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Laboratory Testing & Visualization

  • Laboratory Testing with Focus on Bacteria
    • Serology
    • Agglutination, ELISA, Western Blot
    • Flow cytometry
    • Genetics
  • Visualization
    • Microscopes and degree of magnification
    • Light microscopy
    • Electron microscopy
    • Atomic Power microscopy

Laboratory Testing & Visualization

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  1. Intro
    • Laboratory Testing and Visualization
    • A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
      • Generalized Tests for Microorganisms
      • A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
        • Serology
        • Example of Serology Testing for HBV
          • Direct Agglutination Testing
          • ELISA Test
          • Western Blot
          • Flow Cytometry
          • Genetic Testing: DNA Fingerprinting
          • Pattern Matching to Determine Bacterial Strain
          • Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
            • Light Microscope
            • Darkfield Microscopy
            • Planaria in Pond Water
              • Electron Microscope
              • Atomic Force Microscope
              • Atomic Force Imaging
                • Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
                • Example 1
                  • Example 2
                    • Example 3
                      • Example 4
                        • Example 5
                          • Intro 0:00
                          • Laboratory Testing and Visualization 0:37
                            • Serology
                            • Visualization: Types of Microscopes
                          • A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form 1:57
                          • Generalized Tests for Microorganisms 2:36
                            • Morphological Characteristics
                            • Differential Staining
                            • Biochemical Tests
                          • A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form 4:19
                          • Serology 6:38
                            • Detect Levels of Antibodies
                            • Blood Serum
                            • Recent of Past Infection
                            • Differentiate Different Strains
                          • Example of Serology Testing for HBV 10:02
                          • Direct Agglutination Testing 12:52
                            • Visual Test
                            • Positive Results
                            • Antibodies Sufficient in Level
                          • ELISA Test 15:56
                            • Sandwich ELISA
                          • Western Blot 18:56
                            • Proteins are Positioned on the Filter so Antibodies Can Bind to the Antigens
                            • Filter is Then Washed with Patient's Serum
                            • Positive Test for Particular Microorganisms
                          • Flow Cytometry 21:09
                            • Used to Identify Bacteria Without Culturing the Bacteria
                            • Moving Fluid Containing Bacteria is Forced Through Small Opening
                            • Differences in Electrical Conductivity Between the Cells are Detected
                            • Results Distinguishing Three Different Species of Microorganisms
                          • Genetic Testing: DNA Fingerprinting 23:49
                            • Way to Specify and Differentiate Bacteria
                            • Some Produce Taxon
                            • Used as a Proxy for Microbial Cell Abundance
                            • Detailed Figure
                          • Pattern Matching to Determine Bacterial Strain 27:22
                            • Example
                            • Picture of That
                          • Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms 29:36
                          • Light Microscope 30:22
                            • Image
                          • Darkfield Microscopy 31:44
                            • An Illumination Technique Used to Enhance the Contrast in Unstained Samples
                            • How It Works
                          • Planaria in Pond Water 32:19
                          • Electron Microscope 32:55
                            • Uses Electron Beam to Illuminate a Specimen and Produce a Magnified Image
                            • Electron Microscopy
                            • Electron Microscope Image
                          • Atomic Force Microscope 34:41
                            • Manipulates Matter at the Nanoscale
                            • Atomic Force Microscopy Image
                          • Atomic Force Imaging 35:54
                          • Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms 37:02
                            • Light Microscopes
                          • Example 1 37:28
                          • Example 2 40:19
                          • Example 3 40:57
                          • Example 4 42:13
                          • Example 5 42:35

                          Related Books

                          Catherine Carpenter

                          Catherine Carpenter

                          Laboratory Testing & Visualization

                          Slide Duration:

                          Table of Contents

                          Section 1: Introduction to Microbiology
                          History of Microbiology

                          40m 36s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Overview of Microbiology
                          0:35
                          What is Microbiology?
                          0:39
                          History of Microbiology
                          0:47
                          What is Microbiology?
                          3:11
                          Study of Biology of Pathogen
                          4:05
                          Study of Biology of Vector
                          4:13
                          Biology of Human Host
                          4:28
                          Microbiology
                          6:32
                          Study of Microorganisms
                          6:35
                          Includes Viruses, Small Macroscopic Organisms, and Parasites
                          7:48
                          Microorganisms are Responsible for Cycling the Chemical Elements Essential for Life
                          9:32
                          Produce More Energy Through Photosynthesis Than Plants
                          10:00
                          90% of Cells in Our Body are Microbes
                          11:20
                          Important Discoveries in Microbiology
                          11:29
                          Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
                          11:48
                          Invented of the Microscope
                          11:59
                          What Was Leeuwenhoek's World?
                          12:47
                          The First Smallpox Vaccination: Jenner 1796
                          13:25
                          Jenner Invented the First Vaccine
                          13:35
                          Protected from Smallpox
                          13:58
                          Edward Jenner and Vaccination
                          14:49
                          Cowpox Virus
                          15:25
                          Material Used for Vaccine Probably Contained Cowpox Virus
                          15:46
                          Inoculate James Phipps by Taking Pus from the Lesions on the Hands of a Diary Maid
                          16:20
                          Louis Pasteur and Theory of Spontaneous Generation
                          17:58
                          Pasteur's S-Shaped Flask Kept Microbes Out but Let Air In
                          18:04
                          Disproved Theory of Spontaneous Generation
                          18:20
                          Fermentation, Pasteurization, and Vaccination: Louis Pasteur
                          19:53
                          Fermentation
                          19:54
                          Pasteurizing
                          20:14
                          Vaccination
                          20:56
                          The Germ Theory of Disease: Robert Koch
                          21:13
                          Koch's Postulates
                          21:47
                          Koch's Postulates
                          23:13
                          Procedure to Determine Criteria to Establish Casual Relationship Between a Microbe and Disease
                          23:34
                          A Fortunate Accident: Antibiotics
                          25:40
                          Alexander Fleming Discovered the First Antibiotic
                          25:55
                          Summary of Important Discoveries
                          27:12
                          Ability to Visualize Microorganisms
                          27:49
                          Vaccination
                          28:59
                          Fermentation, Pasteurization and Vaccination from Rabies
                          29:21
                          Germ Theory of Disease
                          29:42
                          Antibiotics
                          30:08
                          Example 1
                          31:36
                          Example 2
                          32:02
                          Example 3
                          33:56
                          Example 4
                          37:53
                          Example 5
                          38:57
                          Laboratory Testing & Visualization

                          44m 19s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Laboratory Testing and Visualization
                          0:37
                          Serology
                          1:09
                          Visualization: Types of Microscopes
                          1:32
                          A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
                          1:57
                          Generalized Tests for Microorganisms
                          2:36
                          Morphological Characteristics
                          2:44
                          Differential Staining
                          3:00
                          Biochemical Tests
                          3:45
                          A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
                          4:19
                          Serology
                          6:38
                          Detect Levels of Antibodies
                          6:46
                          Blood Serum
                          7:43
                          Recent of Past Infection
                          7:59
                          Differentiate Different Strains
                          9:39
                          Example of Serology Testing for HBV
                          10:02
                          Direct Agglutination Testing
                          12:52
                          Visual Test
                          13:08
                          Positive Results
                          13:16
                          Antibodies Sufficient in Level
                          14:13
                          ELISA Test
                          15:56
                          Sandwich ELISA
                          16:39
                          Western Blot
                          18:56
                          Proteins are Positioned on the Filter so Antibodies Can Bind to the Antigens
                          19:09
                          Filter is Then Washed with Patient's Serum
                          19:27
                          Positive Test for Particular Microorganisms
                          20:04
                          Flow Cytometry
                          21:09
                          Used to Identify Bacteria Without Culturing the Bacteria
                          21:17
                          Moving Fluid Containing Bacteria is Forced Through Small Opening
                          22:03
                          Differences in Electrical Conductivity Between the Cells are Detected
                          22:17
                          Results Distinguishing Three Different Species of Microorganisms
                          22:56
                          Genetic Testing: DNA Fingerprinting
                          23:49
                          Way to Specify and Differentiate Bacteria
                          25:36
                          Some Produce Taxon
                          25:47
                          Used as a Proxy for Microbial Cell Abundance
                          26:13
                          Detailed Figure
                          26:43
                          Pattern Matching to Determine Bacterial Strain
                          27:22
                          Example
                          28:00
                          Picture of That
                          28:04
                          Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
                          29:36
                          Light Microscope
                          30:22
                          Image
                          31:18
                          Darkfield Microscopy
                          31:44
                          An Illumination Technique Used to Enhance the Contrast in Unstained Samples
                          31:51
                          How It Works
                          32:01
                          Planaria in Pond Water
                          32:19
                          Electron Microscope
                          32:55
                          Uses Electron Beam to Illuminate a Specimen and Produce a Magnified Image
                          33:23
                          Electron Microscopy
                          33:34
                          Electron Microscope Image
                          34:23
                          Atomic Force Microscope
                          34:41
                          Manipulates Matter at the Nanoscale
                          35:09
                          Atomic Force Microscopy Image
                          35:37
                          Atomic Force Imaging
                          35:54
                          Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
                          37:02
                          Light Microscopes
                          37:18
                          Example 1
                          37:28
                          Example 2
                          40:19
                          Example 3
                          40:57
                          Example 4
                          42:13
                          Example 5
                          42:35
                          Present Day Importance of Microbiology

                          43m 48s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Two Important Topic Area in Microbiology
                          0:41
                          Gut Microbiome
                          1:21
                          A Forgotten Organ
                          1:25
                          Colonization of the Gut Begins at Birth
                          2:34
                          Factors That Alter the Relationship
                          4:02
                          Pathologic Inflammation
                          7:05
                          Commensal Species
                          9:47
                          Pathobionts
                          10:28
                          Functional Comparison of the Gut Microbiome with Other Sequenced Microbiomes
                          10:38
                          Genes and Microbiome
                          11:34
                          Vitamin K Example
                          12:00
                          Escherichia Coli
                          13:07
                          Genomes of the Bacteria and Viruses of the Human Gut Encode 3.3 Million Genes
                          14:02
                          Link to Microbiome and Health
                          14:57
                          Antibiotic Resistance
                          15:42
                          Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest, Adaptation
                          16:39
                          Theory of Evolution
                          17:07
                          Origin of Species
                          17:13
                          Darwin Came Up with Theory
                          17:50
                          Link to Theory of Evolution
                          18:01
                          Natural Selection
                          19:03
                          Natural Selection
                          19:09
                          Adaptive Trait
                          19:21
                          Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
                          19:49
                          Two Week Course of Antibiotics
                          20:10
                          Antibiotic Resistant Strains Found in Hospitals and Schools
                          21:21
                          Evolution of Resistant Bacteria
                          22:01
                          Evolution of Resistance
                          24:06
                          Natural Selection
                          24:08
                          Some Bacteria Transfers the Resistant Genes to Other Bacteria Who Don't Have It
                          24:24
                          It Reproduces and Soon Populates an Antibiotic Resistant Infection
                          25:06
                          Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
                          25:30
                          Acquired Resistance
                          25:31
                          Resistance Develops by Mutation of Resident or by Acquisition of New Genes
                          26:55
                          Flourish in Areas of High Antimicrobial Use
                          27:10
                          Spread of Antibiotic Resistance
                          27:19
                          Selection of Resistant Bacteria by Overuse and Misuse of Antibiotics
                          29:02
                          Multiple Antibiotics
                          29:46
                          Antibiotics Used Unnecessarily
                          30:35
                          Bacterial and Viral Pneumonia
                          31:13
                          Indiscriminant Use of Antibiotic
                          31:52
                          Unnecessary Antibiotics Can Promote Resistant Bacteria
                          32:25
                          Future Antibiotics May Lose Effectiveness
                          32:33
                          Ease of Obtaining Antibiotics
                          33:11
                          Over the Counter
                          33:13
                          Encourages Indiscriminant and Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics
                          33:25
                          Use in Animal Feed
                          34:26
                          Prevent Infections and Promote Growth
                          34:30
                          Animals Can Develop Resistance Also
                          35:03
                          Tutorial on Antibiotic Resistance
                          36:05
                          Example 1
                          36:32
                          Example 2
                          39:30
                          Section 2: Cell Biology
                          Biology of the Prototype Cell

                          10m 2s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Cellular Organization
                          0:14
                          Prokaryotes
                          0:27
                          Eukaryotes
                          0:48
                          Three Domains of Life
                          0:51
                          Eubacteria
                          1:02
                          Archaebacteria
                          1:09
                          Eukaryotes
                          1:15
                          Evolution of Bacteria
                          1:21
                          Common Qualities
                          2:02
                          Nucleus
                          2:12
                          Plasma Membrane
                          2:47
                          Cytoplasm
                          3:09
                          Multicellularity
                          3:17
                          Multicellularity Evolved
                          3:28
                          Cells Gave Rise to Earth's First Lineage of Multicellular Organisms
                          3:57
                          Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens are 1.2 Billion Years Old
                          4:18
                          Cells Differentiated for Attaching to a Substrate
                          4:37
                          Longitudinal Division Divides Disc-Shaped Cells Into Radially Arranged Wedge-Shaped Cells
                          4:54
                          According to Energy
                          5:08
                          Phototrophs
                          5:36
                          Chemotrophs
                          6:02
                          Introducing Prokaryotic Cells
                          6:46
                          Bacteria and Archaea
                          6:51
                          Smallest Form of Life
                          6:58
                          Similar in Appearance and Size
                          7:06
                          Aerobic
                          7:13
                          Anaerobic
                          7:19
                          Facultative
                          7:26
                          Example 1
                          7:37
                          Example 2
                          9:02
                          Structures in Common & Structures That Are Unique

                          8m 40s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Structures
                          0:22
                          Way to Remember Cell Structures
                          0:23
                          Membrane Similarities
                          0:34
                          Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have Plasma Membrane
                          0:42
                          Replication Molecules
                          1:17
                          Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have DNA and RNA
                          1:18
                          One Way Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are Different
                          1:41
                          Genome Differences
                          1:49
                          Eukaryotes
                          1:52
                          Prokaryotes
                          2:12
                          Cell Division Differences
                          2:43
                          Prokaryotes
                          2:49
                          Eukaryotes
                          2:55
                          Organelle Differences
                          3:07
                          Eukaryotes
                          3:10
                          Prokaryotes
                          3:31
                          Energy Metabolism Differences
                          3:42
                          Eukaryotes
                          3:48
                          Prokaryotes
                          4:21
                          Cytoskeleton Differences
                          4:41
                          Eukaryotes
                          4:50
                          Prokaryotes
                          5:27
                          Example 1
                          5:46
                          Example 2
                          7:13
                          DNA & RNA

                          11m 46s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Which Came First
                          0:31
                          RNA Came First
                          0:38
                          Short RNA Molecules
                          0:54
                          Stored Information
                          1:05
                          Early RNA
                          1:21
                          Synthesized Proteins and Carried Info
                          1:24
                          Information Carrying Role of RNA
                          1:36
                          Evolution of Double-Stranded DNA Enabled the Storage of More Complex Info
                          2:01
                          DNA Became a Better Mechanism for Information Storage of Complex Traits
                          2:13
                          Replicating Molecules
                          2:35
                          Replicating Molecules Evolved and Began to Undergo Natural Selection
                          2:51
                          Replication
                          3:05
                          Protein Synthesis
                          3:13
                          RNA Evolves Into DNA
                          3:24
                          DNA Contains Instruction
                          3:32
                          RNA Transcribes DNA
                          3:54
                          Proteins Are Made from the Instructions
                          3:59
                          DNA Structure
                          4:15
                          Chromosomal DNA
                          5:02
                          DNA Coiling
                          5:26
                          DNA - Nucleic Functions
                          5:51
                          Transcription
                          6:04
                          Replication
                          6:29
                          Function of DNA
                          7:10
                          DNA Replication
                          7:36
                          Complete Unzipping of DNA
                          7:38
                          Assembly of Complementary Nucleotides
                          7:47
                          Only Occurs in Cell Division
                          8:09
                          DNA Replication Diagram
                          8:18
                          DNA Transcription and Translation
                          8:41
                          Example 1
                          9:46
                          Example 2
                          10:27
                          Example 3
                          10:45
                          Motility

                          11m 24s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Motility is an Important Property
                          0:26
                          Flagella
                          0:37
                          Pili
                          0:55
                          Prokaryotic Cell
                          1:08
                          Pili
                          1:38
                          Fimbriae
                          1:45
                          Pili Connect a Bacterium to Others of the Same Species
                          1:57
                          Transferred Plasmids Can Bring a New Function to the Cell
                          2:37
                          Fimbriae
                          3:07
                          Distributed Over the Entire Surface of the Cell
                          3:08
                          Have a Tendency to Adhere to Surfaces and to One Another
                          3:17
                          Example: Neisseria Gonorrhea
                          3:40
                          An Electron Micrograph of E Coli
                          3:53
                          Bacterial Conjugation with Pilus
                          4:12
                          Prokaryotic Flagella
                          5:14
                          Eukaryotes
                          5:34
                          Prokaryotes
                          5:43
                          Underneath Inner Plasma Membrane in Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
                          6:05
                          Different Types of Flagella
                          6:13
                          Flagella Organization
                          6:14
                          Bacteria Alters Speed and Direction of Rotation
                          7:11
                          Examples
                          8:07
                          Example 1
                          8:41
                          Example 2
                          10:05
                          Plasma Membrane

                          16m 11s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Plasma Membrane
                          0:22
                          Functions of Plasma Membrane
                          0:28
                          Physical Isolation
                          0:31
                          Regulation of Exchange with the Environment
                          1:05
                          Communication Between the Cell and Its Environment
                          1:46
                          Structural Support
                          2:28
                          Plasma Membrane Composition
                          2:46
                          Lipids
                          2:59
                          Proteins
                          3:17
                          Carbohydrates
                          3:43
                          Lipid Bi-Layer of Plasma Membrane
                          4:19
                          Micelle
                          4:28
                          Bilayer
                          5:11
                          Liposome
                          5:40
                          Cellular Evolution
                          5:59
                          Evoloution of Membranes Advantages
                          6:49
                          Encased Cells Out-Competed Naked Cells
                          7:37
                          Plasma Membrane Structure
                          7:57
                          Plasma Membrane Differences
                          10:59
                          Eukaryotic Cells Have Carbohydrates
                          11:11
                          Eukaryotic Plasma Membranes Contain Sterols
                          12:08
                          Prokaryotic Plasma Membranes Consist Mostly of Phospholipids and Proteins
                          12:26
                          Example 1
                          12:41
                          Example 2
                          13:30
                          Example 3
                          15:02
                          Antibody & Antigen Recognition

                          15m 50s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Finding and Cell Signaling
                          0:22
                          Ligand Binding
                          1:00
                          Ligand Binds
                          1:01
                          Binding Site is Complementary to the Ligand
                          1:30
                          Interaction Between Ligand and Binding Site is Specific
                          2:39
                          Induced Fit
                          3:24
                          Ligand Binding Illustration 1
                          3:44
                          Ligand Binding Illustration 2
                          4:21
                          Antibody Structure
                          4:44
                          Antigen-Antibody Specificity
                          5:40
                          Antigen-Antibody Reaction
                          6:27
                          Example 1
                          10:10
                          Example 2
                          11:54
                          Example 3
                          13:29
                          Microbial Metabolism

                          21m 44s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Organisms and Carbon
                          0:20
                          Autotrophs
                          0:40
                          Heterotrophs
                          1:12
                          Organisms and Energy
                          2:07
                          Metabolism
                          3:19
                          Metabolism
                          3:26
                          Catabolism
                          3:53
                          Anabolism
                          4:15
                          Cellular Respiration
                          4:56
                          Aerobic Respiration
                          5:47
                          Anaerobic Respiration
                          6:13
                          Glucose
                          6:41
                          Most Important Carbohydrate
                          6:42
                          Three Major Outcomes
                          7:14
                          Stored
                          7:21
                          Oxidized via Glycolysis
                          7:22
                          Oxidized via the Pentose Phosphate
                          7:50
                          Outcomes of Glucose I
                          8:37
                          Outcomes of Glucose II
                          10:21
                          Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
                          11:50
                          Glycolysis
                          12:01
                          Citric Acid Cycle
                          12:05
                          Oxidative Phosphorylation
                          12:13
                          Formula
                          12:17
                          Aerobic Metabolism
                          12:28
                          Respiration and Fermentation
                          13:52
                          Carbohydrate Catabolism
                          15:00
                          Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
                          15:59
                          Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
                          16:00
                          Lactic Acid
                          16:08
                          ATP Production Requirements
                          17:13
                          Energy Sources
                          17:22
                          Electron Carriers
                          17:41
                          Final Electron Acceptors
                          17:49
                          Example 1
                          18:09
                          Example 2
                          18:41
                          Example 3
                          20:13
                          Microbial Genetics

                          39m 49s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          What is a Gene?
                          0:39
                          A Portion of the Chromosome That Determines or Affects a Single Character or Phenotype
                          0:51
                          Biochemical Definition of a Gene
                          0:57
                          Original Definition: One Gene-One Polypeptide
                          1:20
                          What is a Gene?
                          1:48
                          Regulatory Sequence
                          1:50
                          Genetic Code
                          2:44
                          Transcription and Replication
                          3:56
                          Replication of Bacterial DNA
                          5:05
                          Copy Both Sides of DNA Strand
                          5:20
                          DNA Transcription
                          5:53
                          DNA is Transcribed to Make RNA
                          6:18
                          RNA Polymerase Binds to the Promoter Sequence
                          6:24
                          Direction
                          6:29
                          Transcription Stops When It Reaches the Terminator Sequence
                          6:33
                          Bacterial Transcription
                          6:39
                          Transcription
                          6:46
                          No Nucleus
                          6:52
                          Translation
                          7:51
                          mRNA is Translated In Codons
                          8:11
                          Translation of mRNA Begins at the Start Codon
                          8:18
                          Translation Ends at Nonsense Codon
                          8:22
                          Gene Regulation
                          8:34
                          Constitutive Genes Are Expressed at a Fixed Rate
                          8:43
                          Other Genes Are Expressed Only as Needed
                          8:58
                          Regulation of Transcription
                          9:11
                          Repression
                          10:16
                          Induction
                          11:04
                          Germline Mutation
                          12:09
                          Evolutionary Biology
                          12:32
                          Molecular Biology
                          13:48
                          Mutations
                          14:34
                          Random and Rare
                          14:36
                          Can Be Beneficial or Neutral
                          14:46
                          Not All Mutations Matter
                          14:58
                          Somatic Mutations
                          15:20
                          Germline Mutations
                          16:30
                          Causes of Mutations
                          16:44
                          DNA Fails to Copy Accurately
                          16:48
                          External Influences Can Create Mutations
                          17:21
                          Types of Mutations
                          18:14
                          Substitution
                          18:18
                          Examples of Substitutions
                          18:29
                          Silent Mutations
                          19:56
                          Insertion
                          20:39
                          Deletion
                          20:51
                          Frame Shift
                          21:12
                          Bacterial Gene Recombination
                          22:16
                          Vertical Gene Transfer
                          22:57
                          Horizontal Gene Transfer
                          23:16
                          Genetic Recombination
                          23:46
                          Exchange of Genes Between Two DNA Molecules
                          23:47
                          Crossing Over Occurs When Two Chromosomes Break and Rejoin
                          23:52
                          Recipient Chromosome Contains New DNA
                          23:57
                          Bacterial Recombination
                          24:51
                          Bacterial Transformation
                          25:53
                          Conjugation in E. Coli
                          28:36
                          Transduction by a Bacteriophage
                          30:04
                          Plasmids
                          31:53
                          What are Plasmids?
                          32:00
                          F-Factor
                          32:14
                          Other Plasmids Encode for Proteins That Enhance the Pathogenicity of a Bacterium
                          32:39
                          Dissimilation Plasmids
                          33:24
                          R Factors
                          33:44
                          R-Factor, A Type of Plasmid
                          33:53
                          Transposons
                          35:04
                          Move From One Region of DNA to Another
                          35:29
                          Contain Insertion Sequences for Cutting and Resealing DNA (Tansposase)
                          35:34
                          Example 1
                          36:14
                          Example 2
                          37:34
                          Example 3
                          38:15
                          Section 3: Virus Biology
                          Viral Structure, Genome, & Replication

                          16m 50s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Medical Virology
                          0:11
                          Viral Structure
                          1:37
                          Viral Genome
                          1:55
                          What is a Virus?
                          2:09
                          Smaller
                          2:15
                          DNA or RNA with no Nucleus
                          2:34
                          Classification of Viruses
                          3:03
                          Type and Confirmation of Genomic Nucleic Acid
                          3:07
                          Viral Morphology
                          3:19
                          Viral Structure
                          3:54
                          Virion
                          3:58
                          Envelope
                          4:29
                          Capsid
                          5:39
                          Nucleocapsid
                          5:55
                          Viral Genome - Composition
                          6:27
                          Viral Genome
                          6:31
                          DNA vs. RNA Structure
                          6:42
                          RNA
                          7:49
                          Pathogenicity & Virulence
                          7:42
                          DNA
                          8:06
                          Viral Genome - Shape
                          8:36
                          Segmented
                          8:40
                          Non-segmented
                          9:22
                          Changes in the Viral Genome
                          9:36
                          Genetic Recombination
                          9:56
                          Reassortment
                          10:26
                          Changes in the Viral Genome
                          11:16
                          Quasi-species
                          11:24
                          Ebola Virus
                          11:58
                          Example 1
                          12:33
                          Example 2
                          13:42
                          Example 3
                          15:13
                          Viral Entry Into a Cell & Transmission

                          12m 31s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Medical Virology
                          0:27
                          Viral Entry Into a Cell
                          0:30
                          Viral Transmission
                          0:39
                          Viral Entry into Cells
                          0:53
                          Attachment
                          0:58
                          Membrane Fusion
                          1:29
                          Pre Formation
                          1:56
                          Penetration
                          2:12
                          Transmission of Viruses
                          2:34
                          Aerosol
                          2:51
                          Contaminated Food
                          3:19
                          Arthropods
                          4:01
                          Sexual Contact
                          5:06
                          Organ and Tissue Transplant
                          5:22
                          Site of Virus Entry
                          6:17
                          Respiratory Tract
                          6:37
                          GI Tract
                          7:08
                          Urethra, Vagina, Anus
                          7:34
                          Skin
                          7:42
                          Conjunctiva
                          7:45
                          Type of Cell Best Suited for Virus
                          7:57
                          Example 1
                          9:23
                          Example 2
                          10:13
                          Medically Important Viruses

                          24m 41s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Medical Virology
                          0:41
                          Viruses We Will Study
                          1:00
                          How the Viruses Differs
                          1:10
                          Medically-Important Viruses
                          1:23
                          Selected Viruses of Medical Importance
                          2:55
                          Herpesviridae, Simplevirus
                          2:59
                          Herpes Virus
                          4:09
                          Papillomaviridae, Alphapapillomavirus
                          4:47
                          Papilloma Virus
                          5:27
                          Reoviridae, Rotavirus
                          6:57
                          Rotavirus
                          7:58
                          Paramyxovirinae, Morbilivirus
                          9:04
                          Measles Virus
                          10:19
                          Orthomyxoviridae (Influenza Virus)
                          10:58
                          Influenza Virus - Antigenic Drift
                          12:52
                          Influenza Virus - Antigenic Shift
                          15:19
                          Medically-Important Viruses
                          18:39
                          Avian Influenza
                          18:41
                          Example 1
                          20:19
                          Example 2
                          21:50
                          Example 3
                          23:01
                          Section 4: Classification of Microbes
                          Overall Classification of Microbes

                          15m 51s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          What is Taxonomy?
                          0:18
                          Science of Classifying Organisms
                          0:21
                          Universal Names Used by All Countries
                          1:11
                          Reference for Identifying Organisms
                          1:19
                          Binomial Nomenclature
                          1:28
                          Systematics or Phylogeny
                          2:11
                          Phylogeny
                          2:12
                          Like Reading a Family Tree
                          2:28
                          Root of the Tree
                          2:33
                          Moving Forward in Time
                          2:49
                          Clade
                          3:01
                          Ancestors and Lineage
                          3:39
                          Taxonomic Hierarchy
                          4:17
                          Genus and Species
                          4:28
                          Classification Changes
                          4:38
                          History of Microbial Taxonomy
                          4:51
                          Discovery of Microscope
                          5:09
                          Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia
                          5:33
                          Smallpox Vaccine
                          5:42
                          Bacteria and Fungi
                          6:11
                          Kingdom Portista
                          6:24
                          Prokaryotes Introduced as a New Kingdom
                          6:57
                          Definition of Prokaryote
                          7:17
                          Kingdom Fungi
                          7:33
                          Kingdom Prokaryote
                          7:40
                          Two Types of Prokaryotic Cells
                          7:48
                          Using Molecular Techniques to Classify
                          7:58
                          Classify Microbes
                          8:24
                          Three Domain System of Classification
                          9:21
                          Classification Criteria
                          9:29
                          Physiology
                          9:58
                          Ecology
                          10:06
                          Behavior
                          10:27
                          Morphology
                          10:54
                          Molecular Evidence (RNA)
                          11:11
                          Three Domains of Life
                          11:39
                          Eukaryotes
                          11:46
                          Prokaryotes
                          11:48
                          Archaea
                          11:54
                          Example 1
                          12:13
                          Example 2
                          13:15
                          Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Archaea

                          12m 14s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Classification of Prokaryotes
                          0:45
                          Lack of Nucleus
                          0:51
                          Culture
                          1:05
                          Clone
                          1:19
                          Strain
                          1:37
                          Phylogenetic Relationship
                          2:02
                          Archaea
                          3:53
                          Two Distinct Groups: Archaea and Bacteria
                          4:05
                          Archaea Lived in High Temperatures
                          4:29
                          Habitats
                          4:51
                          Only Habitants to Live in Extreme Habitats
                          5:24
                          New Research Shoes Archaeans are Abundant in the Open Sea
                          5:40
                          Archaea Morphology
                          5:59
                          Basic Archaeal Structure: Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, and Cell Wall
                          6:08
                          Archaeal Cell Membranes
                          6:13
                          Plasmid
                          7:11
                          Archaeal Ribosomes
                          7:29
                          Example 1
                          8:20
                          Example 2
                          11:01
                          Section 5: The Immune System
                          The Immune System

                          20m 18s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Immune System Introduction
                          0:28
                          Body Defends Itself from Anything Foreign
                          0:49
                          What Immunity Constitutes
                          1:13
                          Immune Responses Can be Classified as Nonspecific or Specific
                          1:27
                          Nonspecific Immune Response
                          1:54
                          Specific Immune Response
                          2:22
                          Physiological Barriers
                          2:49
                          The Immune System
                          3:18
                          Innate Immune Response
                          3:20
                          Adaptive Immune Response
                          3:42
                          Immunity
                          4:47
                          Immunology
                          5:32
                          Immunity
                          5:39
                          Immune System
                          6:21
                          Barriers to Infection - Mechanical
                          6:41
                          Physical Barriers
                          6:54
                          Epithelial Surfaces
                          8:31
                          Mucosal Surfaces
                          9:54
                          Muco-ciliary Escalator
                          10:40
                          Barriers to Infection - Chemical
                          11:25
                          Enzymes
                          11:33
                          pH
                          12:29
                          Lung
                          13:48
                          Physiological Barriers
                          14:56
                          The Immune System
                          16:52
                          Example 1
                          17:15
                          The Complement System

                          16m 53s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          What is Complement?
                          0:37
                          Proteins
                          0:40
                          Synthesized by Different Cell Types
                          1:01
                          Complement System
                          1:14
                          Destroy Pathogens Directly
                          1:51
                          Activate Other Components of the Immune Response
                          2:02
                          Collaborate with Other Components of the Immune Response
                          2:12
                          Classical Pathway
                          2:28
                          Lection Pathway
                          3:29
                          Alternative Pathway
                          3:52
                          Integral Protein Types That Function in Cell-Cell Interaction
                          4:08
                          Function of the Complement System
                          4:49
                          Complement is Activated Upon Infection
                          4:50
                          Complement Functions Like Enzymes
                          6:16
                          Enzyme Activation
                          6:37
                          Function of the Complement System
                          7:43
                          Complements the Ability of Antibodies and Phagocytic Cells to Identify and Remove Foreign Pathogens
                          7:49
                          Amplification
                          8:50
                          Activation of the Complement System
                          9:17
                          Cytolysis
                          9:27
                          Chemotaxis
                          9:39
                          Opsonization
                          10:41
                          Anaphylatoxins
                          11:16
                          Complement and Membrane Attack Complex
                          12:10
                          The Membrane Attached Complex
                          12:49
                          Pathways of Complement Activation
                          13:07
                          Classical
                          13:43
                          Lectin
                          13:54
                          Alternative
                          14:07
                          Example 1
                          14:33
                          Example 2
                          15:23
                          Example 3
                          16:11
                          Adaptive Immunity

                          31m 10s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          What is Adaptive Immunity?
                          0:27
                          Primary Immune Response
                          0:41
                          Initiated by a Dendritic Cell That Ingested a Pathogen
                          1:24
                          Naïve B Cells are Stimulated to Proliferate and Differentiate in Specific Response to the Pathogen
                          1:49
                          Process of Adaptive Immunity
                          2:28
                          Humoral Immunity
                          3:03
                          Development of Acquired Immune Cells
                          3:41
                          The B Cell
                          4:50
                          Produced in the Bone Marrow
                          4:52
                          Outer Surface Contains a Specialized B Cell Receptor
                          5:01
                          Initial Activation
                          5:55
                          Secondary Activation
                          6:15
                          Hallmarks of Humoral Immunity
                          6:23
                          B Lymphocyte is the Central Cell
                          6:51
                          Antibody-mediated
                          6:58
                          Highly Complex
                          7:03
                          Step 1: Antigen Recognition
                          7:18
                          B Cells Recognize Extracellular Antigenics
                          7:22
                          Antigens on Pathogen Surfaces
                          7:54
                          Step 2: Clonal Expansion
                          10:43
                          B Cell Divides
                          10:48
                          Clone
                          11:46
                          Maturation of B Cells
                          12:33
                          Step 3: Differentiation
                          13:46
                          B Cells Differentiate Into Plasma Cells
                          13:49
                          Plasma Cell Produces and Secrets Antibodies Specific to the Origin Antigen
                          14:00
                          Produce and Secrete Abs Specific to the Original Antigen
                          15:38
                          Antigen Presenting Cells Show Protein Antigens to Helper T Cells
                          15:55
                          Step 4: Antigen Elimination
                          16:30
                          Newly-Manufactured Antibodies Attach to the Antigen
                          16:36
                          Termination of the Humoral Immune Response
                          17:30
                          Step 5: Immune Memory
                          18:32
                          Memory B Cells Reside in Bone Marrow
                          18:53
                          High-Affinity Immunoglobulins
                          19:15
                          Survive for Years
                          20:15
                          Respond Rapidly When the Antigen is Seen Again
                          20:39
                          Antibodies
                          22:34
                          Classes - IgM
                          22:41
                          Example 1
                          24:51
                          Example 2
                          26:54
                          Example 3
                          28:03
                          Antibody & Antigen Interactions

                          41m 22s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Antibody-Antigen
                          0:22
                          Where Do Antigens-Antibodies Belong?
                          0:57
                          What is an Antibody?
                          1:12
                          Immunoglobulin
                          1:17
                          Definition of Antibody
                          1:32
                          Each Antigen is Specific to an Antigen
                          1:58
                          Antigen Binds to an Antigen
                          2:44
                          Produced by Plasma Cells
                          3:18
                          Antibody Structure
                          3:55
                          Paratope
                          4:17
                          Hinge Region
                          4:53
                          Fragment Crystallizable
                          5:44
                          Antibody Function
                          6:21
                          Recognizes and Captures Foreign Proteins and Molecules
                          6:41
                          Activates Complement
                          6:52
                          Binds to Immune Cells to Activate Their Specific Functions
                          7:55
                          The Antibody Isotypes
                          9:25
                          IgM
                          9:37
                          IgG
                          12:36
                          IgD
                          14:01
                          IgA
                          14:27
                          IgE
                          14:45
                          What is an Antigen?
                          15:18
                          An Antigen is to Provoke an Immune Response
                          15:53
                          Exogenous
                          16:43
                          Endogenous
                          17:16
                          Autogenous
                          18:10
                          Antigen-Antibody Reaction
                          19:08
                          Affinity
                          19:33
                          Avidity
                          19:57
                          Specificity
                          21:02
                          Cross Reactivity
                          21:31
                          Foreignness
                          22:17
                          Size
                          24:32
                          What Determines Antigenicity?
                          25:04
                          Antigenicity Definition
                          25:13
                          Conformation
                          25:29
                          Composition
                          26:02
                          Bacterial Components
                          26:27
                          Antigenic Determinants: Innate Immunity
                          26:53
                          Example 1
                          30:41
                          Example 2
                          33:15
                          Example 3
                          36:37
                          Tumor Immunology

                          33m 16s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Antibodies Surrounding Tumor
                          0:40
                          Introduction to Tumor Immunology
                          1:22
                          Human Papilloma
                          1:41
                          Hepatitis B
                          2:26
                          Helicobacter Pylori
                          2:47
                          Immunology
                          4:05
                          Overview of Tumor Immunology
                          4:17
                          Immune Surveillance Theory
                          4:18
                          Malignant Transformation
                          4:34
                          Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                          4:37
                          Tumor Antigens
                          4:43
                          Tumor Immunotherapies
                          4:49
                          Inflammation and Cancer
                          4:53
                          Immune Surveillance Theory and Escape
                          4:59
                          Amount of Antigen Expressed is Too Low
                          5:51
                          Tumor Sheds Antigens That Block Antibodies and T-Cells from binding to the Tumor
                          6:01
                          Tumor Does Not Express Immunogenic Antigens
                          6:15
                          Tumor Does Not Express MHC Antigens
                          6:32
                          Tumor May Secrete Immunosuppressive
                          6:51
                          Hallmark of a Cancer Cell is Proliferation That is Dysregulated
                          7:12
                          Malignant Transformation
                          7:39
                          One Way to Cause Growth Regulations
                          8:24
                          Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Up Regulation of Oncogenes
                          8:45
                          Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Down Regulation of Tumor Suppressor Genes
                          9:15
                          Tumor Growth Over Time
                          9:42
                          Malignant Transformation
                          10:46
                          Benign
                          11:20
                          Malignant
                          11:37
                          Progression of Benign to Malignant
                          12:35
                          Micro-Induced Carcinogenesis
                          13:40
                          Initiation Promotion Progression Model
                          14:28
                          Examples of Malignant Transformation
                          14:53
                          Tumor Antigens
                          15:46
                          Tumor Must Express Antigens That the Immune System Recognizes as Foreign
                          16:16
                          Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                          16:40
                          Tumor Antigens
                          17:07
                          Tumor Immunotherapies
                          17:15
                          Tumorigenesis Secretes Chemical Signals That Change Gene Expression
                          17:25
                          Gene Expression Leads To The Following
                          17:30
                          Tumors in an Immunosuppressed Host
                          18:48
                          HIV and AIDS
                          19:13
                          Transplant Patients
                          19:55
                          Epstein-Barr Virus
                          20:19
                          Malaria
                          20:27
                          Tumor Immunotherapies
                          20:45
                          Active Therapy
                          21:01
                          Passive Therapy
                          22:02
                          Inflammation and Cancer
                          24:05
                          Chronic Inflammation
                          24:18
                          Inflammation as a Response to Cancer
                          25:23
                          Neoplastic Cells Induce an Inflammatory Immune System
                          25:34
                          Bacteria, Inflammation, and Cancer
                          25:59
                          Example 1
                          27:46
                          Example 2
                          29:21
                          Example 3
                          30:25
                          Example 4
                          31:28
                          Cell Mediated Immunity

                          57m 13s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Adaptive Immunity
                          0:43
                          Cell-Mediated Immunity
                          1:47
                          Lymphocyte T Cell
                          1:56
                          Antigen-Presenting Cells
                          2:15
                          Subset of T Cells
                          2:22
                          Immune Tolerance
                          2:31
                          Hallmarks of Cell-Mediated Immunity
                          3:02
                          Primary Actor is the T Lymphocyte
                          3:06
                          Directed at Pathogens That Survive in Phagocytes
                          3:12
                          Based on Activation
                          3:23
                          Induce Apoptosis in Cells Displaying Epitopes of Foreign Antigens
                          4:25
                          Activates Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells
                          6:34
                          Stimulates Cells to Secrete Cytokines That Signal Other Cells of the Humoral and Innate Immune Response
                          6:47
                          Responds to Intracellular Antigens
                          7:16
                          Requires Direct, Cell-to-Cell Contact
                          7:24
                          The T-Cell
                          7:51
                          Mature in the Thymus
                          7:58
                          Presence of the T-Cell Receptor
                          8:04
                          Important Components
                          8:35
                          Antigen-Presenting Cell
                          9:36
                          Type of Leukocyte
                          11:17
                          Responsible for the Immune Responses That Lead to the Following
                          11:25
                          T-Cell Maturation
                          13:34
                          Thymocyte
                          13:42
                          Thymopoiesis
                          13:59
                          Thymus Conducts a Testing Process of Positive and Negative Selection
                          14:15
                          Somatic Gene Rearrangement
                          15:49
                          Infinite Number of Configurations That Create TCRs
                          17:00
                          Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
                          17:27
                          Function
                          18:23
                          Immuno-Phenotyping
                          19:18
                          Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
                          19:34
                          Nomenclature
                          19:40
                          Example
                          20:01
                          Antigen-Presenting Cells
                          20:50
                          Antigen Presentation
                          21:24
                          Antigen-Presenting Cells
                          21:32
                          Direct Presentation
                          21:52
                          Cross-Presentation
                          22:37
                          Cross-Dressing
                          23:04
                          Professional
                          23:24
                          Others
                          23:55
                          Contact Between an APC and TCR Stimulates Important Signaling Events
                          25:20
                          T-Cell Subset: T-Helper Cells
                          25:51
                          Th1
                          27:05
                          Th2
                          28:48
                          Th17
                          29:43
                          T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
                          31:26
                          CD8+ Cells
                          31:28
                          Target Cells with Antigen
                          31:50
                          T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
                          32:55
                          Perforin
                          33:30
                          Granzyme
                          34:07
                          Pharmaceuticals are Designed to Alter T-Cell Responses
                          35:00
                          T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
                          37:01
                          Suppress Activation of the Immune System
                          37:40
                          Functions
                          38:36
                          T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
                          39:45
                          Commensal Bacteria
                          39:51
                          Graft/ Transplant
                          41:02
                          Pregnancy
                          41:41
                          Tumors
                          41:47
                          Cytokines
                          42:46
                          Types of Cytokines
                          42:57
                          Chemical Messengers
                          43:19
                          Functional Classes of Cytokines
                          43:38
                          Chemokines
                          47:17
                          Chemotaxis
                          47:20
                          Inflammation
                          48:54
                          Homeostatic
                          49:10
                          Antiviral Response
                          49:23
                          Designation
                          49:27
                          Pulling It All Together
                          49:40
                          Example 1
                          51:40
                          Example 2
                          52:51
                          Example 3
                          54:56
                          Section 6: The Bacteria
                          Bacterial Cell Wall

                          18m 38s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Overview
                          0:45
                          Gram Negative and Positive Bacteria
                          1:17
                          Bacteria Without Cell Walls
                          1:38
                          Recall the Prototype Cell
                          1:52
                          Plasma Membrane
                          2:15
                          Cytoplasm
                          2:21
                          Nucleus
                          2:26
                          Cell Wall Principles
                          2:41
                          Protects Bacteria
                          2:50
                          Survive in Fluid Environments
                          3:08
                          Attack by Antibiotics
                          4:26
                          Source of Identification
                          4:40
                          Peptidoglycan
                          4:47
                          Murein
                          5:10
                          Protects the Plasma Membrane
                          5:18
                          Gram Staining
                          5:42
                          Gram Positive and Gram Negative
                          5:55
                          Gram Positive Bacterial Cell Wall
                          8:26
                          Thick Structure
                          8:45
                          Gram Staining
                          8:52
                          Teichoic Acids in Cell Wall
                          9:06
                          Gram Positive Streptococci
                          9:21
                          Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
                          9:57
                          Allows More Complexity
                          10:15
                          Outer Membrane Provides Barrier to Certain Antibiotics
                          11:00
                          Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
                          11:34
                          The Gram Stain
                          12:36
                          Hans Christian Gram Invented a Stain to Visualize Bacteria
                          12:52
                          Gram Positive Bacteria
                          13:51
                          Gram Negative Bacteria
                          14:27
                          Example 1
                          14:55
                          Example 2
                          15:49
                          Bacterial Morphology & Shape

                          15m 4s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Bacteria Morphology and Shape
                          0:28
                          Classification of Bacteria
                          0:50
                          Based on Several Major Properties
                          0:53
                          Taxonomy Principles Do Not Quite Fit for Bacteria
                          1:21
                          Variation in Shape and Distribution
                          3:00
                          Cocci
                          3:14
                          Bacilli
                          4:00
                          Budding and Appendaged Bacteria
                          4:27
                          Others
                          4:35
                          Bacterial Distribution
                          4:51
                          Shapes of Bacteria
                          5:45
                          Bacterial Shapes
                          6:40
                          Three Basic Shapes
                          6:41
                          Variation in Shapes
                          7:12
                          Clusters
                          7:31
                          Clusters Example
                          7:50
                          Streptococcus Pneumoniae
                          8:18
                          Bacterial Shapes
                          8:56
                          Streptococci
                          9:00
                          Staphylococci
                          9:12
                          Comma Shaped
                          10:28
                          Vibrios
                          10:37
                          Spirilla
                          11:04
                          Spirochetes
                          11:25
                          Example 1
                          11:38
                          Example 2
                          12:39
                          Example 3
                          13:24
                          Bacterial Metabolic Behavior

                          23m 50s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Energy Metabolism
                          0:40
                          Classification of Bacteria
                          1:48
                          Metabolic Behavior
                          1:51
                          Some Organisms are Anaerobic
                          1:57
                          Organisms and Carbon
                          2:07
                          Autotrophs
                          2:10
                          Heterotrophs
                          2:43
                          Organisms and Energy
                          3:28
                          Metabolism
                          4:13
                          Metabolism
                          4:14
                          Catabolism
                          4:50
                          Anabolism
                          5:04
                          Cellular Respiration
                          5:49
                          Aerobic Respiration
                          6:55
                          Anaerobic Respiration
                          7:13
                          Glucose
                          7:41
                          Energy-Currency Molecule for Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
                          7:42
                          Three Major Outcomes
                          7:56
                          Outcomes of Glucose
                          8:18
                          Outcomes of Glucose and Pyruvate
                          9:07
                          Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
                          11:19
                          Glycolysis
                          11:25
                          Citric Acid Cycle
                          11:28
                          Oxidative Phosphorylation
                          11:30
                          Aerobic Metabolism
                          11:51
                          Respiration and Fermentation
                          13:18
                          Carbohydrate Catabolism
                          14:35
                          Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
                          15:37
                          Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
                          15:48
                          Lactic Acid
                          15:46
                          Types of Fermentation
                          16:16
                          Lactic Acid Fermentation
                          16:20
                          Alcohol Fermentation
                          16:27
                          Alcohol Fermentation
                          16:57
                          Any Spoilage of Food by Microorganisms
                          17:08
                          Any Process that Produces Alcoholic Beverages
                          17:14
                          Any Large-Scale Microbial Process Occurring With or Without Air
                          17:25
                          Yeast and Other Microorganisms Ferment Glucose to Ethanol
                          17:39
                          Two Step Process
                          18:07
                          Lactic Acid Fermentation
                          18:34
                          Classic Anaerobic Metabolism
                          18:35
                          Releases Energy from Oxidation of Organic Molecules
                          18:44
                          End Products of Fermentation
                          19:05
                          Ethanol, Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid
                          19:22
                          Propionin Acid and Carbon Dioxide, Acetone, Glycerol, Citric Acid, Sorbose
                          20:02
                          Example 1
                          20:29
                          Example 2
                          21:43
                          Example 3
                          22:55
                          Bacterial Infection Patterns

                          41m 12s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          'Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria'
                          0:42
                          Classification of Bacteria
                          2:13
                          Bacterial Pathogenesis
                          2:31
                          First Type of Immunity: Innate Immune System
                          2:49
                          Complement System
                          3:00
                          Innate Immune Cells: Phagocytosis
                          3:10
                          Cytokine Production and Epitopes
                          3:29
                          Location of Bacteria Infections
                          4:05
                          Steps of Bacterial Infection
                          5:25
                          Entry Into Host
                          5:30
                          Adherence to Host Tissue
                          5:53
                          Colonization
                          5:58
                          Overcome a Host's Defense
                          6:02
                          Hosts' Immune Response
                          6:10
                          Damage the Host Tissues
                          6:17
                          Progression or Recovery
                          6:25
                          Portals of Entry
                          6:35
                          The Skin
                          7:18
                          Viral and Bacterial Infection of Respiratory
                          7:46
                          Bacteria Entry
                          8:00
                          Some Bacteria Produce Toxins and Enzymes
                          8:28
                          Immune Response is Disease Causing Part of Bacterial Infection
                          8:46
                          Infection of Intestinal Epithelium
                          8:59
                          Shigella
                          9:00
                          Salmonella
                          10:16
                          Numbers of Invading Bacteria
                          11:05
                          Virulence
                          11:30
                          Potency
                          12:07
                          Virulence of Bacillus Anthracis
                          12:33
                          Adherence of Bacteria to Host Tissue
                          13:49
                          Adhesins or Ligands
                          14:10
                          Glycocalyx
                          14:26
                          Fimbriae
                          14:32
                          M Protein
                          14:53
                          Adherence
                          15:07
                          Adhesins or Ligands
                          15:10
                          E. coli Bacteria
                          15:53
                          Bacteria Adhering to Human Skin
                          16:17
                          Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci
                          16:28
                          Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                          16:42
                          Capsules
                          16:57
                          Cell Wall Components
                          17:03
                          Enzymes
                          17:18
                          Antigenic Variation
                          17:27
                          Penetration into Host Cell Cytoskeleton
                          17:57
                          Capsules
                          18:06
                          Capsule
                          18:07
                          Glycocalyx
                          18:19
                          Functions to Impair Phagocytosis
                          18:58
                          Host Can However Develop Antibodies Against the Capsule
                          19:07
                          Streptococcus Pneumoniae
                          19:28
                          Cell Wall Components
                          20:06
                          M Protein
                          20:18
                          Neisseria Gonorrhea
                          20:49
                          Fimbriae
                          20:57
                          Bacterial Enzymes
                          21:23
                          Coagulase
                          22:08
                          Hyalurpnidase
                          22:09
                          Collagenase
                          22:13
                          IgA Proteases
                          22:19
                          Penetration
                          22:44
                          Invasins
                          22:59
                          Invasins Cause Host Cell Membrane to Ruffle
                          23:12
                          Shigella and Listeria
                          23:32
                          Bacterial Damage to Host Cells
                          23:50
                          Production of Toxins
                          24:11
                          Types of Toxins
                          24:56
                          Production of Toxins
                          25:00
                          Toxin
                          25:08
                          Toxigenicity
                          25:21
                          Toxemia
                          25:25
                          Toxoid
                          25:30
                          Antitoxin
                          25:38
                          Exotoxin
                          25:44
                          Produced Inside Some Bacteria
                          25:55
                          Released When Bacteria Undergoes Lysis
                          26:06
                          Proteins and Enzymes That Catalyze Certain Biochemical Reactions
                          26:39
                          Bacteria That Produce Exotoxins Can be Gram + or Gram -
                          26:53
                          Exotoxins Are Soluble in Body Fluids
                          27:04
                          Some Diseases Caused by Their Exotoxins
                          27:13
                          Exotoxin Examples
                          27:35
                          Action of A-B Exotoxin
                          28:11
                          Endotoxin
                          29:12
                          Endotoxin Differ from Extoxin in Several Ways
                          29:21
                          Endotoxins are Released When Gram - is Liberated
                          30:24
                          Antibiotics Used to Treat Gem
                          30:32
                          Endotoxins Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
                          30:59
                          Endotoxins and the Pyrogenic Response
                          31:17
                          Example Endotoxins
                          32:08
                          Salmonella Typhi
                          32:15
                          Neisseria Meningitidis
                          32:22
                          Proteus Spp
                          32:35
                          Steps of Bacterial Infection
                          32:42
                          Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                          33:59
                          Example 1
                          34:41
                          Example 2
                          37:25
                          Example 3
                          39:39
                          Bacterial Adaptation to Environment

                          20m 50s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Bacterial Adaptation
                          0:13
                          Varied Tissues Within Human Host
                          0:36
                          Variable Levels of Oxygenation Both Inside and Outside of Host
                          0:54
                          Variable Levels of Moisture Both Inside and Outside Host
                          1:10
                          Survive Various Antibiotic and Other Types of Treatment
                          1:23
                          Variable Oxygen Environments
                          1:58
                          Bacterial Endospores
                          3:33
                          Clostridium Botulinum
                          4:40
                          Bacillus Anthracis
                          4:48
                          Clostridium Tetani
                          4:50
                          Botulism: Neurotoxin
                          5:10
                          Clostridium Botulinum
                          6:29
                          Gram Positive Rod-Shaped Bacteria That are Strictly Anaerobic
                          6:58
                          Produce Spores
                          7:10
                          Produces Paralysis
                          7:49
                          Toxin Can be Destroyed by Heating Food to 80 Degrees Celsius
                          7:55
                          Bacillus Anthracis
                          8:47
                          Produce Spores
                          9:08
                          Anthrax is Mostly a Disease of Herbivores
                          9:20
                          Weaponized Anthrax is Primarily Inhalation Form
                          10:11
                          Clostridium Tetani
                          11:50
                          Spores are Located in Solid and Can Colonize Gastrointestinal Tracts
                          12:14
                          Disease Uncommon
                          12:27
                          Toxin Produced During Growth Phase of Bacteria When Cell is Lysed
                          13:14
                          Toxin Blocks Release of GABA
                          13:56
                          Results in Paralysis
                          14:09
                          Example 1
                          15:38
                          Example 2
                          16:45
                          Example 3
                          18:01
                          Antigenic Composition of Bacteria

                          33m 8s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Bacteria as Antigens
                          1:04
                          Antigen-antibody Interaction
                          1:12
                          Bacterial Adaptations as Antigens
                          1:31
                          Cell Wall Components
                          1:44
                          Capsules as Antigens
                          1:50
                          Flagella as Antigens
                          1:58
                          Antigenic Variation
                          2:00
                          Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
                          2:13
                          Antigen-Antibody Interaction
                          2:20
                          What are Antigens
                          2:25
                          Examples of Antigens
                          3:09
                          Bacteria as Antigens
                          4:33
                          Adaptation to the Human Host Environment
                          5:09
                          Pathogenic Agent
                          5:30
                          Criteria for Effective Antigenicity
                          6:02
                          Bacterial Adaptations That are Antigenic
                          7:36
                          Pila
                          7:45
                          Flagella as Antigens
                          7:57
                          Fimbriae
                          7:59
                          Capsules as Antigens
                          8:22
                          Peptidoglycan
                          8:33
                          S Proteins
                          8:45
                          M Protein and Lipid A
                          9:09
                          Cell Wall Components
                          9:47
                          Neisseria Gonorrhea
                          9:52
                          Fimbriae and Opa
                          10:03
                          After Attachment, Host Cell Takes Bacteria
                          10:22
                          Secretory Antibodies
                          10:38
                          Circulating Antibodies
                          10:58
                          Capsule
                          11:33
                          Neutralize the Virulence
                          12:39
                          Bacterial Capsules as Antigens
                          13:20
                          S. Pneumoniae
                          13:55
                          B. Anthracis
                          14:09
                          S. Pyogenes
                          14:38
                          Bacterial Antigenicity
                          15:30
                          Motility and Vibrio Cholerae
                          16:11
                          Flagella are Antigenic
                          16:20
                          Agglutinate or Immobilize Bacterial Cells
                          17:00
                          Antigenic Variation
                          17:49
                          Antigenic Variation Over Time
                          18:54
                          Antigenic Variation by Space and Time
                          22:12
                          Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
                          24:02
                          Example 1
                          27:36
                          Example 2
                          31:24
                          Section 7: Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
                          Epidemiology of Infectious Disease

                          15m 43s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Infectious Diseases: Extent of Problem
                          0:43
                          26% of Deaths Worldwide
                          1:21
                          Ebola Outbreak in Africa
                          1:50
                          Cholera in Haiti and South America
                          2:22
                          West Nile Virus Infections in U.S.
                          2:39
                          Worldwide Cholera Occurrence
                          3:03
                          Extent of Research
                          4:38
                          Importance to National Security
                          5:42
                          Bioterrorism Key Achievements
                          7:00
                          Smallpox
                          7:06
                          Anthrax
                          7:22
                          Botulinum
                          7:28
                          Ebola
                          7:52
                          Importance of Epidemiology
                          8:38
                          Scientific Study of Causes and Determinants of Disease
                          8:44
                          Study of Vector and Animal Host Biology
                          8:56
                          Patterns of Disease Transmission
                          9:39
                          Determine Disease Causation
                          10:31
                          Development of Vaccines
                          11:04
                          Development and Evaluation of Effective Treatments
                          11:55
                          Example 1
                          12:28
                          Human Host & Disease Transmission

                          56m 19s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Human Host and Disease Transmission
                          0:19
                          Discuss the Basis of Human Disease
                          0:27
                          Non-random Distribution of Disease
                          0:34
                          Ways Disease are Transmitted
                          0:44
                          Occurrence of Disease
                          1:09
                          Measures of Disease Transmission
                          1:19
                          Disease Outbreaks
                          1:23
                          Basis of Human Disease
                          1:39
                          How Human Disease Arise
                          1:43
                          Host Must be Susceptible
                          2:08
                          Capacity to Infect
                          2:32
                          Environment
                          2:53
                          Non-Random Distribution of Disease
                          3:27
                          Genetic Predisposition
                          3:34
                          Nutrition
                          4:16
                          Immune Status
                          4:24
                          Socio-Economic Status
                          4:40
                          Modes of Disease Transmission
                          5:46
                          Direct Transmission
                          5:54
                          Indirect Transmission
                          6:50
                          Example of Disease Transmission
                          8:30
                          HIV/ AIDS
                          8:34
                          Hepatitis A,B,C
                          10:10
                          Clinical and Subclinical Disease
                          12:42
                          Clinical Disease
                          12:49
                          Subclinical Disease
                          13:10
                          Non Clinical Disease
                          15:36
                          Carrier Status
                          17:48
                          Carrier Status Example: Typhoid Mary
                          18:33
                          Occurrence of Disease
                          20:18
                          Endemic
                          20:27
                          Epidemic
                          21:30
                          Pandemic
                          21:45
                          Epidemic of Obesity
                          22:22
                          Measures of Infectious Disease Transmission
                          23:45
                          Incubation Period
                          24:23
                          Epidemic Curve
                          27:44
                          Disease Outbreaks
                          28:37
                          One Exposure, Common Vehicle
                          28:43
                          Outbreak Analysis
                          32:14
                          Food Borne Illness
                          34:06
                          76 Million Cases of Food Borne Illness Per Year
                          34:07
                          Known Pathogens
                          35:08
                          62 Million Cases from Unknown Agents
                          35:23
                          Example of Food Outbreak: Salmonella Saintpaul, 2008
                          35:34
                          Distribution of Outbreak Strain of Salmonella Found on Tomatoes and/or Jalapeno Peppers
                          36:21
                          Number of Persons Infected with Salmonella Saintpaul
                          38:10
                          Clinical Features of Salmonella Infection
                          40:47
                          Diarrhea
                          41:06
                          Abdominal Cramps
                          41:11
                          Identified by Stool Sample Culture
                          41:19
                          Severe Infection
                          41:50
                          Case-Control Studies of Salmonella Saintpaul Infection
                          42:26
                          Description of Outbreak Source Investigation
                          45:02
                          Example 1
                          46:25
                          Example 2
                          50:43
                          Example 3
                          53:13
                          Difference Measures of Disease

                          39m 23s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Introduction
                          0:16
                          What is the Extent of Disease?
                          1:00
                          Who is at Risk for the Disease?
                          1:07
                          How is Disease Transmitted?
                          1:36
                          How is Disease Defined?
                          1:52
                          Counts
                          2:17
                          Assessment
                          2:32
                          Example of Tuberculosis Count
                          3:04
                          Counts of Influenza Positive Tests
                          4:02
                          Counts of AIDS Cases
                          5:58
                          Example of a Food Outbreak Investigation
                          8:01
                          Steps Public Health Investigators Follow to Determine Cause of Illness
                          8:24
                          Identifying the Source
                          8:39
                          Example
                          9:04
                          Potential Sources of Contamination
                          9:44
                          Production
                          9:55
                          Farms
                          10:14
                          Distribution
                          10:31
                          Retail Establishments
                          10:39
                          Restaurant Example
                          10:56
                          Food Borne Outbreak Investigation Steps
                          11:43
                          Determining if an Outbreak is Occurring
                          11:57
                          Defining Signs and Symptoms
                          12:07
                          Hypothesis
                          12:14
                          Collect Data and Test Hypothesis
                          12:38
                          Not Finding Associations
                          13:09
                          After Finding Pathogen, You Can Conduct Intervention to Remove Contaminated Food
                          13:45
                          Determine the Source
                          14:09
                          Clear Outbreak When All Contamination is Gone
                          14:30
                          Case Study: Norovirus Outbreak Michigan Jan-Feb, 2006
                          14:34
                          Norovirus
                          16:14
                          Infects All Ages
                          16:40
                          Cause Infection Throughout the Year But There's a Peak in Time
                          16:44
                          Recognizing Outbreaks of Norovisur Infection
                          16:51
                          Cases of Norovirus Over Time
                          18:42
                          Attack Rate
                          19:24
                          Definition
                          19:37
                          Restaurant Example
                          21:11
                          Attack Rate by 3 Hour Time Intervals
                          22:52
                          Patrons Who Became Ill
                          23:35
                          Case Control Analysis to Determine Food Source
                          24:21
                          Attack Rate
                          25:58
                          Food Outbreak Measures
                          26:16
                          Compute the Denominator
                          27:06
                          Compute Attack Rate During Certain Time Period
                          27:28
                          Construct Possible Hypotheses
                          28:14
                          Conduct Case-Control Analysis with Odds Ratio
                          29:37
                          Example 1
                          29:47
                          Example 2
                          34:55
                          Example 3
                          36:51
                          Section 8: Eukaryotes-structure, Function, Diversity, and Environmental Niche
                          Eukaryotic Microbes

                          20m 53s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Introduction to Eukaryotic Microbes
                          0:38
                          Helminths
                          0:57
                          Why are They Called Microorganisms
                          1:01
                          Parasites
                          1:25
                          Introduction to Cell Theory
                          2:03
                          Evolution of Multi-Cellularity
                          3:30
                          Prokaryotes Can Form into Colonies and Biofilms
                          3:42
                          Eukaryotic Cells Can Arrange Themselves Into Tissue
                          3:58
                          Multicellularity Evolved
                          5:03
                          Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens
                          5:45
                          Timeline
                          6:45
                          Endosymbiosis
                          8:00
                          Ancestral Anaerobic Eukaryote
                          8:05
                          Aerobic Eukaryote
                          8:38
                          Photosynthetic Cyanobacterium
                          8:54
                          Photosynthetic Eukaryote
                          8:58
                          Phylogeny
                          9:24
                          Prokaryotes
                          9:34
                          Eukaryotes
                          9:39
                          Organization of Eukaryotic Cell
                          9:50
                          Level 1: Monomeric Units
                          10:13
                          Level 2: Macromolecules
                          10:16
                          Level 3: Supramolecular Complexes
                          10:37
                          Level 4: The Cell and Its Organelles
                          10:40
                          Eukaryotic Animal Cell
                          11:01
                          Nuclear Envelope
                          11:53
                          Plasma Membrane
                          11:58
                          Mitochondrion
                          12:15
                          Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
                          12:23
                          Ribosomes
                          12:51
                          Peroxisomes
                          13:00
                          Cytoskeleton
                          13:05
                          Lysosome
                          13:23
                          Golgi Complex Processes
                          13:27
                          Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
                          13:40
                          Eukaryotic Plant Cell
                          14:01
                          Cell Wall
                          14:29
                          Chloroplast
                          14:49
                          Starch Granule
                          15:06
                          Thylakoids
                          15:17
                          Golgi Complex, Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes
                          15:25
                          Nucleus, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleolus
                          15:33
                          Mitochondrion
                          15:39
                          Example 1
                          15:56
                          Example 2
                          18:44
                          Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part I

                          19m 45s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Introduction to Fungi
                          0:15
                          1.5 Million Different Species on Earth
                          0:17
                          Fungal Diseases
                          1:10
                          Fungi Live Outdoors and Indoors
                          1:17
                          Most Fungi Are Not Dangerous
                          1:30
                          Medically Important Fungi
                          1:38
                          Contagious Diseases
                          1:40
                          Commensal Organisms
                          2:39
                          Fungal Growth
                          3:14
                          Vegetative Growth
                          3:36
                          Septate Hypha
                          3:43
                          Continuous Hyphae
                          3:52
                          Spore
                          3:58
                          Fungal Dimorphism
                          4:06
                          Fungi Life Cycle
                          4:44
                          Filamentous Fungi
                          4:49
                          Fungal Spores
                          5:21
                          Fungal Fragmentation
                          6:05
                          Fungal Spore Formation
                          6:29
                          Fungi Sexual Reproduction
                          6:57
                          Plasmogamy
                          7:06
                          Karyogamy
                          7:10
                          Meiosis
                          7:11
                          Sexual Spores
                          7:45
                          Ascospore
                          8:11
                          Life Cycle of Ascomycete
                          8:21
                          Histoplasmosis Capsulatum (Ascomycete)
                          9:18
                          Histoplasmosis Distribution
                          10:54
                          Histoplasmosis Lifecycle
                          11:28
                          Fungal Diseases
                          13:06
                          Mycosis
                          13:08
                          Chronic and Long Term
                          13:16
                          Five Groups
                          13:21
                          Systemic
                          13:30
                          Subcutaneous
                          13:37
                          Cutaneous
                          13:40
                          Superficial
                          13:42
                          Opportunistic
                          13:45
                          Example 1
                          14:18
                          Example 2
                          17:40
                          Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part II

                          31m 55s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Introduction to Fungi
                          0:19
                          Recap of Fungi Part One
                          0:20
                          1.5 Million Species
                          0:28
                          Focus on Fungi That Cause Human Disease
                          0:59
                          Medically Important Fungi
                          1:42
                          Contagious Diseases?
                          1:44
                          Dermatophytosis Example
                          2:02
                          Pneumocystis Example
                          2:22
                          Commensal Organisms: Candida Albicans
                          2:36
                          Fungal Diseases
                          3:02
                          Mycosis
                          3:06
                          Fungal Mycoses
                          3:12
                          Five Groups
                          3:22
                          Superficial Fungal Diseases
                          4:10
                          Fungi That are Localized in Hair Shafts and on Skin Surface
                          4:20
                          Prevalent in Tropical Climate
                          4:31
                          Benign
                          4:38
                          Figures Explanation
                          4:44
                          Cutaneous Fungal Disease
                          5:04
                          Infect the Epidermis
                          5:05
                          Dermatomycoses
                          5:21
                          Dermatophytes
                          5:31
                          Dermatophytes Secrete Keratinase
                          6:04
                          Examples
                          6:31
                          Subcutaneous Fungal Diseases
                          6:39
                          Fungal Infections Beneath the Skin
                          6:42
                          Occur After a Puncture Wound
                          6:58
                          Infections Occur Among Farmers
                          8:15
                          Example: Sporotrichosis
                          8:26
                          Candidiasis Albicans
                          8:57
                          Most Common in Yeast Infections
                          8:58
                          Resides on Skin Surfaces
                          9:16
                          Resistant to Phagocytosis
                          9:46
                          Opportunistic Fungal Disease
                          12:25
                          Host is Debilitated or Traumatized
                          12:52
                          Under Treatment with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
                          13:20
                          Immune System is Suppressed by Drugs
                          14:03
                          Has an Immune Disorder or Lung Disease
                          14:19
                          Pneumocystis Pneumonia
                          14:47
                          Caused by Pneumocystis Jirovecii
                          14:56
                          Most Frequent and Severe Opportunistic Infection
                          15:05
                          Immunocompetent Adults Have Few or No Symptoms
                          15:59
                          Example: Pneumocystis Cysts in Lung of Patient with AIDS
                          16:58
                          Life Cycle of Pheumocystis Jirovecii
                          17:34
                          Early Incidence of Pneumocystis
                          18:49
                          Systemic Fungal Disease
                          21:21
                          Fungal Infections Deep Within the Body
                          21:24
                          Caused by Fungi Living in the Soil
                          21:44
                          Infections Begin in Lungs and Spread to Other Tissue
                          22:13
                          Example: Coccidiodomycosis Infection of Lung Tissue
                          22:21
                          Life Cycle of Coccidiodes Immitis
                          23:12
                          Number of Coccidiomycosis Cases
                          24:10
                          Distribution of Coccidiomycosis Cases
                          26:06
                          Example 1
                          27:20
                          Example 2
                          30:08
                          Parasites

                          20m 1s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Introduction to Parasites
                          0:48
                          Live in Human Hosts
                          1:00
                          Example of Parasites
                          1:29
                          Extent of Parasitic Diseases
                          1:47
                          Parasitic Infections Cause a Tremendous Burden of Disease
                          1:54
                          Malaria Example
                          2:12
                          Neglected Tropical Diseases
                          2:38
                          Extent of Malaria
                          3:22
                          Relationships Between Species
                          6:51
                          Symbiosis Between Pathogen and Host
                          7:11
                          Symbiosis
                          7:29
                          Mutualism
                          7:58
                          Commensalism
                          8:05
                          Parasitism
                          9:10
                          Parasite Definitions
                          9:28
                          Parasite Definition
                          9:32
                          Three Major Classes
                          9:54
                          Ectoparasites
                          10:15
                          Locations of Parasitic Infection
                          10:48
                          Parasite Hosts and Vectors
                          12:21
                          Vectors Convey a Parasite from Host to Host
                          12:27
                          Anopheles Mosquito and Malaria
                          12:43
                          Example 1
                          13:04
                          Example 2
                          15:34
                          Eukaryotes: Protozoa

                          24m 59s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Introduction to Protozoa
                          0:13
                          Protozoa Definition
                          0:14
                          Intestinal Protozoa
                          1:19
                          Insect Vectors
                          1:47
                          Transmission of Enteric Protozoa
                          2:02
                          Transmission of Blood Borne Protozoa: Leishmaniasis
                          4:50
                          Leishmaniasis Transmission Chart
                          5:33
                          Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
                          7:15
                          Visceral Leishmaniasis
                          7:37
                          Medically Important Protozoa
                          8:07
                          Four Classes
                          8:24
                          Described by the Systems They Infect
                          8:54
                          Flagellates
                          9:10
                          Intestinal and Genito-Urinary Flagellates
                          9:32
                          Blood and Tissue Flagellates
                          9:42
                          Ambae
                          10:45
                          Typically Amoeboid
                          10:49
                          Represented by Entamoeba, Negleria, and Acanthamoeba
                          11:27
                          Sporozoa
                          12:38
                          Alternating Sexual and Asexual Reproductive Phases
                          12:56
                          Cyclospora Life Stage
                          13:13
                          Lifecycle of Sporozoa: Cryptosporidium
                          16:16
                          Ciliates
                          17:20
                          Complex Protozoa Bearing Cilia Distributed in Rows or Patches with Two Kinds of Nuclei in Each Cell
                          17:24
                          Balantidium Coli
                          17:54
                          Example 1
                          20:06
                          Example 2
                          22:52
                          Eukaryotes: Helminths

                          32m 53s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Introduction to Helminths
                          0:30
                          Definition of Helminths
                          0:31
                          Three Types of Helminths
                          0:54
                          Biological Properties of Helminths
                          1:38
                          Biological Life Cycle of Helminths
                          1:42
                          Adult Helminths May Be Dioecious
                          3:25
                          Monoecious Helminths
                          3:58
                          Characteristics of Helminths
                          4:12
                          May Lack a Digestive System
                          4:16
                          Nervous System is Reduced
                          4:41
                          Incidence of Helminth Infections Worldwide
                          5:50
                          Intestinal Helminths
                          6:29
                          Soil Transmitted Helminths
                          8:15
                          Wuchereria Bancrofti
                          8:35
                          Wuchereria Bancrofti Causes Lymphatic Filariasis
                          9:01
                          Nematode or Roundword That Inhibits Lymphatic Vessels
                          9:18
                          Life Cycle
                          9:43
                          Lifecycle of Wuchereria Bancrofti
                          10:11
                          Symptoms of Wuchereria Bancrofti
                          11:41
                          Elephantiasis
                          11:59
                          People Who Develop Lymphedema
                          12:39
                          Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
                          14:53
                          Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis in India
                          18:08
                          Taenia Saginata or Solium
                          19:19
                          Human Tapeworms
                          19:20
                          Cestode That Inhabits Intestinal Tracts of Human Hosts
                          19:36
                          Taenia
                          20:01
                          Scolex
                          20:53
                          Tania or Tapeworms
                          21:39
                          Life Cycle of Taenia Saginata or Solium
                          22:15
                          Urban Myth of Reality
                          24:35
                          Example 1
                          25:41
                          Example 2
                          28:38
                          Helminths & Immunity

                          32m 50s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          The Immune System
                          0:45
                          Innate Immune Response
                          1:04
                          Adaptive Immune Response
                          1:15
                          Autoimmunity and Helminth Infection
                          2:20
                          Endemic Type 1 Diabetes
                          2:26
                          Endemic Helminth Infections
                          2:47
                          Coevolution of Helminths and Immunity
                          4:43
                          Helminth Infections are a Driving Force in Shaping
                          5:53
                          Helminths Do Not Replicate in Human Host
                          6:37
                          Helminths are Able to Maintain a Co-existence With Immune System
                          7:18
                          Innate Immunity
                          7:46
                          Adaptive Immunity
                          7:52
                          Localized Impact of Helminth Infection
                          9:05
                          Immune Modulation of Helminth Infection
                          14:07
                          Helminths and Immune Response
                          15:55
                          Other Ways Helminths Facilitate Immune Response
                          17:45
                          Helminth Influence on Immunity
                          19:07
                          Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
                          22:04
                          Infected, Low Pathology - Develop Tolerance
                          22:35
                          Chronic Pathology
                          22:50
                          Pathogen Co-Existence and Immunity
                          23:29
                          Helminths and Autoimmunity in Mice
                          25:31
                          Summary of Helminths and Immunity
                          26:39
                          Hygiene Hypothesis
                          26:42
                          Driving Force in Shaping
                          27:27
                          Absence of Helminths and the Immune Tolerances
                          27:46
                          Example 1
                          28:10
                          Example 2
                          30:23
                          Section 9: Survey of Important Bacteria
                          Gram Positive Bacteria

                          46m 35s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Introduction
                          1:01
                          External Peptidoglycan
                          1:07
                          Stain Purple
                          1:16
                          Reasons How External Peptidoglycan is Important
                          1:30
                          Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
                          1:51
                          Immune Attack of Gram Positive Bacteria
                          3:21
                          Process of Opsonization
                          3:29
                          What is Opsonization
                          3:39
                          Complement Forms Membrane Attack Complexes
                          4:38
                          Ways Bacteria Gets Recognized by the System
                          5:14
                          Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
                          6:55
                          Metabolism
                          7:00
                          Survival Mechanisms
                          7:11
                          Shapes
                          7:23
                          Environments
                          7:39
                          Examples of Gram Positive Bacteria
                          7:59
                          Shapes of Gram Positive Bacteria
                          9:13
                          Streptococci vs. Staphylococci
                          9:26
                          Staphylococci Shape
                          9:38
                          Streptococci Shape
                          9:52
                          Staphylococcus Bacteria
                          10:04
                          Staphylococcus
                          10:20
                          Salt-Tolerant
                          11:36
                          Two Main Species
                          12:24
                          Pathogenicity
                          12:38
                          Enzymes and Toxins
                          13:38
                          Staphylococcus Aureus
                          14:57
                          Food Borne Infection
                          15:04
                          Skin Infections
                          15:29
                          Systemic Disease
                          16:14
                          Staphylococcus Bacteria
                          17:36
                          Categorized According to Antigens
                          18:00
                          Streptococcus Group A
                          18:09
                          Streptococcus Pyogenes
                          19:09
                          Pathogenicity
                          19:37
                          Rheumatic Fever
                          20:00
                          Necrotizing Fasciatis
                          20:39
                          Glomerulonephritis
                          21:30
                          Surface M Protein
                          21:50
                          Hyaluronic Acid Capsule
                          22:25
                          Enzymes
                          22:47
                          Pyrogenic Toxins
                          22:57
                          Bacillus
                          23:34
                          Has Endospore Stage and Produces Toxins
                          23:59
                          Bacillus Anthracis
                          24:16
                          Spores Activated
                          25:12
                          Toxins Cause Disease
                          25:40
                          Clostridium Bacteria
                          26:02
                          Gram Positive, Anaerobic, and Endospore Producing
                          26:30
                          Different Clostridium Bacteria
                          26:56
                          Clostridium Difficile
                          27:34
                          Commonly Found Among the Intestinal Microbiota
                          27:38
                          Opportunistic Pathogen
                          27:57
                          Common in Hospital
                          28:30
                          Age-Adjusted Death Rate for Enterocolitis Due to C. Difficile
                          29:16
                          Listeria Bacteria
                          29:54
                          Avoidance of Immune Reaction by Listeria
                          31:23
                          Multi-State Listeriosis Outbreak from Whole Cantaloupes Grown by Jensen Farms, Colorado
                          33:04
                          Example 1
                          36:17
                          Example 2
                          39:05
                          Example 3
                          43:47
                          Gram Negative Bacteria

                          44m 38s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Introduction
                          0:29
                          Internal Cell Wall
                          0:45
                          Characteristic Properties
                          0:54
                          Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
                          2:01
                          Outer Membrane Provides a Barrier
                          3:05
                          Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
                          3:16
                          Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
                          3:20
                          Lipid A Molecule
                          3:26
                          Lipopolysaccharides
                          3:40
                          Most Gram Negative Bacteria Do Not Form Spores
                          3:54
                          Gram Negative Laboratory Algorithm
                          4:05
                          Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
                          6:45
                          Outer Membrane
                          6:50
                          Genetic Exchange
                          6:53
                          Immune Reaction to Gram Negative Bacteria
                          7:49
                          Examples of Gram Negative Bacteria
                          12:12
                          Endotoxin
                          12:52
                          Differ from Exotoxin in Several Ways
                          13:05
                          Released When Gram Negative Bacteria Undergo Lysis and Endotoxin is Liberated
                          13:50
                          Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
                          14:36
                          E. Coli Bacteria
                          15:03
                          Escherichia Coli
                          15:06
                          Pathogenic Strains of E. Coli
                          15:28
                          Shiga-Toxin E. Coli Outbreak, Germany 2011
                          16:24
                          Salmonella Bacteria
                          18:29
                          Pathogenicity
                          18:36
                          Infection by Salmonella
                          20:36
                          Another Image of Infection by Salmonella
                          21:41
                          Bacterial Infections, 2013
                          23:44
                          Vibrio Bacteria
                          25:12
                          Vibrio Genus
                          25:37
                          Most Virulent Species is Vibrio Cholerae
                          25:50
                          Cholera Life Cycle
                          26:59
                          Worldwide Cholera Cases
                          29:44
                          New Cases of Cholera in Haiti During a 2 Year Period
                          30:24
                          Preventing Cholera Infection with Gut Flora
                          31:10
                          Bordetella Pertussis
                          32:55
                          Aerobic Coccobacillus
                          33:24
                          Tracheal Toxin
                          33:40
                          Pertussis Toxin
                          33:50
                          Pertussis Infection Timeline
                          34:25
                          Pertussis Symptom Timeline
                          36:10
                          Reported Pertussis Cases in US 1922-2003
                          37:31
                          Example 1
                          38:09
                          Example 2
                          39:36
                          Example 3
                          41:16
                          Bacteria with Other Cell Walls

                          24m 6s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Bacteria Classification by Cell Wall
                          0:21
                          Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative
                          1:01
                          Gram Stain
                          1:18
                          Shape
                          1:24
                          Bacteria Undetectable with Gram Stain
                          3:07
                          Mycobacteria
                          3:23
                          Mycoplasma Pneumonia
                          4:02
                          Chlamydia
                          4:11
                          Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Bacteria
                          4:23
                          Atypical Small Bacterium Without A Cell Wall
                          4:30
                          Lacks Rigid Cell Wall
                          5:02
                          Extracellular in Respiratory Tract
                          7:02
                          Acid-Fast Bacteria
                          7:38
                          Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                          8:36
                          Infectious Process
                          10:31
                          Tuberculosis Incidence in 2005
                          12:45
                          Chlamydia Trachomatis Bacteria
                          15:11
                          Obligate Intracellular Human Parasite
                          15:39
                          Gram Negative
                          16:01
                          Three Human Biovars
                          16:15
                          Life Cycle of Chlamydia
                          17:33
                          Example 1
                          19:42
                          Example 2
                          21:01
                          Section 10: Microbes and Human Disease
                          Tuberculosis

                          28m

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Tuberculosis Introduction
                          0:47
                          Malaria
                          0:51
                          Acid-Fast Staining
                          1:04
                          Tuberculosis Disease
                          1:42
                          Latent and Active Disease
                          1:51
                          Strong Man Image Example
                          2:22
                          Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                          2:39
                          Cell Wall
                          2:48
                          Tuberculosis Incidence in 2012
                          3:21
                          Worldwide Tuberculosis Incidence
                          4:19
                          TB Research Center, Chennai, India
                          5:00
                          Tuberculosis in United States
                          5:47
                          Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
                          6:28
                          Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
                          7:40
                          Infection
                          7:50
                          How It's Spread
                          8:09
                          What Determines Whether or Not an Individual Will be Exposed
                          8:49
                          Bacilli can Multiply Once Reaching the Alveoli
                          9:21
                          Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                          10:18
                          Inactive Form of TB
                          10:34
                          Active vs. Inactive Form of TB Depends on If Bacilli Stay in Tissue or Break Out
                          10:44
                          Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
                          11:20
                          Bacilli That Reach Alveoli
                          11:32
                          Those Bacilli are Ingested by Macrophages
                          12:28
                          No Symptoms of Disease
                          13:20
                          More Advanced Stage
                          13:25
                          Multiply in Macrophages
                          13:45
                          Inflammation
                          14:24
                          After a Few Weeks Disease Symptoms Appear
                          15:00
                          Caseous Center
                          15:30
                          Aerobic Bacilli Do Not Grow Well in the Center
                          16:18
                          Granuloma Can Reactivate Later
                          16:46
                          Active Disease: The Granuloma Can Rupture with Liquefaction
                          17:25
                          Active TB
                          18:04
                          Tuberculosis Staging
                          18:12
                          Stage 3 Important Stage
                          18:40
                          Stage 5 You Have TB
                          18:55
                          Tuberculosis Testing
                          19:31
                          Tuberculin Skin Test
                          19:32
                          Positive Skin Reaction Image Example
                          20:14
                          Tuberculosis Vaccination
                          20:32
                          BCG Vaccination in Other Areas Around the World
                          20:48
                          BCG Protects from the Active Form of Tuberculosis
                          21:06
                          BCG Does Not Confer Lifelong Protection
                          22:34
                          Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                          22:51
                          Target Different Parts
                          23:09
                          Regiment
                          23:32
                          Example 1
                          24:34
                          Example 2
                          26:40
                          Malaria, a Protozoan Disease

                          29m 59s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Protozoa Introduction
                          1:13
                          One-Celled Organisms
                          1:14
                          Free Living or Parasitic
                          1:19
                          Can Multiply in Humans
                          1:27
                          How Does a Pathogen Get to the Digestive Tract
                          1:44
                          Worldwide Cases of Malaria
                          3:06
                          Found Where There a Lot of Mosquitoes
                          3:14
                          Malaria Introduction
                          4:00
                          Protozoa
                          4:03
                          Lives Partially in Human Host, Partially in Mosquito
                          4:06
                          Four Major Species
                          4:29
                          Carried by Anopheles Mosquitoes
                          4:49
                          Lifecycle of Malaria
                          5:08
                          Two Stages in Human Host and One Stage in Mosquito
                          5:30
                          Mosquito Bites and Injects Sporozoites
                          5:49
                          Parasite Goes Into Liver
                          7:14
                          Blood Supply
                          7:33
                          Diagnostic Stage
                          7:55
                          Erythrocytes
                          8:11
                          Gametocytes
                          9:04
                          Final Stage: Release of Sporozoites
                          9:39
                          Sickle Cell Anemia and Moleria
                          10:16
                          Sickle Cell Anemia is a Genetic Mutation Disease
                          10:34
                          Function
                          11:05
                          Hemoglobin Shape and Oxygen Capacity are Slightly Different
                          11:16
                          Selective Advantages and Disadvantages
                          12:04
                          Effects at a Cellular Level
                          12:06
                          Effects at the Organismal Level
                          12:39
                          Effects at the Population Level
                          12:54
                          Evolution of Human Malaria
                          13:31
                          Plasmodium Parasite Has Evolved
                          13:40
                          Plasmodium Reichenowi
                          13:56
                          What's Going on in India
                          14:43
                          Malaria Pathogenicity
                          15:40
                          Incubation Period
                          15:41
                          Symptoms
                          16:05
                          P. vivax and P. ovale
                          16:41
                          Dormant Liver Stage
                          16:57
                          Diagnosis
                          18:33
                          Malaria Treatment
                          19:30
                          Depends on Many Factors
                          19:32
                          Medications
                          20:32
                          Example 1
                          22:28
                          Example 2
                          27:38
                          HIV/AIDS

                          38m 7s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          What is HIV / AIDS?
                          0:31
                          Human Immunodeficiency Virus
                          0:32
                          Once Infected, the Virus Will Always Be There
                          1:28
                          Exception
                          1:45
                          Transmitted Through Body Fluids
                          2:10
                          Virus
                          2:15
                          HIV Can be Transmitted Through
                          3:13
                          Sexual Contact, Injection Drug Use, Occupational Exposure, Pregnancy, Blood Transfusion
                          3:14
                          Blood Transfusion Used to be Significant for Disease Transmission
                          3:31
                          Adult HIV Prevalence, 2012
                          4:30
                          Africa is Highest
                          4:40
                          North and South America are Also High Prevalence
                          4:44
                          India
                          5:02
                          Counts of AIDS Cases
                          5:22
                          Example of Disease Transmission
                          7:19
                          Males
                          7:31
                          Females
                          7:42
                          HIV/ AIDS Methods of Transmission
                          8:33
                          HIV Retrovirus
                          9:10
                          Retrovirus
                          9:21
                          Replicate the Virus
                          10:13
                          Life Cycle of HIV Virus
                          10:55
                          Genome
                          11:10
                          Reverse Transcription
                          11:16
                          Host DNA Produces Goes Through Transcription and Translation
                          11:26
                          Produce Viral RNA
                          11:36
                          Importance of Figure
                          12:00
                          Viral Load and Immune Cell
                          12:45
                          Individual Infected
                          12:52
                          Plasma Virus Load Increases then Rapidly Declines
                          12:58
                          CD4+ T Cell
                          13:34
                          Immune System is Suppressed Enough That AIDs Develops
                          14:20
                          Evolution of HIV/ AIDS
                          15:31
                          Immunodeficiency and Development of Opportunistic Infections
                          17:40
                          Herpes Simplex Virus
                          18:00
                          Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
                          18:10
                          Kaposi Sarcoma and Many More
                          18:22
                          Disease Emerge at Different Time Depending on Degree of Suppression
                          18:40
                          Opportunistic Infections with HIV
                          18:52
                          Early 1900s
                          19:04
                          Pneumocystis
                          19:21
                          Opportunistic Fungal Disease
                          20:15
                          Harmless, Opportunistic Fungi
                          20:31
                          Can Happen to Individuals Who are Taking Drugs to Suppress Immune System
                          20:44
                          Pneumocystis Pneumonia
                          21:13
                          Pathogen
                          21:32
                          Immunodeficient Adults
                          21:41
                          Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
                          22:00
                          Kaposi Sarcoma
                          22:42
                          Rare Cancer
                          22:49
                          Skin Neoplasm
                          23:14
                          Subtypes All Have Human Herpesvirus-8
                          23:31
                          How It Looks
                          23:57
                          Kaposi Sarcoma Spindle Cells
                          24:29
                          How to Treat Kaposi Sarcoma
                          25:17
                          HIV Prevalence Among Young Adult Women in India
                          26:02
                          Example 1
                          31:24
                          Example 2
                          33:32
                          Ebola

                          43m 9s

                          Intro
                          0:00
                          Ebola Virus Overview
                          0:22
                          Ebola Virus Outbreak Distribution
                          0:59
                          1976 Ebola Outbreak First Identified
                          1:00
                          Recent Outbreak in Zaire
                          2:15
                          Three Countries Most Affected Today
                          2:39
                          Amount of Hospitals in Those Countries
                          3:40
                          Ebola Virus Ecology
                          4:14
                          Thought to Just Infect Warm Blooded Animals
                          4:24
                          Epidemic Starts When Virus Infects Humans
                          4:45
                          Ebola Virus Infection
                          5:55
                          Virus Comes From Animal and Infects Human
                          5:57
                          Infected Cells
                          6:10
                          Endothelial Cell Gaps Causes Leakage of Blood and Virus
                          6:35
                          Ebola Virus Symptoms
                          7:37
                          Fever
                          7:43
                          Early Signs
                          7:54
                          Big Sign of Being Infected: Travel History
                          8:18
                          Key About the Symptom Emerging
                          9:40
                          Timeline of Ebola Virus Symptoms
                          11:21
                          Day 2: First Symptoms
                          11:36
                          Day 10: High Fever and Vomiting
                          12:29
                          Day 11: Brain Damage and Bleeding
                          13:13
                          Day 12: Loss of Consciousness
                          13:44
                          Ebola Virus Characteristics
                          14:14
                          Filovirus
                          14:27
                          Enveloped, Helical Viruses
                          14:31
                          Ebola and Marburg Viruses
                          14:36
                          Morphology of Helical Ebola Virus
                          14:52
                          Capsid
                          14:56
                          Nucleic Acid
                          15:04
                          Ebola Virus Structure
                          15:38
                          Outside of the Structure
                          15:42
                          Inside the Envelope
                          15:56
                          Virus Can Recreate Itself in the Cytoplasm
                          16:54
                          RNA Viral Replication
                          18:04
                          Negative and Positive Strand
                          18:32
                          Ebola Virus Entry
                          20:26
                          Cell the Virus Penetrates
                          21:18
                          Inflammatory Reaction
                          21:45
                          Viruses Released Into Individuals Body
                          22:23
                          Ebola Virus: Immune Reaction
                          23:08
                          Survivors
                          23:20
                          Individuals Who Die From Ebola
                          23:33
                          Effective Dose
                          24:03
                          Host Immune Response to Ebola
                          24:36
                          Monocyte
                          24:44
                          Cytokines Storm
                          25:01
                          Ebola Virus Pathogenisis
                          25:40
                          Infection
                          25:46
                          Neutrophil
                          25:56
                          Depletion of Natural Killer Cells
                          26:06
                          Ebola Virus Can Serve to Surpress the Immune Reaction
                          26:37
                          How Contagious is Ebola?
                          27:49
                          Not Very Contagious, But Very Infectious
                          27:58
                          In Relation to Other Diseases
                          28:43
                          Ebola Transmission
                          29:24
                          Patient Zero Thought to be Infected by Animal
                          29:28
                          Eating Bushmeat In West Africa
                          29:46
                          Ebola Spreads by Direct Contact
                          30:16
                          Ebola in Healthcare Settings
                          31:13
                          Healthcare Workers at Higher Risk Because They Handle Body Fluids
                          31:22
                          Precautions
                          32:07
                          Treatment of Ebola
                          34:13
                          No Vaccine, but There Are Experimental Treatments (ZMAPP)
                          34:18
                          Basic Interventions When Done Early, Can Improve Chances of Survival
                          36:27
                          Example 1
                          37:41
                          Example 2
                          39:18
                          Example 3
                          41:05
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