppressive
                  6:51
                  Hallmark of a Cancer Cell is Proliferation That is Dysregulated
                  7:12
                  Malignant Transformation
                  7:39
                  One Way to Cause Growth Regulations
                  8:24
                  Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Up Regulation of Oncogenes
                  8:45
                  Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Down Regulation of Tumor Suppressor Genes
                  9:15
                  Tumor Growth Over Time
                  9:42
                  Malignant Transformation
                  10:46
                  Benign
                  11:20
                  Malignant
                  11:37
                  Progression of Benign to Malignant
                  12:35
                  Micro-Induced Carcinogenesis
                  13:40
                  Initiation Promotion Progression Model
                  14:28
                  Examples of Malignant Transformation
                  14:53
                  Tumor Antigens
                  15:46
                  Tumor Must Express Antigens That the Immune System Recognizes as Foreign
                  16:16
                  Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                  16:40
                  Tumor Antigens
                  17:07
                  Tumor Immunotherapies
                  17:15
                  Tumorigenesis Secretes Chemical Signals That Change Gene Expression
                  17:25
                  Gene Expression Leads To The Following
                  17:30
                  Tumors in an Immunosuppressed Host
                  18:48
                  HIV and AIDS
                  19:13
                  Transplant Patients
                  19:55
                  Epstein-Barr Virus
                  20:19
                  Malaria
                  20:27
                  Tumor Immunotherapies
                  20:45
                  Active Therapy
                  21:01
                  Passive Therapy
                  22:02
                  Inflammation and Cancer
                  24:05
                  Chronic Inflammation
                  24:18
                  Inflammation as a Response to Cancer
                  25:23
                  Neoplastic Cells Induce an Inflammatory Immune System
                  25:34
                  Bacteria, Inflammation, and Cancer
                  25:59
                  Example 1
                  27:46
                  Example 2
                  29:21
                  Example 3
                  30:25
                  Example 4
                  31:28
                  Cell Mediated Immunity

                  57m 13s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Adaptive Immunity
                  0:43
                  Cell-Mediated Immunity
                  1:47
                  Lymphocyte T Cell
                  1:56
                  Antigen-Presenting Cells
                  2:15
                  Subset of T Cells
                  2:22
                  Immune Tolerance
                  2:31
                  Hallmarks of Cell-Mediated Immunity
                  3:02
                  Primary Actor is the T Lymphocyte
                  3:06
                  Directed at Pathogens That Survive in Phagocytes
                  3:12
                  Based on Activation
                  3:23
                  Induce Apoptosis in Cells Displaying Epitopes of Foreign Antigens
                  4:25
                  Activates Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells
                  6:34
                  Stimulates Cells to Secrete Cytokines That Signal Other Cells of the Humoral and Innate Immune Response
                  6:47
                  Responds to Intracellular Antigens
                  7:16
                  Requires Direct, Cell-to-Cell Contact
                  7:24
                  The T-Cell
                  7:51
                  Mature in the Thymus
                  7:58
                  Presence of the T-Cell Receptor
                  8:04
                  Important Components
                  8:35
                  Antigen-Presenting Cell
                  9:36
                  Type of Leukocyte
                  11:17
                  Responsible for the Immune Responses That Lead to the Following
                  11:25
                  T-Cell Maturation
                  13:34
                  Thymocyte
                  13:42
                  Thymopoiesis
                  13:59
                  Thymus Conducts a Testing Process of Positive and Negative Selection
                  14:15
                  Somatic Gene Rearrangement
                  15:49
                  Infinite Number of Configurations That Create TCRs
                  17:00
                  Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
                  17:27
                  Function
                  18:23
                  Immuno-Phenotyping
                  19:18
                  Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
                  19:34
                  Nomenclature
                  19:40
                  Example
                  20:01
                  Antigen-Presenting Cells
                  20:50
                  Antigen Presentation
                  21:24
                  Antigen-Presenting Cells
                  21:32
                  Direct Presentation
                  21:52
                  Cross-Presentation
                  22:37
                  Cross-Dressing
                  23:04
                  Professional
                  23:24
                  Others
                  23:55
                  Contact Between an APC and TCR Stimulates Important Signaling Events
                  25:20
                  T-Cell Subset: T-Helper Cells
                  25:51
                  Th1
                  27:05
                  Th2
                  28:48
                  Th17
                  29:43
                  T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
                  31:26
                  CD8+ Cells
                  31:28
                  Target Cells with Antigen
                  31:50
                  T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
                  32:55
                  Perforin
                  33:30
                  Granzyme
                  34:07
                  Pharmaceuticals are Designed to Alter T-Cell Responses
                  35:00
                  T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
                  37:01
                  Suppress Activation of the Immune System
                  37:40
                  Functions
                  38:36
                  T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
                  39:45
                  Commensal Bacteria
                  39:51
                  Graft/ Transplant
                  41:02
                  Pregnancy
                  41:41
                  Tumors
                  41:47
                  Cytokines
                  42:46
                  Types of Cytokines
                  42:57
                  Chemical Messengers
                  43:19
                  Functional Classes of Cytokines
                  43:38
                  Chemokines
                  47:17
                  Chemotaxis
                  47:20
                  Inflammation
                  48:54
                  Homeostatic
                  49:10
                  Antiviral Response
                  49:23
                  Designation
                  49:27
                  Pulling It All Together
                  49:40
                  Example 1
                  51:40
                  Example 2
                  52:51
                  Example 3
                  54:56
                  Section 6: The Bacteria
                  Bacterial Cell Wall

                  18m 38s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Overview
                  0:45
                  Gram Negative and Positive Bacteria
                  1:17
                  Bacteria Without Cell Walls
                  1:38
                  Recall the Prototype Cell
                  1:52
                  Plasma Membrane
                  2:15
                  Cytoplasm
                  2:21
                  Nucleus
                  2:26
                  Cell Wall Principles
                  2:41
                  Protects Bacteria
                  2:50
                  Survive in Fluid Environments
                  3:08
                  Attack by Antibiotics
                  4:26
                  Source of Identification
                  4:40
                  Peptidoglycan
                  4:47
                  Murein
                  5:10
                  Protects the Plasma Membrane
                  5:18
                  Gram Staining
                  5:42
                  Gram Positive and Gram Negative
                  5:55
                  Gram Positive Bacterial Cell Wall
                  8:26
                  Thick Structure
                  8:45
                  Gram Staining
                  8:52
                  Teichoic Acids in Cell Wall
                  9:06
                  Gram Positive Streptococci
                  9:21
                  Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
                  9:57
                  Allows More Complexity
                  10:15
                  Outer Membrane Provides Barrier to Certain Antibiotics
                  11:00
                  Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
                  11:34
                  The Gram Stain
                  12:36
                  Hans Christian Gram Invented a Stain to Visualize Bacteria
                  12:52
                  Gram Positive Bacteria
                  13:51
                  Gram Negative Bacteria
                  14:27
                  Example 1
                  14:55
                  Example 2
                  15:49
                  Bacterial Morphology & Shape

                  15m 4s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Bacteria Morphology and Shape
                  0:28
                  Classification of Bacteria
                  0:50
                  Based on Several Major Properties
                  0:53
                  Taxonomy Principles Do Not Quite Fit for Bacteria
                  1:21
                  Variation in Shape and Distribution
                  3:00
                  Cocci
                  3:14
                  Bacilli
                  4:00
                  Budding and Appendaged Bacteria
                  4:27
                  Others
                  4:35
                  Bacterial Distribution
                  4:51
                  Shapes of Bacteria
                  5:45
                  Bacterial Shapes
                  6:40
                  Three Basic Shapes
                  6:41
                  Variation in Shapes
                  7:12
                  Clusters
                  7:31
                  Clusters Example
                  7:50
                  Streptococcus Pneumoniae
                  8:18
                  Bacterial Shapes
                  8:56
                  Streptococci
                  9:00
                  Staphylococci
                  9:12
                  Comma Shaped
                  10:28
                  Vibrios
                  10:37
                  Spirilla
                  11:04
                  Spirochetes
                  11:25
                  Example 1
                  11:38
                  Example 2
                  12:39
                  Example 3
                  13:24
                  Bacterial Metabolic Behavior

                  23m 50s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Energy Metabolism
                  0:40
                  Classification of Bacteria
                  1:48
                  Metabolic Behavior
                  1:51
                  Some Organisms are Anaerobic
                  1:57
                  Organisms and Carbon
                  2:07
                  Autotrophs
                  2:10
                  Heterotrophs
                  2:43
                  Organisms and Energy
                  3:28
                  Metabolism
                  4:13
                  Metabolism
                  4:14
                  Catabolism
                  4:50
                  Anabolism
                  5:04
                  Cellular Respiration
                  5:49
                  Aerobic Respiration
                  6:55
                  Anaerobic Respiration
                  7:13
                  Glucose
                  7:41
                  Energy-Currency Molecule for Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
                  7:42
                  Three Major Outcomes
                  7:56
                  Outcomes of Glucose
                  8:18
                  Outcomes of Glucose and Pyruvate
                  9:07
                  Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
                  11:19
                  Glycolysis
                  11:25
                  Citric Acid Cycle
                  11:28
                  Oxidative Phosphorylation
                  11:30
                  Aerobic Metabolism
                  11:51
                  Respiration and Fermentation
                  13:18
                  Carbohydrate Catabolism
                  14:35
                  Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
                  15:37
                  Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
                  15:48
                  Lactic Acid
                  15:46
                  Types of Fermentation
                  16:16
                  Lactic Acid Fermentation
                  16:20
                  Alcohol Fermentation
                  16:27
                  Alcohol Fermentation
                  16:57
                  Any Spoilage of Food by Microorganisms
                  17:08
                  Any Process that Produces Alcoholic Beverages
                  17:14
                  Any Large-Scale Microbial Process Occurring With or Without Air
                  17:25
                  Yeast and Other Microorganisms Ferment Glucose to Ethanol
                  17:39
                  Two Step Process
                  18:07
                  Lactic Acid Fermentation
                  18:34
                  Classic Anaerobic Metabolism
                  18:35
                  Releases Energy from Oxidation of Organic Molecules
                  18:44
                  End Products of Fermentation
                  19:05
                  Ethanol, Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid
                  19:22
                  Propionin Acid and Carbon Dioxide, Acetone, Glycerol, Citric Acid, Sorbose
                  20:02
                  Example 1
                  20:29
                  Example 2
                  21:43
                  Example 3
                  22:55
                  Bacterial Infection Patterns

                  41m 12s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  'Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria'
                  0:42
                  Classification of Bacteria
                  2:13
                  Bacterial Pathogenesis
                  2:31
                  First Type of Immunity: Innate Immune System
                  2:49
                  Complement System
                  3:00
                  Innate Immune Cells: Phagocytosis
                  3:10
                  Cytokine Production and Epitopes
                  3:29
                  Location of Bacteria Infections
                  4:05
                  Steps of Bacterial Infection
                  5:25
                  Entry Into Host
                  5:30
                  Adherence to Host Tissue
                  5:53
                  Colonization
                  5:58
                  Overcome a Host's Defense
                  6:02
                  Hosts' Immune Response
                  6:10
                  Damage the Host Tissues
                  6:17
                  Progression or Recovery
                  6:25
                  Portals of Entry
                  6:35
                  The Skin
                  7:18
                  Viral and Bacterial Infection of Respiratory
                  7:46
                  Bacteria Entry
                  8:00
                  Some Bacteria Produce Toxins and Enzymes
                  8:28
                  Immune Response is Disease Causing Part of Bacterial Infection
                  8:46
                  Infection of Intestinal Epithelium
                  8:59
                  Shigella
                  9:00
                  Salmonella
                  10:16
                  Numbers of Invading Bacteria
                  11:05
                  Virulence
                  11:30
                  Potency
                  12:07
                  Virulence of Bacillus Anthracis
                  12:33
                  Adherence of Bacteria to Host Tissue
                  13:49
                  Adhesins or Ligands
                  14:10
                  Glycocalyx
                  14:26
                  Fimbriae
                  14:32
                  M Protein
                  14:53
                  Adherence
                  15:07
                  Adhesins or Ligands
                  15:10
                  E. coli Bacteria
                  15:53
                  Bacteria Adhering to Human Skin
                  16:17
                  Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci
                  16:28
                  Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                  16:42
                  Capsules
                  16:57
                  Cell Wall Components
                  17:03
                  Enzymes
                  17:18
                  Antigenic Variation
                  17:27
                  Penetration into Host Cell Cytoskeleton
                  17:57
                  Capsules
                  18:06
                  Capsule
                  18:07
                  Glycocalyx
                  18:19
                  Functions to Impair Phagocytosis
                  18:58
                  Host Can However Develop Antibodies Against the Capsule
                  19:07
                  Streptococcus Pneumoniae
                  19:28
                  Cell Wall Components
                  20:06
                  M Protein
                  20:18
                  Neisseria Gonorrhea
                  20:49
                  Fimbriae
                  20:57
                  Bacterial Enzymes
                  21:23
                  Coagulase
                  22:08
                  Hyalurpnidase
                  22:09
                  Collagenase
                  22:13
                  IgA Proteases
                  22:19
                  Penetration
                  22:44
                  Invasins
                  22:59
                  Invasins Cause Host Cell Membrane to Ruffle
                  23:12
                  Shigella and Listeria
                  23:32
                  Bacterial Damage to Host Cells
                  23:50
                  Production of Toxins
                  24:11
                  Types of Toxins
                  24:56
                  Production of Toxins
                  25:00
                  Toxin
                  25:08
                  Toxigenicity
                  25:21
                  Toxemia
                  25:25
                  Toxoid
                  25:30
                  Antitoxin
                  25:38
                  Exotoxin
                  25:44
                  Produced Inside Some Bacteria
                  25:55
                  Released When Bacteria Undergoes Lysis
                  26:06
                  Proteins and Enzymes That Catalyze Certain Biochemical Reactions
                  26:39
                  Bacteria That Produce Exotoxins Can be Gram + or Gram -
                  26:53
                  Exotoxins Are Soluble in Body Fluids
                  27:04
                  Some Diseases Caused by Their Exotoxins
                  27:13
                  Exotoxin Examples
                  27:35
                  Action of A-B Exotoxin
                  28:11
                  Endotoxin
                  29:12
                  Endotoxin Differ from Extoxin in Several Ways
                  29:21
                  Endotoxins are Released When Gram - is Liberated
                  30:24
                  Antibiotics Used to Treat Gem
                  30:32
                  Endotoxins Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
                  30:59
                  Endotoxins and the Pyrogenic Response
                  31:17
                  Example Endotoxins
                  32:08
                  Salmonella Typhi
                  32:15
                  Neisseria Meningitidis
                  32:22
                  Proteus Spp
                  32:35
                  Steps of Bacterial Infection
                  32:42
                  Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                  33:59
                  Example 1
                  34:41
                  Example 2
                  37:25
                  Example 3
                  39:39
                  Bacterial Adaptation to Environment

                  20m 50s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Bacterial Adaptation
                  0:13
                  Varied Tissues Within Human Host
                  0:36
                  Variable Levels of Oxygenation Both Inside and Outside of Host
                  0:54
                  Variable Levels of Moisture Both Inside and Outside Host
                  1:10
                  Survive Various Antibiotic and Other Types of Treatment
                  1:23
                  Variable Oxygen Environments
                  1:58
                  Bacterial Endospores
                  3:33
                  Clostridium Botulinum
                  4:40
                  Bacillus Anthracis
                  4:48
                  Clostridium Tetani
                  4:50
                  Botulism: Neurotoxin
                  5:10
                  Clostridium Botulinum
                  6:29
                  Gram Positive Rod-Shaped Bacteria That are Strictly Anaerobic
                  6:58
                  Produce Spores
                  7:10
                  Produces Paralysis
                  7:49
                  Toxin Can be Destroyed by Heating Food to 80 Degrees Celsius
                  7:55
                  Bacillus Anthracis
                  8:47
                  Produce Spores
                  9:08
                  Anthrax is Mostly a Disease of Herbivores
                  9:20
                  Weaponized Anthrax is Primarily Inhalation Form
                  10:11
                  Clostridium Tetani
                  11:50
                  Spores are Located in Solid and Can Colonize Gastrointestinal Tracts
                  12:14
                  Disease Uncommon
                  12:27
                  Toxin Produced During Growth Phase of Bacteria When Cell is Lysed
                  13:14
                  Toxin Blocks Release of GABA
                  13:56
                  Results in Paralysis
                  14:09
                  Example 1
                  15:38
                  Example 2
                  16:45
                  Example 3
                  18:01
                  Antigenic Composition of Bacteria

                  33m 8s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Bacteria as Antigens
                  1:04
                  Antigen-antibody Interaction
                  1:12
                  Bacterial Adaptations as Antigens
                  1:31
                  Cell Wall Components
                  1:44
                  Capsules as Antigens
                  1:50
                  Flagella as Antigens
                  1:58
                  Antigenic Variation
                  2:00
                  Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
                  2:13
                  Antigen-Antibody Interaction
                  2:20
                  What are Antigens
                  2:25
                  Examples of Antigens
                  3:09
                  Bacteria as Antigens
                  4:33
                  Adaptation to the Human Host Environment
                  5:09
                  Pathogenic Agent
                  5:30
                  Criteria for Effective Antigenicity
                  6:02
                  Bacterial Adaptations That are Antigenic
                  7:36
                  Pila
                  7:45
                  Flagella as Antigens
                  7:57
                  Fimbriae
                  7:59
                  Capsules as Antigens
                  8:22
                  Peptidoglycan
                  8:33
                  S Proteins
                  8:45
                  M Protein and Lipid A
                  9:09
                  Cell Wall Components
                  9:47
                  Neisseria Gonorrhea
                  9:52
                  Fimbriae and Opa
                  10:03
                  After Attachment, Host Cell Takes Bacteria
                  10:22
                  Secretory Antibodies
                  10:38
                  Circulating Antibodies
                  10:58
                  Capsule
                  11:33
                  Neutralize the Virulence
                  12:39
                  Bacterial Capsules as Antigens
                  13:20
                  S. Pneumoniae
                  13:55
                  B. Anthracis
                  14:09
                  S. Pyogenes
                  14:38
                  Bacterial Antigenicity
                  15:30
                  Motility and Vibrio Cholerae
                  16:11
                  Flagella are Antigenic
                  16:20
                  Agglutinate or Immobilize Bacterial Cells
                  17:00
                  Antigenic Variation
                  17:49
                  Antigenic Variation Over Time
                  18:54
                  Antigenic Variation by Space and Time
                  22:12
                  Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
                  24:02
                  Example 1
                  27:36
                  Example 2
                  31:24
                  Section 7: Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
                  Epidemiology of Infectious Disease

                  15m 43s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Infectious Diseases: Extent of Problem
                  0:43
                  26% of Deaths Worldwide
                  1:21
                  Ebola Outbreak in Africa
                  1:50
                  Cholera in Haiti and South America
                  2:22
                  West Nile Virus Infections in U.S.
                  2:39
                  Worldwide Cholera Occurrence
                  3:03
                  Extent of Research
                  4:38
                  Importance to National Security
                  5:42
                  Bioterrorism Key Achievements
                  7:00
                  Smallpox
                  7:06
                  Anthrax
                  7:22
                  Botulinum
                  7:28
                  Ebola
                  7:52
                  Importance of Epidemiology
                  8:38
                  Scientific Study of Causes and Determinants of Disease
                  8:44
                  Study of Vector and Animal Host Biology
                  8:56
                  Patterns of Disease Transmission
                  9:39
                  Determine Disease Causation
                  10:31
                  Development of Vaccines
                  11:04
                  Development and Evaluation of Effective Treatments
                  11:55
                  Example 1
                  12:28
                  Human Host & Disease Transmission

                  56m 19s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Human Host and Disease Transmission
                  0:19
                  Discuss the Basis of Human Disease
                  0:27
                  Non-random Distribution of Disease
                  0:34
                  Ways Disease are Transmitted
                  0:44
                  Occurrence of Disease
                  1:09
                  Measures of Disease Transmission
                  1:19
                  Disease Outbreaks
                  1:23
                  Basis of Human Disease
                  1:39
                  How Human Disease Arise
                  1:43
                  Host Must be Susceptible
                  2:08
                  Capacity to Infect
                  2:32
                  Environment
                  2:53
                  Non-Random Distribution of Disease
                  3:27
                  Genetic Predisposition
                  3:34
                  Nutrition
                  4:16
                  Immune Status
                  4:24
                  Socio-Economic Status
                  4:40
                  Modes of Disease Transmission
                  5:46
                  Direct Transmission
                  5:54
                  Indirect Transmission
                  6:50
                  Example of Disease Transmission
                  8:30
                  HIV/ AIDS
                  8:34
                  Hepatitis A,B,C
                  10:10
                  Clinical and Subclinical Disease
                  12:42
                  Clinical Disease
                  12:49
                  Subclinical Disease
                  13:10
                  Non Clinical Disease
                  15:36
                  Carrier Status
                  17:48
                  Carrier Status Example: Typhoid Mary
                  18:33
                  Occurrence of Disease
                  20:18
                  Endemic
                  20:27
                  Epidemic
                  21:30
                  Pandemic
                  21:45
                  Epidemic of Obesity
                  22:22
                  Measures of Infectious Disease Transmission
                  23:45
                  Incubation Period
                  24:23
                  Epidemic Curve
                  27:44
                  Disease Outbreaks
                  28:37
                  One Exposure, Common Vehicle
                  28:43
                  Outbreak Analysis
                  32:14
                  Food Borne Illness
                  34:06
                  76 Million Cases of Food Borne Illness Per Year
                  34:07
                  Known Pathogens
                  35:08
                  62 Million Cases from Unknown Agents
                  35:23
                  Example of Food Outbreak: Salmonella Saintpaul, 2008
                  35:34
                  Distribution of Outbreak Strain of Salmonella Found on Tomatoes and/or Jalapeno Peppers
                  36:21
                  Number of Persons Infected with Salmonella Saintpaul
                  38:10
                  Clinical Features of Salmonella Infection
                  40:47
                  Diarrhea
                  41:06
                  Abdominal Cramps
                  41:11
                  Identified by Stool Sample Culture
                  41:19
                  Severe Infection
                  41:50
                  Case-Control Studies of Salmonella Saintpaul Infection
                  42:26
                  Description of Outbreak Source Investigation
                  45:02
                  Example 1
                  46:25
                  Example 2
                  50:43
                  Example 3
                  53:13
                  Difference Measures of Disease

                  39m 23s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Introduction
                  0:16
                  What is the Extent of Disease?
                  1:00
                  Who is at Risk for the Disease?
                  1:07
                  How is Disease Transmitted?
                  1:36
                  How is Disease Defined?
                  1:52
                  Counts
                  2:17
                  Assessment
                  2:32
                  Example of Tuberculosis Count
                  3:04
                  Counts of Influenza Positive Tests
                  4:02
                  Counts of AIDS Cases
                  5:58
                  Example of a Food Outbreak Investigation
                  8:01
                  Steps Public Health Investigators Follow to Determine Cause of Illness
                  8:24
                  Identifying the Source
                  8:39
                  Example
                  9:04
                  Potential Sources of Contamination
                  9:44
                  Production
                  9:55
                  Farms
                  10:14
                  Distribution
                  10:31
                  Retail Establishments
                  10:39
                  Restaurant Example
                  10:56
                  Food Borne Outbreak Investigation Steps
                  11:43
                  Determining if an Outbreak is Occurring
                  11:57
                  Defining Signs and Symptoms
                  12:07
                  Hypothesis
                  12:14
                  Collect Data and Test Hypothesis
                  12:38
                  Not Finding Associations
                  13:09
                  After Finding Pathogen, You Can Conduct Intervention to Remove Contaminated Food
                  13:45
                  Determine the Source
                  14:09
                  Clear Outbreak When All Contamination is Gone
                  14:30
                  Case Study: Norovirus Outbreak Michigan Jan-Feb, 2006
                  14:34
                  Norovirus
                  16:14
                  Infects All Ages
                  16:40
                  Cause Infection Throughout the Year But There's a Peak in Time
                  16:44
                  Recognizing Outbreaks of Norovisur Infection
                  16:51
                  Cases of Norovirus Over Time
                  18:42
                  Attack Rate
                  19:24
                  Definition
                  19:37
                  Restaurant Example
                  21:11
                  Attack Rate by 3 Hour Time Intervals
                  22:52
                  Patrons Who Became Ill
                  23:35
                  Case Control Analysis to Determine Food Source
                  24:21
                  Attack Rate
                  25:58
                  Food Outbreak Measures
                  26:16
                  Compute the Denominator
                  27:06
                  Compute Attack Rate During Certain Time Period
                  27:28
                  Construct Possible Hypotheses
                  28:14
                  Conduct Case-Control Analysis with Odds Ratio
                  29:37
                  Example 1
                  29:47
                  Example 2
                  34:55
                  Example 3
                  36:51
                  Section 8: Eukaryotes-structure, Function, Diversity, and Environmental Niche
                  Eukaryotic Microbes

                  20m 53s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Introduction to Eukaryotic Microbes
                  0:38
                  Helminths
                  0:57
                  Why are They Called Microorganisms
                  1:01
                  Parasites
                  1:25
                  Introduction to Cell Theory
                  2:03
                  Evolution of Multi-Cellularity
                  3:30
                  Prokaryotes Can Form into Colonies and Biofilms
                  3:42
                  Eukaryotic Cells Can Arrange Themselves Into Tissue
                  3:58
                  Multicellularity Evolved
                  5:03
                  Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens
                  5:45
                  Timeline
                  6:45
                  Endosymbiosis
                  8:00
                  Ancestral Anaerobic Eukaryote
                  8:05
                  Aerobic Eukaryote
                  8:38
                  Photosynthetic Cyanobacterium
                  8:54
                  Photosynthetic Eukaryote
                  8:58
                  Phylogeny
                  9:24
                  Prokaryotes
                  9:34
                  Eukaryotes
                  9:39
                  Organization of Eukaryotic Cell
                  9:50
                  Level 1: Monomeric Units
                  10:13
                  Level 2: Macromolecules
                  10:16
                  Level 3: Supramolecular Complexes
                  10:37
                  Level 4: The Cell and Its Organelles
                  10:40
                  Eukaryotic Animal Cell
                  11:01
                  Nuclear Envelope
                  11:53
                  Plasma Membrane
                  11:58
                  Mitochondrion
                  12:15
                  Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
                  12:23
                  Ribosomes
                  12:51
                  Peroxisomes
                  13:00
                  Cytoskeleton
                  13:05
                  Lysosome
                  13:23
                  Golgi Complex Processes
                  13:27
                  Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
                  13:40
                  Eukaryotic Plant Cell
                  14:01
                  Cell Wall
                  14:29
                  Chloroplast
                  14:49
                  Starch Granule
                  15:06
                  Thylakoids
                  15:17
                  Golgi Complex, Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes
                  15:25
                  Nucleus, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleolus
                  15:33
                  Mitochondrion
                  15:39
                  Example 1
                  15:56
                  Example 2
                  18:44
                  Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part I

                  19m 45s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Introduction to Fungi
                  0:15
                  1.5 Million Different Species on Earth
                  0:17
                  Fungal Diseases
                  1:10
                  Fungi Live Outdoors and Indoors
                  1:17
                  Most Fungi Are Not Dangerous
                  1:30
                  Medically Important Fungi
                  1:38
                  Contagious Diseases
                  1:40
                  Commensal Organisms
                  2:39
                  Fungal Growth
                  3:14
                  Vegetative Growth
                  3:36
                  Septate Hypha
                  3:43
                  Continuous Hyphae
                  3:52
                  Spore
                  3:58
                  Fungal Dimorphism
                  4:06
                  Fungi Life Cycle
                  4:44
                  Filamentous Fungi
                  4:49
                  Fungal Spores
                  5:21
                  Fungal Fragmentation
                  6:05
                  Fungal Spore Formation
                  6:29
                  Fungi Sexual Reproduction
                  6:57
                  Plasmogamy
                  7:06
                  Karyogamy
                  7:10
                  Meiosis
                  7:11
                  Sexual Spores
                  7:45
                  Ascospore
                  8:11
                  Life Cycle of Ascomycete
                  8:21
                  Histoplasmosis Capsulatum (Ascomycete)
                  9:18
                  Histoplasmosis Distribution
                  10:54
                  Histoplasmosis Lifecycle
                  11:28
                  Fungal Diseases
                  13:06
                  Mycosis
                  13:08
                  Chronic and Long Term
                  13:16
                  Five Groups
                  13:21
                  Systemic
                  13:30
                  Subcutaneous
                  13:37
                  Cutaneous
                  13:40
                  Superficial
                  13:42
                  Opportunistic
                  13:45
                  Example 1
                  14:18
                  Example 2
                  17:40
                  Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part II

                  31m 55s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Introduction to Fungi
                  0:19
                  Recap of Fungi Part One
                  0:20
                  1.5 Million Species
                  0:28
                  Focus on Fungi That Cause Human Disease
                  0:59
                  Medically Important Fungi
                  1:42
                  Contagious Diseases?
                  1:44
                  Dermatophytosis Example
                  2:02
                  Pneumocystis Example
                  2:22
                  Commensal Organisms: Candida Albicans
                  2:36
                  Fungal Diseases
                  3:02
                  Mycosis
                  3:06
                  Fungal Mycoses
                  3:12
                  Five Groups
                  3:22
                  Superficial Fungal Diseases
                  4:10
                  Fungi That are Localized in Hair Shafts and on Skin Surface
                  4:20
                  Prevalent in Tropical Climate
                  4:31
                  Benign
                  4:38
                  Figures Explanation
                  4:44
                  Cutaneous Fungal Disease
                  5:04
                  Infect the Epidermis
                  5:05
                  Dermatomycoses
                  5:21
                  Dermatophytes
                  5:31
                  Dermatophytes Secrete Keratinase
                  6:04
                  Examples
                  6:31
                  Subcutaneous Fungal Diseases
                  6:39
                  Fungal Infections Beneath the Skin
                  6:42
                  Occur After a Puncture Wound
                  6:58
                  Infections Occur Among Farmers
                  8:15
                  Example: Sporotrichosis
                  8:26
                  Candidiasis Albicans
                  8:57
                  Most Common in Yeast Infections
                  8:58
                  Resides on Skin Surfaces
                  9:16
                  Resistant to Phagocytosis
                  9:46
                  Opportunistic Fungal Disease
                  12:25
                  Host is Debilitated or Traumatized
                  12:52
                  Under Treatment with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
                  13:20
                  Immune System is Suppressed by Drugs
                  14:03
                  Has an Immune Disorder or Lung Disease
                  14:19
                  Pneumocystis Pneumonia
                  14:47
                  Caused by Pneumocystis Jirovecii
                  14:56
                  Most Frequent and Severe Opportunistic Infection
                  15:05
                  Immunocompetent Adults Have Few or No Symptoms
                  15:59
                  Example: Pneumocystis Cysts in Lung of Patient with AIDS
                  16:58
                  Life Cycle of Pheumocystis Jirovecii
                  17:34
                  Early Incidence of Pneumocystis
                  18:49
                  Systemic Fungal Disease
                  21:21
                  Fungal Infections Deep Within the Body
                  21:24
                  Caused by Fungi Living in the Soil
                  21:44
                  Infections Begin in Lungs and Spread to Other Tissue
                  22:13
                  Example: Coccidiodomycosis Infection of Lung Tissue
                  22:21
                  Life Cycle of Coccidiodes Immitis
                  23:12
                  Number of Coccidiomycosis Cases
                  24:10
                  Distribution of Coccidiomycosis Cases
                  26:06
                  Example 1
                  27:20
                  Example 2
                  30:08
                  Parasites

                  20m 1s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Introduction to Parasites
                  0:48
                  Live in Human Hosts
                  1:00
                  Example of Parasites
                  1:29
                  Extent of Parasitic Diseases
                  1:47
                  Parasitic Infections Cause a Tremendous Burden of Disease
                  1:54
                  Malaria Example
                  2:12
                  Neglected Tropical Diseases
                  2:38
                  Extent of Malaria
                  3:22
                  Relationships Between Species
                  6:51
                  Symbiosis Between Pathogen and Host
                  7:11
                  Symbiosis
                  7:29
                  Mutualism
                  7:58
                  Commensalism
                  8:05
                  Parasitism
                  9:10
                  Parasite Definitions
                  9:28
                  Parasite Definition
                  9:32
                  Three Major Classes
                  9:54
                  Ectoparasites
                  10:15
                  Locations of Parasitic Infection
                  10:48
                  Parasite Hosts and Vectors
                  12:21
                  Vectors Convey a Parasite from Host to Host
                  12:27
                  Anopheles Mosquito and Malaria
                  12:43
                  Example 1
                  13:04
                  Example 2
                  15:34
                  Eukaryotes: Protozoa

                  24m 59s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Introduction to Protozoa
                  0:13
                  Protozoa Definition
                  0:14
                  Intestinal Protozoa
                  1:19
                  Insect Vectors
                  1:47
                  Transmission of Enteric Protozoa
                  2:02
                  Transmission of Blood Borne Protozoa: Leishmaniasis
                  4:50
                  Leishmaniasis Transmission Chart
                  5:33
                  Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
                  7:15
                  Visceral Leishmaniasis
                  7:37
                  Medically Important Protozoa
                  8:07
                  Four Classes
                  8:24
                  Described by the Systems They Infect
                  8:54
                  Flagellates
                  9:10
                  Intestinal and Genito-Urinary Flagellates
                  9:32
                  Blood and Tissue Flagellates
                  9:42
                  Ambae
                  10:45
                  Typically Amoeboid
                  10:49
                  Represented by Entamoeba, Negleria, and Acanthamoeba
                  11:27
                  Sporozoa
                  12:38
                  Alternating Sexual and Asexual Reproductive Phases
                  12:56
                  Cyclospora Life Stage
                  13:13
                  Lifecycle of Sporozoa: Cryptosporidium
                  16:16
                  Ciliates
                  17:20
                  Complex Protozoa Bearing Cilia Distributed in Rows or Patches with Two Kinds of Nuclei in Each Cell
                  17:24
                  Balantidium Coli
                  17:54
                  Example 1
                  20:06
                  Example 2
                  22:52
                  Eukaryotes: Helminths

                  32m 53s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Introduction to Helminths
                  0:30
                  Definition of Helminths
                  0:31
                  Three Types of Helminths
                  0:54
                  Biological Properties of Helminths
                  1:38
                  Biological Life Cycle of Helminths
                  1:42
                  Adult Helminths May Be Dioecious
                  3:25
                  Monoecious Helminths
                  3:58
                  Characteristics of Helminths
                  4:12
                  May Lack a Digestive System
                  4:16
                  Nervous System is Reduced
                  4:41
                  Incidence of Helminth Infections Worldwide
                  5:50
                  Intestinal Helminths
                  6:29
                  Soil Transmitted Helminths
                  8:15
                  Wuchereria Bancrofti
                  8:35
                  Wuchereria Bancrofti Causes Lymphatic Filariasis
                  9:01
                  Nematode or Roundword That Inhibits Lymphatic Vessels
                  9:18
                  Life Cycle
                  9:43
                  Lifecycle of Wuchereria Bancrofti
                  10:11
                  Symptoms of Wuchereria Bancrofti
                  11:41
                  Elephantiasis
                  11:59
                  People Who Develop Lymphedema
                  12:39
                  Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
                  14:53
                  Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis in India
                  18:08
                  Taenia Saginata or Solium
                  19:19
                  Human Tapeworms
                  19:20
                  Cestode That Inhabits Intestinal Tracts of Human Hosts
                  19:36
                  Taenia
                  20:01
                  Scolex
                  20:53
                  Tania or Tapeworms
                  21:39
                  Life Cycle of Taenia Saginata or Solium
                  22:15
                  Urban Myth of Reality
                  24:35
                  Example 1
                  25:41
                  Example 2
                  28:38
                  Helminths & Immunity

                  32m 50s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  The Immune System
                  0:45
                  Innate Immune Response
                  1:04
                  Adaptive Immune Response
                  1:15
                  Autoimmunity and Helminth Infection
                  2:20
                  Endemic Type 1 Diabetes
                  2:26
                  Endemic Helminth Infections
                  2:47
                  Coevolution of Helminths and Immunity
                  4:43
                  Helminth Infections are a Driving Force in Shaping
                  5:53
                  Helminths Do Not Replicate in Human Host
                  6:37
                  Helminths are Able to Maintain a Co-existence With Immune System
                  7:18
                  Innate Immunity
                  7:46
                  Adaptive Immunity
                  7:52
                  Localized Impact of Helminth Infection
                  9:05
                  Immune Modulation of Helminth Infection
                  14:07
                  Helminths and Immune Response
                  15:55
                  Other Ways Helminths Facilitate Immune Response
                  17:45
                  Helminth Influence on Immunity
                  19:07
                  Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
                  22:04
                  Infected, Low Pathology - Develop Tolerance
                  22:35
                  Chronic Pathology
                  22:50
                  Pathogen Co-Existence and Immunity
                  23:29
                  Helminths and Autoimmunity in Mice
                  25:31
                  Summary of Helminths and Immunity
                  26:39
                  Hygiene Hypothesis
                  26:42
                  Driving Force in Shaping
                  27:27
                  Absence of Helminths and the Immune Tolerances
                  27:46
                  Example 1
                  28:10
                  Example 2
                  30:23
                  Section 9: Survey of Important Bacteria
                  Gram Positive Bacteria

                  46m 35s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Introduction
                  1:01
                  External Peptidoglycan
                  1:07
                  Stain Purple
                  1:16
                  Reasons How External Peptidoglycan is Important
                  1:30
                  Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
                  1:51
                  Immune Attack of Gram Positive Bacteria
                  3:21
                  Process of Opsonization
                  3:29
                  What is Opsonization
                  3:39
                  Complement Forms Membrane Attack Complexes
                  4:38
                  Ways Bacteria Gets Recognized by the System
                  5:14
                  Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
                  6:55
                  Metabolism
                  7:00
                  Survival Mechanisms
                  7:11
                  Shapes
                  7:23
                  Environments
                  7:39
                  Examples of Gram Positive Bacteria
                  7:59
                  Shapes of Gram Positive Bacteria
                  9:13
                  Streptococci vs. Staphylococci
                  9:26
                  Staphylococci Shape
                  9:38
                  Streptococci Shape
                  9:52
                  Staphylococcus Bacteria
                  10:04
                  Staphylococcus
                  10:20
                  Salt-Tolerant
                  11:36
                  Two Main Species
                  12:24
                  Pathogenicity
                  12:38
                  Enzymes and Toxins
                  13:38
                  Staphylococcus Aureus
                  14:57
                  Food Borne Infection
                  15:04
                  Skin Infections
                  15:29
                  Systemic Disease
                  16:14
                  Staphylococcus Bacteria
                  17:36
                  Categorized According to Antigens
                  18:00
                  Streptococcus Group A
                  18:09
                  Streptococcus Pyogenes
                  19:09
                  Pathogenicity
                  19:37
                  Rheumatic Fever
                  20:00
                  Necrotizing Fasciatis
                  20:39
                  Glomerulonephritis
                  21:30
                  Surface M Protein
                  21:50
                  Hyaluronic Acid Capsule
                  22:25
                  Enzymes
                  22:47
                  Pyrogenic Toxins
                  22:57
                  Bacillus
                  23:34
                  Has Endospore Stage and Produces Toxins
                  23:59
                  Bacillus Anthracis
                  24:16
                  Spores Activated
                  25:12
                  Toxins Cause Disease
                  25:40
                  Clostridium Bacteria
                  26:02
                  Gram Positive, Anaerobic, and Endospore Producing
                  26:30
                  Different Clostridium Bacteria
                  26:56
                  Clostridium Difficile
                  27:34
                  Commonly Found Among the Intestinal Microbiota
                  27:38
                  Opportunistic Pathogen
                  27:57
                  Common in Hospital
                  28:30
                  Age-Adjusted Death Rate for Enterocolitis Due to C. Difficile
                  29:16
                  Listeria Bacteria
                  29:54
                  Avoidance of Immune Reaction by Listeria
                  31:23
                  Multi-State Listeriosis Outbreak from Whole Cantaloupes Grown by Jensen Farms, Colorado
                  33:04
                  Example 1
                  36:17
                  Example 2
                  39:05
                  Example 3
                  43:47
                  Gram Negative Bacteria

                  44m 38s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Introduction
                  0:29
                  Internal Cell Wall
                  0:45
                  Characteristic Properties
                  0:54
                  Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
                  2:01
                  Outer Membrane Provides a Barrier
                  3:05
                  Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
                  3:16
                  Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
                  3:20
                  Lipid A Molecule
                  3:26
                  Lipopolysaccharides
                  3:40
                  Most Gram Negative Bacteria Do Not Form Spores
                  3:54
                  Gram Negative Laboratory Algorithm
                  4:05
                  Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
                  6:45
                  Outer Membrane
                  6:50
                  Genetic Exchange
                  6:53
                  Immune Reaction to Gram Negative Bacteria
                  7:49
                  Examples of Gram Negative Bacteria
                  12:12
                  Endotoxin
                  12:52
                  Differ from Exotoxin in Several Ways
                  13:05
                  Released When Gram Negative Bacteria Undergo Lysis and Endotoxin is Liberated
                  13:50
                  Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
                  14:36
                  E. Coli Bacteria
                  15:03
                  Escherichia Coli
                  15:06
                  Pathogenic Strains of E. Coli
                  15:28
                  Shiga-Toxin E. Coli Outbreak, Germany 2011
                  16:24
                  Salmonella Bacteria
                  18:29
                  Pathogenicity
                  18:36
                  Infection by Salmonella
                  20:36
                  Another Image of Infection by Salmonella
                  21:41
                  Bacterial Infections, 2013
                  23:44
                  Vibrio Bacteria
                  25:12
                  Vibrio Genus
                  25:37
                  Most Virulent Species is Vibrio Cholerae
                  25:50
                  Cholera Life Cycle
                  26:59
                  Worldwide Cholera Cases
                  29:44
                  New Cases of Cholera in Haiti During a 2 Year Period
                  30:24
                  Preventing Cholera Infection with Gut Flora
                  31:10
                  Bordetella Pertussis
                  32:55
                  Aerobic Coccobacillus
                  33:24
                  Tracheal Toxin
                  33:40
                  Pertussis Toxin
                  33:50
                  Pertussis Infection Timeline
                  34:25
                  Pertussis Symptom Timeline
                  36:10
                  Reported Pertussis Cases in US 1922-2003
                  37:31
                  Example 1
                  38:09
                  Example 2
                  39:36
                  Example 3
                  41:16
                  Bacteria with Other Cell Walls

                  24m 6s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Bacteria Classification by Cell Wall
                  0:21
                  Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative
                  1:01
                  Gram Stain
                  1:18
                  Shape
                  1:24
                  Bacteria Undetectable with Gram Stain
                  3:07
                  Mycobacteria
                  3:23
                  Mycoplasma Pneumonia
                  4:02
                  Chlamydia
                  4:11
                  Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Bacteria
                  4:23
                  Atypical Small Bacterium Without A Cell Wall
                  4:30
                  Lacks Rigid Cell Wall
                  5:02
                  Extracellular in Respiratory Tract
                  7:02
                  Acid-Fast Bacteria
                  7:38
                  Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                  8:36
                  Infectious Process
                  10:31
                  Tuberculosis Incidence in 2005
                  12:45
                  Chlamydia Trachomatis Bacteria
                  15:11
                  Obligate Intracellular Human Parasite
                  15:39
                  Gram Negative
                  16:01
                  Three Human Biovars
                  16:15
                  Life Cycle of Chlamydia
                  17:33
                  Example 1
                  19:42
                  Example 2
                  21:01
                  Section 10: Microbes and Human Disease
                  Tuberculosis

                  28m

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Tuberculosis Introduction
                  0:47
                  Malaria
                  0:51
                  Acid-Fast Staining
                  1:04
                  Tuberculosis Disease
                  1:42
                  Latent and Active Disease
                  1:51
                  Strong Man Image Example
                  2:22
                  Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                  2:39
                  Cell Wall
                  2:48
                  Tuberculosis Incidence in 2012
                  3:21
                  Worldwide Tuberculosis Incidence
                  4:19
                  TB Research Center, Chennai, India
                  5:00
                  Tuberculosis in United States
                  5:47
                  Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
                  6:28
                  Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
                  7:40
                  Infection
                  7:50
                  How It's Spread
                  8:09
                  What Determines Whether or Not an Individual Will be Exposed
                  8:49
                  Bacilli can Multiply Once Reaching the Alveoli
                  9:21
                  Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                  10:18
                  Inactive Form of TB
                  10:34
                  Active vs. Inactive Form of TB Depends on If Bacilli Stay in Tissue or Break Out
                  10:44
                  Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
                  11:20
                  Bacilli That Reach Alveoli
                  11:32
                  Those Bacilli are Ingested by Macrophages
                  12:28
                  No Symptoms of Disease
                  13:20
                  More Advanced Stage
                  13:25
                  Multiply in Macrophages
                  13:45
                  Inflammation
                  14:24
                  After a Few Weeks Disease Symptoms Appear
                  15:00
                  Caseous Center
                  15:30
                  Aerobic Bacilli Do Not Grow Well in the Center
                  16:18
                  Granuloma Can Reactivate Later
                  16:46
                  Active Disease: The Granuloma Can Rupture with Liquefaction
                  17:25
                  Active TB
                  18:04
                  Tuberculosis Staging
                  18:12
                  Stage 3 Important Stage
                  18:40
                  Stage 5 You Have TB
                  18:55
                  Tuberculosis Testing
                  19:31
                  Tuberculin Skin Test
                  19:32
                  Positive Skin Reaction Image Example
                  20:14
                  Tuberculosis Vaccination
                  20:32
                  BCG Vaccination in Other Areas Around the World
                  20:48
                  BCG Protects from the Active Form of Tuberculosis
                  21:06
                  BCG Does Not Confer Lifelong Protection
                  22:34
                  Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                  22:51
                  Target Different Parts
                  23:09
                  Regiment
                  23:32
                  Example 1
                  24:34
                  Example 2
                  26:40
                  Malaria, a Protozoan Disease

                  29m 59s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Protozoa Introduction
                  1:13
                  One-Celled Organisms
                  1:14
                  Free Living or Parasitic
                  1:19
                  Can Multiply in Humans
                  1:27
                  How Does a Pathogen Get to the Digestive Tract
                  1:44
                  Worldwide Cases of Malaria
                  3:06
                  Found Where There a Lot of Mosquitoes
                  3:14
                  Malaria Introduction
                  4:00
                  Protozoa
                  4:03
                  Lives Partially in Human Host, Partially in Mosquito
                  4:06
                  Four Major Species
                  4:29
                  Carried by Anopheles Mosquitoes
                  4:49
                  Lifecycle of Malaria
                  5:08
                  Two Stages in Human Host and One Stage in Mosquito
                  5:30
                  Mosquito Bites and Injects Sporozoites
                  5:49
                  Parasite Goes Into Liver
                  7:14
                  Blood Supply
                  7:33
                  Diagnostic Stage
                  7:55
                  Erythrocytes
                  8:11
                  Gametocytes
                  9:04
                  Final Stage: Release of Sporozoites
                  9:39
                  Sickle Cell Anemia and Moleria
                  10:16
                  Sickle Cell Anemia is a Genetic Mutation Disease
                  10:34
                  Function
                  11:05
                  Hemoglobin Shape and Oxygen Capacity are Slightly Different
                  11:16
                  Selective Advantages and Disadvantages
                  12:04
                  Effects at a Cellular Level
                  12:06
                  Effects at the Organismal Level
                  12:39
                  Effects at the Population Level
                  12:54
                  Evolution of Human Malaria
                  13:31
                  Plasmodium Parasite Has Evolved
                  13:40
                  Plasmodium Reichenowi
                  13:56
                  What's Going on in India
                  14:43
                  Malaria Pathogenicity
                  15:40
                  Incubation Period
                  15:41
                  Symptoms
                  16:05
                  P. vivax and P. ovale
                  16:41
                  Dormant Liver Stage
                  16:57
                  Diagnosis
                  18:33
                  Malaria Treatment
                  19:30
                  Depends on Many Factors
                  19:32
                  Medications
                  20:32
                  Example 1
                  22:28
                  Example 2
                  27:38
                  HIV/AIDS

                  38m 7s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  What is HIV / AIDS?
                  0:31
                  Human Immunodeficiency Virus
                  0:32
                  Once Infected, the Virus Will Always Be There
                  1:28
                  Exception
                  1:45
                  Transmitted Through Body Fluids
                  2:10
                  Virus
                  2:15
                  HIV Can be Transmitted Through
                  3:13
                  Sexual Contact, Injection Drug Use, Occupational Exposure, Pregnancy, Blood Transfusion
                  3:14
                  Blood Transfusion Used to be Significant for Disease Transmission
                  3:31
                  Adult HIV Prevalence, 2012
                  4:30
                  Africa is Highest
                  4:40
                  North and South America are Also High Prevalence
                  4:44
                  India
                  5:02
                  Counts of AIDS Cases
                  5:22
                  Example of Disease Transmission
                  7:19
                  Males
                  7:31
                  Females
                  7:42
                  HIV/ AIDS Methods of Transmission
                  8:33
                  HIV Retrovirus
                  9:10
                  Retrovirus
                  9:21
                  Replicate the Virus
                  10:13
                  Life Cycle of HIV Virus
                  10:55
                  Genome
                  11:10
                  Reverse Transcription
                  11:16
                  Host DNA Produces Goes Through Transcription and Translation
                  11:26
                  Produce Viral RNA
                  11:36
                  Importance of Figure
                  12:00
                  Viral Load and Immune Cell
                  12:45
                  Individual Infected
                  12:52
                  Plasma Virus Load Increases then Rapidly Declines
                  12:58
                  CD4+ T Cell
                  13:34
                  Immune System is Suppressed Enough That AIDs Develops
                  14:20
                  Evolution of HIV/ AIDS
                  15:31
                  Immunodeficiency and Development of Opportunistic Infections
                  17:40
                  Herpes Simplex Virus
                  18:00
                  Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
                  18:10
                  Kaposi Sarcoma and Many More
                  18:22
                  Disease Emerge at Different Time Depending on Degree of Suppression
                  18:40
                  Opportunistic Infections with HIV
                  18:52
                  Early 1900s
                  19:04
                  Pneumocystis
                  19:21
                  Opportunistic Fungal Disease
                  20:15
                  Harmless, Opportunistic Fungi
                  20:31
                  Can Happen to Individuals Who are Taking Drugs to Suppress Immune System
                  20:44
                  Pneumocystis Pneumonia
                  21:13
                  Pathogen
                  21:32
                  Immunodeficient Adults
                  21:41
                  Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
                  22:00
                  Kaposi Sarcoma
                  22:42
                  Rare Cancer
                  22:49
                  Skin Neoplasm
                  23:14
                  Subtypes All Have Human Herpesvirus-8
                  23:31
                  How It Looks
                  23:57
                  Kaposi Sarcoma Spindle Cells
                  24:29
                  How to Treat Kaposi Sarcoma
                  25:17
                  HIV Prevalence Among Young Adult Women in India
                  26:02
                  Example 1
                  31:24
                  Example 2
                  33:32
                  Ebola

                  43m 9s

                  Intro
                  0:00
                  Ebola Virus Overview
                  0:22
                  Ebola Virus Outbreak Distribution
                  0:59
                  1976 Ebola Outbreak First Identified
                  1:00
                  Recent Outbreak in Zaire
                  2:15
                  Three Countries Most Affected Today
                  2:39
                  Amount of Hospitals in Those Countries
                  3:40
                  Ebola Virus Ecology
                  4:14
                  Thought to Just Infect Warm Blooded Animals
                  4:24
                  Epidemic Starts When Virus Infects Humans
                  4:45
                  Ebola Virus Infection
                  5:55
                  Virus Comes From Animal and Infects Human
                  5:57
                  Infected Cells
                  6:10
                  Endothelial Cell Gaps Causes Leakage of Blood and Virus
                  6:35
                  Ebola Virus Symptoms
                  7:37
                  Fever
                  7:43
                  Early Signs
                  7:54
                  Big Sign of Being Infected: Travel History
                  8:18
                  Key About the Symptom Emerging
                  9:40
                  Timeline of Ebola Virus Symptoms
                  11:21
                  Day 2: First Symptoms
                  11:36
                  Day 10: High Fever and Vomiting
                  12:29
                  Day 11: Brain Damage and Bleeding
                  13:13
                  Day 12: Loss of Consciousness
                  13:44
                  Ebola Virus Characteristics
                  14:14
                  Filovirus
                  14:27
                  Enveloped, Helical Viruses
                  14:31
                  Ebola and Marburg Viruses
                  14:36
                  Morphology of Helical Ebola Virus
                  14:52
                  Capsid
                  14:56
                  Nucleic Acid
                  15:04
                  Ebola Virus Structure
                  15:38
                  Outside of the Structure
                  15:42
                  Inside the Envelope
                  15:56
                  Virus Can Recreate Itself in the Cytoplasm
                  16:54
                  RNA Viral Replication
                  18:04
                  Negative and Positive Strand
                  18:32
                  Ebola Virus Entry
                  20:26
                  Cell the Virus Penetrates
                  21:18
                  Inflammatory Reaction
                  21:45
                  Viruses Released Into Individuals Body
                  22:23
                  Ebola Virus: Immune Reaction
                  23:08
                  Survivors
                  23:20
                  Individuals Who Die From Ebola
                  23:33
                  Effective Dose
                  24:03
                  Host Immune Response to Ebola
                  24:36
                  Monocyte
                  24:44
                  Cytokines Storm
                  25:01
                  Ebola Virus Pathogenisis
                  25:40
                  Infection
                  25:46
                  Neutrophil
                  25:56
                  Depletion of Natural Killer Cells
                  26:06
                  Ebola Virus Can Serve to Surpress the Immune Reaction
                  26:37
                  How Contagious is Ebola?
                  27:49
                  Not Very Contagious, But Very Infectious
                  27:58
                  In Relation to Other Diseases
                  28:43
                  Ebola Transmission
                  29:24
                  Patient Zero Thought to be Infected by Animal
                  29:28
                  Eating Bushmeat In West Africa
                  29:46
                  Ebola Spreads by Direct Contact
                  30:16
                  Ebola in Healthcare Settings
                  31:13
                  Healthcare Workers at Higher Risk Because They Handle Body Fluids
                  31:22
                  Precautions
                  32:07
                  Treatment of Ebola
                  34:13
                  No Vaccine, but There Are Experimental Treatments (ZMAPP)
                  34:18
                  Basic Interventions When Done Early, Can Improve Chances of Survival
                  36:27
                  Example 1
                  37:41
                  Example 2
                  39:18
                  Example 3
                  41:05
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