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Lecture Comments (2)

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Post by Professor Catherine Carpenter Carpenter on May 7, 2019

You need to figure out what you are developing a vaccine for.  Remember 'malaria' is a disease that involves a vector mosquito, and a parasite that the mosquito carries.  Some brand new research is developing gene therapy for the mosquito, essentially making them sterile.  You could potentially make a vaccine for the parasite, but parasitic vaccine development is fairly challenging.  Alternatively you could make a vaccine for one of the early larval stages of the parasite.  You might have more luck there.

Thank you for question,

Catherine Carpenter, Ph.D.

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Post by Maryam Fayyazi on May 7, 2019

Thanks for the amazing lecture. If we were to design a vaccine for malaria which unique protein or gene has better chance for successful vaccine?

Tumor Immunology

  • Tumor Immunology Introduction
    • Examples of microbes inducing tumor development
  • Overview of Tumor Immunology
  • Immune Surveillance and Escape
  • Malignant Transformation
      • Progression of benign to malignant
      • Carcinogenesis
  • Tumor Antigens
  • Tumors and Immunosuppression
  • Tumor Immunotherapies

Tumor Immunology

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  1. Intro
    • Antibodies Surrounding Tumor
      • Introduction to Tumor Immunology
      • Overview of Tumor Immunology
      • Immune Surveillance Theory and Escape
      • Malignant Transformation
      • Tumor Growth Over Time
        • Malignant Transformation
        • Progression of Benign to Malignant
          • Micro-Induced Carcinogenesis
          • Examples of Malignant Transformation
            • Tumor Antigens
            • Tumors in an Immunosuppressed Host
            • Tumor Immunotherapies
            • Inflammation and Cancer
            • Bacteria, Inflammation, and Cancer
              • Example 1
                • Example 2
                  • Example 3
                    • Example 4
                      • Intro 0:00
                      • Antibodies Surrounding Tumor 0:40
                      • Introduction to Tumor Immunology 1:22
                        • Human Papilloma
                        • Hepatitis B
                        • Helicobacter Pylori
                        • Immunology
                      • Overview of Tumor Immunology 4:17
                        • Immune Surveillance Theory
                        • Malignant Transformation
                        • Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                        • Tumor Antigens
                        • Tumor Immunotherapies
                        • Inflammation and Cancer
                      • Immune Surveillance Theory and Escape 4:59
                        • Amount of Antigen Expressed is Too Low
                        • Tumor Sheds Antigens That Block Antibodies and T-Cells from binding to the Tumor
                        • Tumor Does Not Express Immunogenic Antigens
                        • Tumor Does Not Express MHC Antigens
                        • Tumor May Secrete Immunosuppressive
                        • Hallmark of a Cancer Cell is Proliferation That is Dysregulated
                      • Malignant Transformation 7:39
                        • One Way to Cause Growth Regulations
                        • Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Up Regulation of Oncogenes
                        • Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Down Regulation of Tumor Suppressor Genes
                      • Tumor Growth Over Time 9:42
                      • Malignant Transformation 10:46
                        • Benign
                        • Malignant
                      • Progression of Benign to Malignant 12:35
                      • Micro-Induced Carcinogenesis 13:40
                        • Initiation Promotion Progression Model
                      • Examples of Malignant Transformation 14:53
                      • Tumor Antigens 15:46
                        • Tumor Must Express Antigens That the Immune System Recognizes as Foreign
                        • Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                        • Tumor Antigens
                        • Tumor Immunotherapies
                        • Tumorigenesis Secretes Chemical Signals That Change Gene Expression
                        • Gene Expression Leads To The Following
                      • Tumors in an Immunosuppressed Host 18:48
                        • HIV and AIDS
                        • Transplant Patients
                        • Epstein-Barr Virus
                        • Malaria
                      • Tumor Immunotherapies 20:45
                        • Active Therapy
                        • Passive Therapy
                      • Inflammation and Cancer 24:05
                        • Chronic Inflammation
                        • Inflammation as a Response to Cancer
                        • Neoplastic Cells Induce an Inflammatory Immune System
                      • Bacteria, Inflammation, and Cancer 25:59
                      • Example 1 27:46
                      • Example 2 29:21
                      • Example 3 30:25
                      • Example 4 31:28

                      Related Books

                      Catherine Carpenter

                      Catherine Carpenter

                      Tumor Immunology

                      Slide Duration:

                      Table of Contents

                      Section 1: Introduction to Microbiology
                      History of Microbiology

                      40m 36s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Overview of Microbiology
                      0:35
                      What is Microbiology?
                      0:39
                      History of Microbiology
                      0:47
                      What is Microbiology?
                      3:11
                      Study of Biology of Pathogen
                      4:05
                      Study of Biology of Vector
                      4:13
                      Biology of Human Host
                      4:28
                      Microbiology
                      6:32
                      Study of Microorganisms
                      6:35
                      Includes Viruses, Small Macroscopic Organisms, and Parasites
                      7:48
                      Microorganisms are Responsible for Cycling the Chemical Elements Essential for Life
                      9:32
                      Produce More Energy Through Photosynthesis Than Plants
                      10:00
                      90% of Cells in Our Body are Microbes
                      11:20
                      Important Discoveries in Microbiology
                      11:29
                      Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
                      11:48
                      Invented of the Microscope
                      11:59
                      What Was Leeuwenhoek's World?
                      12:47
                      The First Smallpox Vaccination: Jenner 1796
                      13:25
                      Jenner Invented the First Vaccine
                      13:35
                      Protected from Smallpox
                      13:58
                      Edward Jenner and Vaccination
                      14:49
                      Cowpox Virus
                      15:25
                      Material Used for Vaccine Probably Contained Cowpox Virus
                      15:46
                      Inoculate James Phipps by Taking Pus from the Lesions on the Hands of a Diary Maid
                      16:20
                      Louis Pasteur and Theory of Spontaneous Generation
                      17:58
                      Pasteur's S-Shaped Flask Kept Microbes Out but Let Air In
                      18:04
                      Disproved Theory of Spontaneous Generation
                      18:20
                      Fermentation, Pasteurization, and Vaccination: Louis Pasteur
                      19:53
                      Fermentation
                      19:54
                      Pasteurizing
                      20:14
                      Vaccination
                      20:56
                      The Germ Theory of Disease: Robert Koch
                      21:13
                      Koch's Postulates
                      21:47
                      Koch's Postulates
                      23:13
                      Procedure to Determine Criteria to Establish Casual Relationship Between a Microbe and Disease
                      23:34
                      A Fortunate Accident: Antibiotics
                      25:40
                      Alexander Fleming Discovered the First Antibiotic
                      25:55
                      Summary of Important Discoveries
                      27:12
                      Ability to Visualize Microorganisms
                      27:49
                      Vaccination
                      28:59
                      Fermentation, Pasteurization and Vaccination from Rabies
                      29:21
                      Germ Theory of Disease
                      29:42
                      Antibiotics
                      30:08
                      Example 1
                      31:36
                      Example 2
                      32:02
                      Example 3
                      33:56
                      Example 4
                      37:53
                      Example 5
                      38:57
                      Laboratory Testing & Visualization

                      44m 19s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Laboratory Testing and Visualization
                      0:37
                      Serology
                      1:09
                      Visualization: Types of Microscopes
                      1:32
                      A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
                      1:57
                      Generalized Tests for Microorganisms
                      2:36
                      Morphological Characteristics
                      2:44
                      Differential Staining
                      3:00
                      Biochemical Tests
                      3:45
                      A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
                      4:19
                      Serology
                      6:38
                      Detect Levels of Antibodies
                      6:46
                      Blood Serum
                      7:43
                      Recent of Past Infection
                      7:59
                      Differentiate Different Strains
                      9:39
                      Example of Serology Testing for HBV
                      10:02
                      Direct Agglutination Testing
                      12:52
                      Visual Test
                      13:08
                      Positive Results
                      13:16
                      Antibodies Sufficient in Level
                      14:13
                      ELISA Test
                      15:56
                      Sandwich ELISA
                      16:39
                      Western Blot
                      18:56
                      Proteins are Positioned on the Filter so Antibodies Can Bind to the Antigens
                      19:09
                      Filter is Then Washed with Patient's Serum
                      19:27
                      Positive Test for Particular Microorganisms
                      20:04
                      Flow Cytometry
                      21:09
                      Used to Identify Bacteria Without Culturing the Bacteria
                      21:17
                      Moving Fluid Containing Bacteria is Forced Through Small Opening
                      22:03
                      Differences in Electrical Conductivity Between the Cells are Detected
                      22:17
                      Results Distinguishing Three Different Species of Microorganisms
                      22:56
                      Genetic Testing: DNA Fingerprinting
                      23:49
                      Way to Specify and Differentiate Bacteria
                      25:36
                      Some Produce Taxon
                      25:47
                      Used as a Proxy for Microbial Cell Abundance
                      26:13
                      Detailed Figure
                      26:43
                      Pattern Matching to Determine Bacterial Strain
                      27:22
                      Example
                      28:00
                      Picture of That
                      28:04
                      Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
                      29:36
                      Light Microscope
                      30:22
                      Image
                      31:18
                      Darkfield Microscopy
                      31:44
                      An Illumination Technique Used to Enhance the Contrast in Unstained Samples
                      31:51
                      How It Works
                      32:01
                      Planaria in Pond Water
                      32:19
                      Electron Microscope
                      32:55
                      Uses Electron Beam to Illuminate a Specimen and Produce a Magnified Image
                      33:23
                      Electron Microscopy
                      33:34
                      Electron Microscope Image
                      34:23
                      Atomic Force Microscope
                      34:41
                      Manipulates Matter at the Nanoscale
                      35:09
                      Atomic Force Microscopy Image
                      35:37
                      Atomic Force Imaging
                      35:54
                      Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
                      37:02
                      Light Microscopes
                      37:18
                      Example 1
                      37:28
                      Example 2
                      40:19
                      Example 3
                      40:57
                      Example 4
                      42:13
                      Example 5
                      42:35
                      Present Day Importance of Microbiology

                      43m 48s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Two Important Topic Area in Microbiology
                      0:41
                      Gut Microbiome
                      1:21
                      A Forgotten Organ
                      1:25
                      Colonization of the Gut Begins at Birth
                      2:34
                      Factors That Alter the Relationship
                      4:02
                      Pathologic Inflammation
                      7:05
                      Commensal Species
                      9:47
                      Pathobionts
                      10:28
                      Functional Comparison of the Gut Microbiome with Other Sequenced Microbiomes
                      10:38
                      Genes and Microbiome
                      11:34
                      Vitamin K Example
                      12:00
                      Escherichia Coli
                      13:07
                      Genomes of the Bacteria and Viruses of the Human Gut Encode 3.3 Million Genes
                      14:02
                      Link to Microbiome and Health
                      14:57
                      Antibiotic Resistance
                      15:42
                      Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest, Adaptation
                      16:39
                      Theory of Evolution
                      17:07
                      Origin of Species
                      17:13
                      Darwin Came Up with Theory
                      17:50
                      Link to Theory of Evolution
                      18:01
                      Natural Selection
                      19:03
                      Natural Selection
                      19:09
                      Adaptive Trait
                      19:21
                      Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
                      19:49
                      Two Week Course of Antibiotics
                      20:10
                      Antibiotic Resistant Strains Found in Hospitals and Schools
                      21:21
                      Evolution of Resistant Bacteria
                      22:01
                      Evolution of Resistance
                      24:06
                      Natural Selection
                      24:08
                      Some Bacteria Transfers the Resistant Genes to Other Bacteria Who Don't Have It
                      24:24
                      It Reproduces and Soon Populates an Antibiotic Resistant Infection
                      25:06
                      Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
                      25:30
                      Acquired Resistance
                      25:31
                      Resistance Develops by Mutation of Resident or by Acquisition of New Genes
                      26:55
                      Flourish in Areas of High Antimicrobial Use
                      27:10
                      Spread of Antibiotic Resistance
                      27:19
                      Selection of Resistant Bacteria by Overuse and Misuse of Antibiotics
                      29:02
                      Multiple Antibiotics
                      29:46
                      Antibiotics Used Unnecessarily
                      30:35
                      Bacterial and Viral Pneumonia
                      31:13
                      Indiscriminant Use of Antibiotic
                      31:52
                      Unnecessary Antibiotics Can Promote Resistant Bacteria
                      32:25
                      Future Antibiotics May Lose Effectiveness
                      32:33
                      Ease of Obtaining Antibiotics
                      33:11
                      Over the Counter
                      33:13
                      Encourages Indiscriminant and Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics
                      33:25
                      Use in Animal Feed
                      34:26
                      Prevent Infections and Promote Growth
                      34:30
                      Animals Can Develop Resistance Also
                      35:03
                      Tutorial on Antibiotic Resistance
                      36:05
                      Example 1
                      36:32
                      Example 2
                      39:30
                      Section 2: Cell Biology
                      Biology of the Prototype Cell

                      10m 2s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Cellular Organization
                      0:14
                      Prokaryotes
                      0:27
                      Eukaryotes
                      0:48
                      Three Domains of Life
                      0:51
                      Eubacteria
                      1:02
                      Archaebacteria
                      1:09
                      Eukaryotes
                      1:15
                      Evolution of Bacteria
                      1:21
                      Common Qualities
                      2:02
                      Nucleus
                      2:12
                      Plasma Membrane
                      2:47
                      Cytoplasm
                      3:09
                      Multicellularity
                      3:17
                      Multicellularity Evolved
                      3:28
                      Cells Gave Rise to Earth's First Lineage of Multicellular Organisms
                      3:57
                      Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens are 1.2 Billion Years Old
                      4:18
                      Cells Differentiated for Attaching to a Substrate
                      4:37
                      Longitudinal Division Divides Disc-Shaped Cells Into Radially Arranged Wedge-Shaped Cells
                      4:54
                      According to Energy
                      5:08
                      Phototrophs
                      5:36
                      Chemotrophs
                      6:02
                      Introducing Prokaryotic Cells
                      6:46
                      Bacteria and Archaea
                      6:51
                      Smallest Form of Life
                      6:58
                      Similar in Appearance and Size
                      7:06
                      Aerobic
                      7:13
                      Anaerobic
                      7:19
                      Facultative
                      7:26
                      Example 1
                      7:37
                      Example 2
                      9:02
                      Structures in Common & Structures That Are Unique

                      8m 40s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Structures
                      0:22
                      Way to Remember Cell Structures
                      0:23
                      Membrane Similarities
                      0:34
                      Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have Plasma Membrane
                      0:42
                      Replication Molecules
                      1:17
                      Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have DNA and RNA
                      1:18
                      One Way Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are Different
                      1:41
                      Genome Differences
                      1:49
                      Eukaryotes
                      1:52
                      Prokaryotes
                      2:12
                      Cell Division Differences
                      2:43
                      Prokaryotes
                      2:49
                      Eukaryotes
                      2:55
                      Organelle Differences
                      3:07
                      Eukaryotes
                      3:10
                      Prokaryotes
                      3:31
                      Energy Metabolism Differences
                      3:42
                      Eukaryotes
                      3:48
                      Prokaryotes
                      4:21
                      Cytoskeleton Differences
                      4:41
                      Eukaryotes
                      4:50
                      Prokaryotes
                      5:27
                      Example 1
                      5:46
                      Example 2
                      7:13
                      DNA & RNA

                      11m 46s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Which Came First
                      0:31
                      RNA Came First
                      0:38
                      Short RNA Molecules
                      0:54
                      Stored Information
                      1:05
                      Early RNA
                      1:21
                      Synthesized Proteins and Carried Info
                      1:24
                      Information Carrying Role of RNA
                      1:36
                      Evolution of Double-Stranded DNA Enabled the Storage of More Complex Info
                      2:01
                      DNA Became a Better Mechanism for Information Storage of Complex Traits
                      2:13
                      Replicating Molecules
                      2:35
                      Replicating Molecules Evolved and Began to Undergo Natural Selection
                      2:51
                      Replication
                      3:05
                      Protein Synthesis
                      3:13
                      RNA Evolves Into DNA
                      3:24
                      DNA Contains Instruction
                      3:32
                      RNA Transcribes DNA
                      3:54
                      Proteins Are Made from the Instructions
                      3:59
                      DNA Structure
                      4:15
                      Chromosomal DNA
                      5:02
                      DNA Coiling
                      5:26
                      DNA - Nucleic Functions
                      5:51
                      Transcription
                      6:04
                      Replication
                      6:29
                      Function of DNA
                      7:10
                      DNA Replication
                      7:36
                      Complete Unzipping of DNA
                      7:38
                      Assembly of Complementary Nucleotides
                      7:47
                      Only Occurs in Cell Division
                      8:09
                      DNA Replication Diagram
                      8:18
                      DNA Transcription and Translation
                      8:41
                      Example 1
                      9:46
                      Example 2
                      10:27
                      Example 3
                      10:45
                      Motility

                      11m 24s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Motility is an Important Property
                      0:26
                      Flagella
                      0:37
                      Pili
                      0:55
                      Prokaryotic Cell
                      1:08
                      Pili
                      1:38
                      Fimbriae
                      1:45
                      Pili Connect a Bacterium to Others of the Same Species
                      1:57
                      Transferred Plasmids Can Bring a New Function to the Cell
                      2:37
                      Fimbriae
                      3:07
                      Distributed Over the Entire Surface of the Cell
                      3:08
                      Have a Tendency to Adhere to Surfaces and to One Another
                      3:17
                      Example: Neisseria Gonorrhea
                      3:40
                      An Electron Micrograph of E Coli
                      3:53
                      Bacterial Conjugation with Pilus
                      4:12
                      Prokaryotic Flagella
                      5:14
                      Eukaryotes
                      5:34
                      Prokaryotes
                      5:43
                      Underneath Inner Plasma Membrane in Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
                      6:05
                      Different Types of Flagella
                      6:13
                      Flagella Organization
                      6:14
                      Bacteria Alters Speed and Direction of Rotation
                      7:11
                      Examples
                      8:07
                      Example 1
                      8:41
                      Example 2
                      10:05
                      Plasma Membrane

                      16m 11s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Plasma Membrane
                      0:22
                      Functions of Plasma Membrane
                      0:28
                      Physical Isolation
                      0:31
                      Regulation of Exchange with the Environment
                      1:05
                      Communication Between the Cell and Its Environment
                      1:46
                      Structural Support
                      2:28
                      Plasma Membrane Composition
                      2:46
                      Lipids
                      2:59
                      Proteins
                      3:17
                      Carbohydrates
                      3:43
                      Lipid Bi-Layer of Plasma Membrane
                      4:19
                      Micelle
                      4:28
                      Bilayer
                      5:11
                      Liposome
                      5:40
                      Cellular Evolution
                      5:59
                      Evoloution of Membranes Advantages
                      6:49
                      Encased Cells Out-Competed Naked Cells
                      7:37
                      Plasma Membrane Structure
                      7:57
                      Plasma Membrane Differences
                      10:59
                      Eukaryotic Cells Have Carbohydrates
                      11:11
                      Eukaryotic Plasma Membranes Contain Sterols
                      12:08
                      Prokaryotic Plasma Membranes Consist Mostly of Phospholipids and Proteins
                      12:26
                      Example 1
                      12:41
                      Example 2
                      13:30
                      Example 3
                      15:02
                      Antibody & Antigen Recognition

                      15m 50s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Finding and Cell Signaling
                      0:22
                      Ligand Binding
                      1:00
                      Ligand Binds
                      1:01
                      Binding Site is Complementary to the Ligand
                      1:30
                      Interaction Between Ligand and Binding Site is Specific
                      2:39
                      Induced Fit
                      3:24
                      Ligand Binding Illustration 1
                      3:44
                      Ligand Binding Illustration 2
                      4:21
                      Antibody Structure
                      4:44
                      Antigen-Antibody Specificity
                      5:40
                      Antigen-Antibody Reaction
                      6:27
                      Example 1
                      10:10
                      Example 2
                      11:54
                      Example 3
                      13:29
                      Microbial Metabolism

                      21m 44s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Organisms and Carbon
                      0:20
                      Autotrophs
                      0:40
                      Heterotrophs
                      1:12
                      Organisms and Energy
                      2:07
                      Metabolism
                      3:19
                      Metabolism
                      3:26
                      Catabolism
                      3:53
                      Anabolism
                      4:15
                      Cellular Respiration
                      4:56
                      Aerobic Respiration
                      5:47
                      Anaerobic Respiration
                      6:13
                      Glucose
                      6:41
                      Most Important Carbohydrate
                      6:42
                      Three Major Outcomes
                      7:14
                      Stored
                      7:21
                      Oxidized via Glycolysis
                      7:22
                      Oxidized via the Pentose Phosphate
                      7:50
                      Outcomes of Glucose I
                      8:37
                      Outcomes of Glucose II
                      10:21
                      Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
                      11:50
                      Glycolysis
                      12:01
                      Citric Acid Cycle
                      12:05
                      Oxidative Phosphorylation
                      12:13
                      Formula
                      12:17
                      Aerobic Metabolism
                      12:28
                      Respiration and Fermentation
                      13:52
                      Carbohydrate Catabolism
                      15:00
                      Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
                      15:59
                      Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
                      16:00
                      Lactic Acid
                      16:08
                      ATP Production Requirements
                      17:13
                      Energy Sources
                      17:22
                      Electron Carriers
                      17:41
                      Final Electron Acceptors
                      17:49
                      Example 1
                      18:09
                      Example 2
                      18:41
                      Example 3
                      20:13
                      Microbial Genetics

                      39m 49s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      What is a Gene?
                      0:39
                      A Portion of the Chromosome That Determines or Affects a Single Character or Phenotype
                      0:51
                      Biochemical Definition of a Gene
                      0:57
                      Original Definition: One Gene-One Polypeptide
                      1:20
                      What is a Gene?
                      1:48
                      Regulatory Sequence
                      1:50
                      Genetic Code
                      2:44
                      Transcription and Replication
                      3:56
                      Replication of Bacterial DNA
                      5:05
                      Copy Both Sides of DNA Strand
                      5:20
                      DNA Transcription
                      5:53
                      DNA is Transcribed to Make RNA
                      6:18
                      RNA Polymerase Binds to the Promoter Sequence
                      6:24
                      Direction
                      6:29
                      Transcription Stops When It Reaches the Terminator Sequence
                      6:33
                      Bacterial Transcription
                      6:39
                      Transcription
                      6:46
                      No Nucleus
                      6:52
                      Translation
                      7:51
                      mRNA is Translated In Codons
                      8:11
                      Translation of mRNA Begins at the Start Codon
                      8:18
                      Translation Ends at Nonsense Codon
                      8:22
                      Gene Regulation
                      8:34
                      Constitutive Genes Are Expressed at a Fixed Rate
                      8:43
                      Other Genes Are Expressed Only as Needed
                      8:58
                      Regulation of Transcription
                      9:11
                      Repression
                      10:16
                      Induction
                      11:04
                      Germline Mutation
                      12:09
                      Evolutionary Biology
                      12:32
                      Molecular Biology
                      13:48
                      Mutations
                      14:34
                      Random and Rare
                      14:36
                      Can Be Beneficial or Neutral
                      14:46
                      Not All Mutations Matter
                      14:58
                      Somatic Mutations
                      15:20
                      Germline Mutations
                      16:30
                      Causes of Mutations
                      16:44
                      DNA Fails to Copy Accurately
                      16:48
                      External Influences Can Create Mutations
                      17:21
                      Types of Mutations
                      18:14
                      Substitution
                      18:18
                      Examples of Substitutions
                      18:29
                      Silent Mutations
                      19:56
                      Insertion
                      20:39
                      Deletion
                      20:51
                      Frame Shift
                      21:12
                      Bacterial Gene Recombination
                      22:16
                      Vertical Gene Transfer
                      22:57
                      Horizontal Gene Transfer
                      23:16
                      Genetic Recombination
                      23:46
                      Exchange of Genes Between Two DNA Molecules
                      23:47
                      Crossing Over Occurs When Two Chromosomes Break and Rejoin
                      23:52
                      Recipient Chromosome Contains New DNA
                      23:57
                      Bacterial Recombination
                      24:51
                      Bacterial Transformation
                      25:53
                      Conjugation in E. Coli
                      28:36
                      Transduction by a Bacteriophage
                      30:04
                      Plasmids
                      31:53
                      What are Plasmids?
                      32:00
                      F-Factor
                      32:14
                      Other Plasmids Encode for Proteins That Enhance the Pathogenicity of a Bacterium
                      32:39
                      Dissimilation Plasmids
                      33:24
                      R Factors
                      33:44
                      R-Factor, A Type of Plasmid
                      33:53
                      Transposons
                      35:04
                      Move From One Region of DNA to Another
                      35:29
                      Contain Insertion Sequences for Cutting and Resealing DNA (Tansposase)
                      35:34
                      Example 1
                      36:14
                      Example 2
                      37:34
                      Example 3
                      38:15
                      Section 3: Virus Biology
                      Viral Structure, Genome, & Replication

                      16m 50s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Medical Virology
                      0:11
                      Viral Structure
                      1:37
                      Viral Genome
                      1:55
                      What is a Virus?
                      2:09
                      Smaller
                      2:15
                      DNA or RNA with no Nucleus
                      2:34
                      Classification of Viruses
                      3:03
                      Type and Confirmation of Genomic Nucleic Acid
                      3:07
                      Viral Morphology
                      3:19
                      Viral Structure
                      3:54
                      Virion
                      3:58
                      Envelope
                      4:29
                      Capsid
                      5:39
                      Nucleocapsid
                      5:55
                      Viral Genome - Composition
                      6:27
                      Viral Genome
                      6:31
                      DNA vs. RNA Structure
                      6:42
                      RNA
                      7:49
                      Pathogenicity & Virulence
                      7:42
                      DNA
                      8:06
                      Viral Genome - Shape
                      8:36
                      Segmented
                      8:40
                      Non-segmented
                      9:22
                      Changes in the Viral Genome
                      9:36
                      Genetic Recombination
                      9:56
                      Reassortment
                      10:26
                      Changes in the Viral Genome
                      11:16
                      Quasi-species
                      11:24
                      Ebola Virus
                      11:58
                      Example 1
                      12:33
                      Example 2
                      13:42
                      Example 3
                      15:13
                      Viral Entry Into a Cell & Transmission

                      12m 31s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Medical Virology
                      0:27
                      Viral Entry Into a Cell
                      0:30
                      Viral Transmission
                      0:39
                      Viral Entry into Cells
                      0:53
                      Attachment
                      0:58
                      Membrane Fusion
                      1:29
                      Pre Formation
                      1:56
                      Penetration
                      2:12
                      Transmission of Viruses
                      2:34
                      Aerosol
                      2:51
                      Contaminated Food
                      3:19
                      Arthropods
                      4:01
                      Sexual Contact
                      5:06
                      Organ and Tissue Transplant
                      5:22
                      Site of Virus Entry
                      6:17
                      Respiratory Tract
                      6:37
                      GI Tract
                      7:08
                      Urethra, Vagina, Anus
                      7:34
                      Skin
                      7:42
                      Conjunctiva
                      7:45
                      Type of Cell Best Suited for Virus
                      7:57
                      Example 1
                      9:23
                      Example 2
                      10:13
                      Medically Important Viruses

                      24m 41s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Medical Virology
                      0:41
                      Viruses We Will Study
                      1:00
                      How the Viruses Differs
                      1:10
                      Medically-Important Viruses
                      1:23
                      Selected Viruses of Medical Importance
                      2:55
                      Herpesviridae, Simplevirus
                      2:59
                      Herpes Virus
                      4:09
                      Papillomaviridae, Alphapapillomavirus
                      4:47
                      Papilloma Virus
                      5:27
                      Reoviridae, Rotavirus
                      6:57
                      Rotavirus
                      7:58
                      Paramyxovirinae, Morbilivirus
                      9:04
                      Measles Virus
                      10:19
                      Orthomyxoviridae (Influenza Virus)
                      10:58
                      Influenza Virus - Antigenic Drift
                      12:52
                      Influenza Virus - Antigenic Shift
                      15:19
                      Medically-Important Viruses
                      18:39
                      Avian Influenza
                      18:41
                      Example 1
                      20:19
                      Example 2
                      21:50
                      Example 3
                      23:01
                      Section 4: Classification of Microbes
                      Overall Classification of Microbes

                      15m 51s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      What is Taxonomy?
                      0:18
                      Science of Classifying Organisms
                      0:21
                      Universal Names Used by All Countries
                      1:11
                      Reference for Identifying Organisms
                      1:19
                      Binomial Nomenclature
                      1:28
                      Systematics or Phylogeny
                      2:11
                      Phylogeny
                      2:12
                      Like Reading a Family Tree
                      2:28
                      Root of the Tree
                      2:33
                      Moving Forward in Time
                      2:49
                      Clade
                      3:01
                      Ancestors and Lineage
                      3:39
                      Taxonomic Hierarchy
                      4:17
                      Genus and Species
                      4:28
                      Classification Changes
                      4:38
                      History of Microbial Taxonomy
                      4:51
                      Discovery of Microscope
                      5:09
                      Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia
                      5:33
                      Smallpox Vaccine
                      5:42
                      Bacteria and Fungi
                      6:11
                      Kingdom Portista
                      6:24
                      Prokaryotes Introduced as a New Kingdom
                      6:57
                      Definition of Prokaryote
                      7:17
                      Kingdom Fungi
                      7:33
                      Kingdom Prokaryote
                      7:40
                      Two Types of Prokaryotic Cells
                      7:48
                      Using Molecular Techniques to Classify
                      7:58
                      Classify Microbes
                      8:24
                      Three Domain System of Classification
                      9:21
                      Classification Criteria
                      9:29
                      Physiology
                      9:58
                      Ecology
                      10:06
                      Behavior
                      10:27
                      Morphology
                      10:54
                      Molecular Evidence (RNA)
                      11:11
                      Three Domains of Life
                      11:39
                      Eukaryotes
                      11:46
                      Prokaryotes
                      11:48
                      Archaea
                      11:54
                      Example 1
                      12:13
                      Example 2
                      13:15
                      Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Archaea

                      12m 14s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Classification of Prokaryotes
                      0:45
                      Lack of Nucleus
                      0:51
                      Culture
                      1:05
                      Clone
                      1:19
                      Strain
                      1:37
                      Phylogenetic Relationship
                      2:02
                      Archaea
                      3:53
                      Two Distinct Groups: Archaea and Bacteria
                      4:05
                      Archaea Lived in High Temperatures
                      4:29
                      Habitats
                      4:51
                      Only Habitants to Live in Extreme Habitats
                      5:24
                      New Research Shoes Archaeans are Abundant in the Open Sea
                      5:40
                      Archaea Morphology
                      5:59
                      Basic Archaeal Structure: Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, and Cell Wall
                      6:08
                      Archaeal Cell Membranes
                      6:13
                      Plasmid
                      7:11
                      Archaeal Ribosomes
                      7:29
                      Example 1
                      8:20
                      Example 2
                      11:01
                      Section 5: The Immune System
                      The Immune System

                      20m 18s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Immune System Introduction
                      0:28
                      Body Defends Itself from Anything Foreign
                      0:49
                      What Immunity Constitutes
                      1:13
                      Immune Responses Can be Classified as Nonspecific or Specific
                      1:27
                      Nonspecific Immune Response
                      1:54
                      Specific Immune Response
                      2:22
                      Physiological Barriers
                      2:49
                      The Immune System
                      3:18
                      Innate Immune Response
                      3:20
                      Adaptive Immune Response
                      3:42
                      Immunity
                      4:47
                      Immunology
                      5:32
                      Immunity
                      5:39
                      Immune System
                      6:21
                      Barriers to Infection - Mechanical
                      6:41
                      Physical Barriers
                      6:54
                      Epithelial Surfaces
                      8:31
                      Mucosal Surfaces
                      9:54
                      Muco-ciliary Escalator
                      10:40
                      Barriers to Infection - Chemical
                      11:25
                      Enzymes
                      11:33
                      pH
                      12:29
                      Lung
                      13:48
                      Physiological Barriers
                      14:56
                      The Immune System
                      16:52
                      Example 1
                      17:15
                      The Complement System

                      16m 53s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      What is Complement?
                      0:37
                      Proteins
                      0:40
                      Synthesized by Different Cell Types
                      1:01
                      Complement System
                      1:14
                      Destroy Pathogens Directly
                      1:51
                      Activate Other Components of the Immune Response
                      2:02
                      Collaborate with Other Components of the Immune Response
                      2:12
                      Classical Pathway
                      2:28
                      Lection Pathway
                      3:29
                      Alternative Pathway
                      3:52
                      Integral Protein Types That Function in Cell-Cell Interaction
                      4:08
                      Function of the Complement System
                      4:49
                      Complement is Activated Upon Infection
                      4:50
                      Complement Functions Like Enzymes
                      6:16
                      Enzyme Activation
                      6:37
                      Function of the Complement System
                      7:43
                      Complements the Ability of Antibodies and Phagocytic Cells to Identify and Remove Foreign Pathogens
                      7:49
                      Amplification
                      8:50
                      Activation of the Complement System
                      9:17
                      Cytolysis
                      9:27
                      Chemotaxis
                      9:39
                      Opsonization
                      10:41
                      Anaphylatoxins
                      11:16
                      Complement and Membrane Attack Complex
                      12:10
                      The Membrane Attached Complex
                      12:49
                      Pathways of Complement Activation
                      13:07
                      Classical
                      13:43
                      Lectin
                      13:54
                      Alternative
                      14:07
                      Example 1
                      14:33
                      Example 2
                      15:23
                      Example 3
                      16:11
                      Adaptive Immunity

                      31m 10s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      What is Adaptive Immunity?
                      0:27
                      Primary Immune Response
                      0:41
                      Initiated by a Dendritic Cell That Ingested a Pathogen
                      1:24
                      Naïve B Cells are Stimulated to Proliferate and Differentiate in Specific Response to the Pathogen
                      1:49
                      Process of Adaptive Immunity
                      2:28
                      Humoral Immunity
                      3:03
                      Development of Acquired Immune Cells
                      3:41
                      The B Cell
                      4:50
                      Produced in the Bone Marrow
                      4:52
                      Outer Surface Contains a Specialized B Cell Receptor
                      5:01
                      Initial Activation
                      5:55
                      Secondary Activation
                      6:15
                      Hallmarks of Humoral Immunity
                      6:23
                      B Lymphocyte is the Central Cell
                      6:51
                      Antibody-mediated
                      6:58
                      Highly Complex
                      7:03
                      Step 1: Antigen Recognition
                      7:18
                      B Cells Recognize Extracellular Antigenics
                      7:22
                      Antigens on Pathogen Surfaces
                      7:54
                      Step 2: Clonal Expansion
                      10:43
                      B Cell Divides
                      10:48
                      Clone
                      11:46
                      Maturation of B Cells
                      12:33
                      Step 3: Differentiation
                      13:46
                      B Cells Differentiate Into Plasma Cells
                      13:49
                      Plasma Cell Produces and Secrets Antibodies Specific to the Origin Antigen
                      14:00
                      Produce and Secrete Abs Specific to the Original Antigen
                      15:38
                      Antigen Presenting Cells Show Protein Antigens to Helper T Cells
                      15:55
                      Step 4: Antigen Elimination
                      16:30
                      Newly-Manufactured Antibodies Attach to the Antigen
                      16:36
                      Termination of the Humoral Immune Response
                      17:30
                      Step 5: Immune Memory
                      18:32
                      Memory B Cells Reside in Bone Marrow
                      18:53
                      High-Affinity Immunoglobulins
                      19:15
                      Survive for Years
                      20:15
                      Respond Rapidly When the Antigen is Seen Again
                      20:39
                      Antibodies
                      22:34
                      Classes - IgM
                      22:41
                      Example 1
                      24:51
                      Example 2
                      26:54
                      Example 3
                      28:03
                      Antibody & Antigen Interactions

                      41m 22s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Antibody-Antigen
                      0:22
                      Where Do Antigens-Antibodies Belong?
                      0:57
                      What is an Antibody?
                      1:12
                      Immunoglobulin
                      1:17
                      Definition of Antibody
                      1:32
                      Each Antigen is Specific to an Antigen
                      1:58
                      Antigen Binds to an Antigen
                      2:44
                      Produced by Plasma Cells
                      3:18
                      Antibody Structure
                      3:55
                      Paratope
                      4:17
                      Hinge Region
                      4:53
                      Fragment Crystallizable
                      5:44
                      Antibody Function
                      6:21
                      Recognizes and Captures Foreign Proteins and Molecules
                      6:41
                      Activates Complement
                      6:52
                      Binds to Immune Cells to Activate Their Specific Functions
                      7:55
                      The Antibody Isotypes
                      9:25
                      IgM
                      9:37
                      IgG
                      12:36
                      IgD
                      14:01
                      IgA
                      14:27
                      IgE
                      14:45
                      What is an Antigen?
                      15:18
                      An Antigen is to Provoke an Immune Response
                      15:53
                      Exogenous
                      16:43
                      Endogenous
                      17:16
                      Autogenous
                      18:10
                      Antigen-Antibody Reaction
                      19:08
                      Affinity
                      19:33
                      Avidity
                      19:57
                      Specificity
                      21:02
                      Cross Reactivity
                      21:31
                      Foreignness
                      22:17
                      Size
                      24:32
                      What Determines Antigenicity?
                      25:04
                      Antigenicity Definition
                      25:13
                      Conformation
                      25:29
                      Composition
                      26:02
                      Bacterial Components
                      26:27
                      Antigenic Determinants: Innate Immunity
                      26:53
                      Example 1
                      30:41
                      Example 2
                      33:15
                      Example 3
                      36:37
                      Tumor Immunology

                      33m 16s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Antibodies Surrounding Tumor
                      0:40
                      Introduction to Tumor Immunology
                      1:22
                      Human Papilloma
                      1:41
                      Hepatitis B
                      2:26
                      Helicobacter Pylori
                      2:47
                      Immunology
                      4:05
                      Overview of Tumor Immunology
                      4:17
                      Immune Surveillance Theory
                      4:18
                      Malignant Transformation
                      4:34
                      Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                      4:37
                      Tumor Antigens
                      4:43
                      Tumor Immunotherapies
                      4:49
                      Inflammation and Cancer
                      4:53
                      Immune Surveillance Theory and Escape
                      4:59
                      Amount of Antigen Expressed is Too Low
                      5:51
                      Tumor Sheds Antigens That Block Antibodies and T-Cells from binding to the Tumor
                      6:01
                      Tumor Does Not Express Immunogenic Antigens
                      6:15
                      Tumor Does Not Express MHC Antigens
                      6:32
                      Tumor May Secrete Immunosuppressive
                      6:51
                      Hallmark of a Cancer Cell is Proliferation That is Dysregulated
                      7:12
                      Malignant Transformation
                      7:39
                      One Way to Cause Growth Regulations
                      8:24
                      Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Up Regulation of Oncogenes
                      8:45
                      Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Down Regulation of Tumor Suppressor Genes
                      9:15
                      Tumor Growth Over Time
                      9:42
                      Malignant Transformation
                      10:46
                      Benign
                      11:20
                      Malignant
                      11:37
                      Progression of Benign to Malignant
                      12:35
                      Micro-Induced Carcinogenesis
                      13:40
                      Initiation Promotion Progression Model
                      14:28
                      Examples of Malignant Transformation
                      14:53
                      Tumor Antigens
                      15:46
                      Tumor Must Express Antigens That the Immune System Recognizes as Foreign
                      16:16
                      Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                      16:40
                      Tumor Antigens
                      17:07
                      Tumor Immunotherapies
                      17:15
                      Tumorigenesis Secretes Chemical Signals That Change Gene Expression
                      17:25
                      Gene Expression Leads To The Following
                      17:30
                      Tumors in an Immunosuppressed Host
                      18:48
                      HIV and AIDS
                      19:13
                      Transplant Patients
                      19:55
                      Epstein-Barr Virus
                      20:19
                      Malaria
                      20:27
                      Tumor Immunotherapies
                      20:45
                      Active Therapy
                      21:01
                      Passive Therapy
                      22:02
                      Inflammation and Cancer
                      24:05
                      Chronic Inflammation
                      24:18
                      Inflammation as a Response to Cancer
                      25:23
                      Neoplastic Cells Induce an Inflammatory Immune System
                      25:34
                      Bacteria, Inflammation, and Cancer
                      25:59
                      Example 1
                      27:46
                      Example 2
                      29:21
                      Example 3
                      30:25
                      Example 4
                      31:28
                      Cell Mediated Immunity

                      57m 13s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Adaptive Immunity
                      0:43
                      Cell-Mediated Immunity
                      1:47
                      Lymphocyte T Cell
                      1:56
                      Antigen-Presenting Cells
                      2:15
                      Subset of T Cells
                      2:22
                      Immune Tolerance
                      2:31
                      Hallmarks of Cell-Mediated Immunity
                      3:02
                      Primary Actor is the T Lymphocyte
                      3:06
                      Directed at Pathogens That Survive in Phagocytes
                      3:12
                      Based on Activation
                      3:23
                      Induce Apoptosis in Cells Displaying Epitopes of Foreign Antigens
                      4:25
                      Activates Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells
                      6:34
                      Stimulates Cells to Secrete Cytokines That Signal Other Cells of the Humoral and Innate Immune Response
                      6:47
                      Responds to Intracellular Antigens
                      7:16
                      Requires Direct, Cell-to-Cell Contact
                      7:24
                      The T-Cell
                      7:51
                      Mature in the Thymus
                      7:58
                      Presence of the T-Cell Receptor
                      8:04
                      Important Components
                      8:35
                      Antigen-Presenting Cell
                      9:36
                      Type of Leukocyte
                      11:17
                      Responsible for the Immune Responses That Lead to the Following
                      11:25
                      T-Cell Maturation
                      13:34
                      Thymocyte
                      13:42
                      Thymopoiesis
                      13:59
                      Thymus Conducts a Testing Process of Positive and Negative Selection
                      14:15
                      Somatic Gene Rearrangement
                      15:49
                      Infinite Number of Configurations That Create TCRs
                      17:00
                      Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
                      17:27
                      Function
                      18:23
                      Immuno-Phenotyping
                      19:18
                      Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
                      19:34
                      Nomenclature
                      19:40
                      Example
                      20:01
                      Antigen-Presenting Cells
                      20:50
                      Antigen Presentation
                      21:24
                      Antigen-Presenting Cells
                      21:32
                      Direct Presentation
                      21:52
                      Cross-Presentation
                      22:37
                      Cross-Dressing
                      23:04
                      Professional
                      23:24
                      Others
                      23:55
                      Contact Between an APC and TCR Stimulates Important Signaling Events
                      25:20
                      T-Cell Subset: T-Helper Cells
                      25:51
                      Th1
                      27:05
                      Th2
                      28:48
                      Th17
                      29:43
                      T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
                      31:26
                      CD8+ Cells
                      31:28
                      Target Cells with Antigen
                      31:50
                      T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
                      32:55
                      Perforin
                      33:30
                      Granzyme
                      34:07
                      Pharmaceuticals are Designed to Alter T-Cell Responses
                      35:00
                      T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
                      37:01
                      Suppress Activation of the Immune System
                      37:40
                      Functions
                      38:36
                      T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
                      39:45
                      Commensal Bacteria
                      39:51
                      Graft/ Transplant
                      41:02
                      Pregnancy
                      41:41
                      Tumors
                      41:47
                      Cytokines
                      42:46
                      Types of Cytokines
                      42:57
                      Chemical Messengers
                      43:19
                      Functional Classes of Cytokines
                      43:38
                      Chemokines
                      47:17
                      Chemotaxis
                      47:20
                      Inflammation
                      48:54
                      Homeostatic
                      49:10
                      Antiviral Response
                      49:23
                      Designation
                      49:27
                      Pulling It All Together
                      49:40
                      Example 1
                      51:40
                      Example 2
                      52:51
                      Example 3
                      54:56
                      Section 6: The Bacteria
                      Bacterial Cell Wall

                      18m 38s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Overview
                      0:45
                      Gram Negative and Positive Bacteria
                      1:17
                      Bacteria Without Cell Walls
                      1:38
                      Recall the Prototype Cell
                      1:52
                      Plasma Membrane
                      2:15
                      Cytoplasm
                      2:21
                      Nucleus
                      2:26
                      Cell Wall Principles
                      2:41
                      Protects Bacteria
                      2:50
                      Survive in Fluid Environments
                      3:08
                      Attack by Antibiotics
                      4:26
                      Source of Identification
                      4:40
                      Peptidoglycan
                      4:47
                      Murein
                      5:10
                      Protects the Plasma Membrane
                      5:18
                      Gram Staining
                      5:42
                      Gram Positive and Gram Negative
                      5:55
                      Gram Positive Bacterial Cell Wall
                      8:26
                      Thick Structure
                      8:45
                      Gram Staining
                      8:52
                      Teichoic Acids in Cell Wall
                      9:06
                      Gram Positive Streptococci
                      9:21
                      Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
                      9:57
                      Allows More Complexity
                      10:15
                      Outer Membrane Provides Barrier to Certain Antibiotics
                      11:00
                      Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
                      11:34
                      The Gram Stain
                      12:36
                      Hans Christian Gram Invented a Stain to Visualize Bacteria
                      12:52
                      Gram Positive Bacteria
                      13:51
                      Gram Negative Bacteria
                      14:27
                      Example 1
                      14:55
                      Example 2
                      15:49
                      Bacterial Morphology & Shape

                      15m 4s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Bacteria Morphology and Shape
                      0:28
                      Classification of Bacteria
                      0:50
                      Based on Several Major Properties
                      0:53
                      Taxonomy Principles Do Not Quite Fit for Bacteria
                      1:21
                      Variation in Shape and Distribution
                      3:00
                      Cocci
                      3:14
                      Bacilli
                      4:00
                      Budding and Appendaged Bacteria
                      4:27
                      Others
                      4:35
                      Bacterial Distribution
                      4:51
                      Shapes of Bacteria
                      5:45
                      Bacterial Shapes
                      6:40
                      Three Basic Shapes
                      6:41
                      Variation in Shapes
                      7:12
                      Clusters
                      7:31
                      Clusters Example
                      7:50
                      Streptococcus Pneumoniae
                      8:18
                      Bacterial Shapes
                      8:56
                      Streptococci
                      9:00
                      Staphylococci
                      9:12
                      Comma Shaped
                      10:28
                      Vibrios
                      10:37
                      Spirilla
                      11:04
                      Spirochetes
                      11:25
                      Example 1
                      11:38
                      Example 2
                      12:39
                      Example 3
                      13:24
                      Bacterial Metabolic Behavior

                      23m 50s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Energy Metabolism
                      0:40
                      Classification of Bacteria
                      1:48
                      Metabolic Behavior
                      1:51
                      Some Organisms are Anaerobic
                      1:57
                      Organisms and Carbon
                      2:07
                      Autotrophs
                      2:10
                      Heterotrophs
                      2:43
                      Organisms and Energy
                      3:28
                      Metabolism
                      4:13
                      Metabolism
                      4:14
                      Catabolism
                      4:50
                      Anabolism
                      5:04
                      Cellular Respiration
                      5:49
                      Aerobic Respiration
                      6:55
                      Anaerobic Respiration
                      7:13
                      Glucose
                      7:41
                      Energy-Currency Molecule for Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
                      7:42
                      Three Major Outcomes
                      7:56
                      Outcomes of Glucose
                      8:18
                      Outcomes of Glucose and Pyruvate
                      9:07
                      Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
                      11:19
                      Glycolysis
                      11:25
                      Citric Acid Cycle
                      11:28
                      Oxidative Phosphorylation
                      11:30
                      Aerobic Metabolism
                      11:51
                      Respiration and Fermentation
                      13:18
                      Carbohydrate Catabolism
                      14:35
                      Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
                      15:37
                      Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
                      15:48
                      Lactic Acid
                      15:46
                      Types of Fermentation
                      16:16
                      Lactic Acid Fermentation
                      16:20
                      Alcohol Fermentation
                      16:27
                      Alcohol Fermentation
                      16:57
                      Any Spoilage of Food by Microorganisms
                      17:08
                      Any Process that Produces Alcoholic Beverages
                      17:14
                      Any Large-Scale Microbial Process Occurring With or Without Air
                      17:25
                      Yeast and Other Microorganisms Ferment Glucose to Ethanol
                      17:39
                      Two Step Process
                      18:07
                      Lactic Acid Fermentation
                      18:34
                      Classic Anaerobic Metabolism
                      18:35
                      Releases Energy from Oxidation of Organic Molecules
                      18:44
                      End Products of Fermentation
                      19:05
                      Ethanol, Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid
                      19:22
                      Propionin Acid and Carbon Dioxide, Acetone, Glycerol, Citric Acid, Sorbose
                      20:02
                      Example 1
                      20:29
                      Example 2
                      21:43
                      Example 3
                      22:55
                      Bacterial Infection Patterns

                      41m 12s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      'Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria'
                      0:42
                      Classification of Bacteria
                      2:13
                      Bacterial Pathogenesis
                      2:31
                      First Type of Immunity: Innate Immune System
                      2:49
                      Complement System
                      3:00
                      Innate Immune Cells: Phagocytosis
                      3:10
                      Cytokine Production and Epitopes
                      3:29
                      Location of Bacteria Infections
                      4:05
                      Steps of Bacterial Infection
                      5:25
                      Entry Into Host
                      5:30
                      Adherence to Host Tissue
                      5:53
                      Colonization
                      5:58
                      Overcome a Host's Defense
                      6:02
                      Hosts' Immune Response
                      6:10
                      Damage the Host Tissues
                      6:17
                      Progression or Recovery
                      6:25
                      Portals of Entry
                      6:35
                      The Skin
                      7:18
                      Viral and Bacterial Infection of Respiratory
                      7:46
                      Bacteria Entry
                      8:00
                      Some Bacteria Produce Toxins and Enzymes
                      8:28
                      Immune Response is Disease Causing Part of Bacterial Infection
                      8:46
                      Infection of Intestinal Epithelium
                      8:59
                      Shigella
                      9:00
                      Salmonella
                      10:16
                      Numbers of Invading Bacteria
                      11:05
                      Virulence
                      11:30
                      Potency
                      12:07
                      Virulence of Bacillus Anthracis
                      12:33
                      Adherence of Bacteria to Host Tissue
                      13:49
                      Adhesins or Ligands
                      14:10
                      Glycocalyx
                      14:26
                      Fimbriae
                      14:32
                      M Protein
                      14:53
                      Adherence
                      15:07
                      Adhesins or Ligands
                      15:10
                      E. coli Bacteria
                      15:53
                      Bacteria Adhering to Human Skin
                      16:17
                      Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci
                      16:28
                      Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                      16:42
                      Capsules
                      16:57
                      Cell Wall Components
                      17:03
                      Enzymes
                      17:18
                      Antigenic Variation
                      17:27
                      Penetration into Host Cell Cytoskeleton
                      17:57
                      Capsules
                      18:06
                      Capsule
                      18:07
                      Glycocalyx
                      18:19
                      Functions to Impair Phagocytosis
                      18:58
                      Host Can However Develop Antibodies Against the Capsule
                      19:07
                      Streptococcus Pneumoniae
                      19:28
                      Cell Wall Components
                      20:06
                      M Protein
                      20:18
                      Neisseria Gonorrhea
                      20:49
                      Fimbriae
                      20:57
                      Bacterial Enzymes
                      21:23
                      Coagulase
                      22:08
                      Hyalurpnidase
                      22:09
                      Collagenase
                      22:13
                      IgA Proteases
                      22:19
                      Penetration
                      22:44
                      Invasins
                      22:59
                      Invasins Cause Host Cell Membrane to Ruffle
                      23:12
                      Shigella and Listeria
                      23:32
                      Bacterial Damage to Host Cells
                      23:50
                      Production of Toxins
                      24:11
                      Types of Toxins
                      24:56
                      Production of Toxins
                      25:00
                      Toxin
                      25:08
                      Toxigenicity
                      25:21
                      Toxemia
                      25:25
                      Toxoid
                      25:30
                      Antitoxin
                      25:38
                      Exotoxin
                      25:44
                      Produced Inside Some Bacteria
                      25:55
                      Released When Bacteria Undergoes Lysis
                      26:06
                      Proteins and Enzymes That Catalyze Certain Biochemical Reactions
                      26:39
                      Bacteria That Produce Exotoxins Can be Gram + or Gram -
                      26:53
                      Exotoxins Are Soluble in Body Fluids
                      27:04
                      Some Diseases Caused by Their Exotoxins
                      27:13
                      Exotoxin Examples
                      27:35
                      Action of A-B Exotoxin
                      28:11
                      Endotoxin
                      29:12
                      Endotoxin Differ from Extoxin in Several Ways
                      29:21
                      Endotoxins are Released When Gram - is Liberated
                      30:24
                      Antibiotics Used to Treat Gem
                      30:32
                      Endotoxins Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
                      30:59
                      Endotoxins and the Pyrogenic Response
                      31:17
                      Example Endotoxins
                      32:08
                      Salmonella Typhi
                      32:15
                      Neisseria Meningitidis
                      32:22
                      Proteus Spp
                      32:35
                      Steps of Bacterial Infection
                      32:42
                      Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                      33:59
                      Example 1
                      34:41
                      Example 2
                      37:25
                      Example 3
                      39:39
                      Bacterial Adaptation to Environment

                      20m 50s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Bacterial Adaptation
                      0:13
                      Varied Tissues Within Human Host
                      0:36
                      Variable Levels of Oxygenation Both Inside and Outside of Host
                      0:54
                      Variable Levels of Moisture Both Inside and Outside Host
                      1:10
                      Survive Various Antibiotic and Other Types of Treatment
                      1:23
                      Variable Oxygen Environments
                      1:58
                      Bacterial Endospores
                      3:33
                      Clostridium Botulinum
                      4:40
                      Bacillus Anthracis
                      4:48
                      Clostridium Tetani
                      4:50
                      Botulism: Neurotoxin
                      5:10
                      Clostridium Botulinum
                      6:29
                      Gram Positive Rod-Shaped Bacteria That are Strictly Anaerobic
                      6:58
                      Produce Spores
                      7:10
                      Produces Paralysis
                      7:49
                      Toxin Can be Destroyed by Heating Food to 80 Degrees Celsius
                      7:55
                      Bacillus Anthracis
                      8:47
                      Produce Spores
                      9:08
                      Anthrax is Mostly a Disease of Herbivores
                      9:20
                      Weaponized Anthrax is Primarily Inhalation Form
                      10:11
                      Clostridium Tetani
                      11:50
                      Spores are Located in Solid and Can Colonize Gastrointestinal Tracts
                      12:14
                      Disease Uncommon
                      12:27
                      Toxin Produced During Growth Phase of Bacteria When Cell is Lysed
                      13:14
                      Toxin Blocks Release of GABA
                      13:56
                      Results in Paralysis
                      14:09
                      Example 1
                      15:38
                      Example 2
                      16:45
                      Example 3
                      18:01
                      Antigenic Composition of Bacteria

                      33m 8s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Bacteria as Antigens
                      1:04
                      Antigen-antibody Interaction
                      1:12
                      Bacterial Adaptations as Antigens
                      1:31
                      Cell Wall Components
                      1:44
                      Capsules as Antigens
                      1:50
                      Flagella as Antigens
                      1:58
                      Antigenic Variation
                      2:00
                      Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
                      2:13
                      Antigen-Antibody Interaction
                      2:20
                      What are Antigens
                      2:25
                      Examples of Antigens
                      3:09
                      Bacteria as Antigens
                      4:33
                      Adaptation to the Human Host Environment
                      5:09
                      Pathogenic Agent
                      5:30
                      Criteria for Effective Antigenicity
                      6:02
                      Bacterial Adaptations That are Antigenic
                      7:36
                      Pila
                      7:45
                      Flagella as Antigens
                      7:57
                      Fimbriae
                      7:59
                      Capsules as Antigens
                      8:22
                      Peptidoglycan
                      8:33
                      S Proteins
                      8:45
                      M Protein and Lipid A
                      9:09
                      Cell Wall Components
                      9:47
                      Neisseria Gonorrhea
                      9:52
                      Fimbriae and Opa
                      10:03
                      After Attachment, Host Cell Takes Bacteria
                      10:22
                      Secretory Antibodies
                      10:38
                      Circulating Antibodies
                      10:58
                      Capsule
                      11:33
                      Neutralize the Virulence
                      12:39
                      Bacterial Capsules as Antigens
                      13:20
                      S. Pneumoniae
                      13:55
                      B. Anthracis
                      14:09
                      S. Pyogenes
                      14:38
                      Bacterial Antigenicity
                      15:30
                      Motility and Vibrio Cholerae
                      16:11
                      Flagella are Antigenic
                      16:20
                      Agglutinate or Immobilize Bacterial Cells
                      17:00
                      Antigenic Variation
                      17:49
                      Antigenic Variation Over Time
                      18:54
                      Antigenic Variation by Space and Time
                      22:12
                      Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
                      24:02
                      Example 1
                      27:36
                      Example 2
                      31:24
                      Section 7: Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
                      Epidemiology of Infectious Disease

                      15m 43s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Infectious Diseases: Extent of Problem
                      0:43
                      26% of Deaths Worldwide
                      1:21
                      Ebola Outbreak in Africa
                      1:50
                      Cholera in Haiti and South America
                      2:22
                      West Nile Virus Infections in U.S.
                      2:39
                      Worldwide Cholera Occurrence
                      3:03
                      Extent of Research
                      4:38
                      Importance to National Security
                      5:42
                      Bioterrorism Key Achievements
                      7:00
                      Smallpox
                      7:06
                      Anthrax
                      7:22
                      Botulinum
                      7:28
                      Ebola
                      7:52
                      Importance of Epidemiology
                      8:38
                      Scientific Study of Causes and Determinants of Disease
                      8:44
                      Study of Vector and Animal Host Biology
                      8:56
                      Patterns of Disease Transmission
                      9:39
                      Determine Disease Causation
                      10:31
                      Development of Vaccines
                      11:04
                      Development and Evaluation of Effective Treatments
                      11:55
                      Example 1
                      12:28
                      Human Host & Disease Transmission

                      56m 19s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Human Host and Disease Transmission
                      0:19
                      Discuss the Basis of Human Disease
                      0:27
                      Non-random Distribution of Disease
                      0:34
                      Ways Disease are Transmitted
                      0:44
                      Occurrence of Disease
                      1:09
                      Measures of Disease Transmission
                      1:19
                      Disease Outbreaks
                      1:23
                      Basis of Human Disease
                      1:39
                      How Human Disease Arise
                      1:43
                      Host Must be Susceptible
                      2:08
                      Capacity to Infect
                      2:32
                      Environment
                      2:53
                      Non-Random Distribution of Disease
                      3:27
                      Genetic Predisposition
                      3:34
                      Nutrition
                      4:16
                      Immune Status
                      4:24
                      Socio-Economic Status
                      4:40
                      Modes of Disease Transmission
                      5:46
                      Direct Transmission
                      5:54
                      Indirect Transmission
                      6:50
                      Example of Disease Transmission
                      8:30
                      HIV/ AIDS
                      8:34
                      Hepatitis A,B,C
                      10:10
                      Clinical and Subclinical Disease
                      12:42
                      Clinical Disease
                      12:49
                      Subclinical Disease
                      13:10
                      Non Clinical Disease
                      15:36
                      Carrier Status
                      17:48
                      Carrier Status Example: Typhoid Mary
                      18:33
                      Occurrence of Disease
                      20:18
                      Endemic
                      20:27
                      Epidemic
                      21:30
                      Pandemic
                      21:45
                      Epidemic of Obesity
                      22:22
                      Measures of Infectious Disease Transmission
                      23:45
                      Incubation Period
                      24:23
                      Epidemic Curve
                      27:44
                      Disease Outbreaks
                      28:37
                      One Exposure, Common Vehicle
                      28:43
                      Outbreak Analysis
                      32:14
                      Food Borne Illness
                      34:06
                      76 Million Cases of Food Borne Illness Per Year
                      34:07
                      Known Pathogens
                      35:08
                      62 Million Cases from Unknown Agents
                      35:23
                      Example of Food Outbreak: Salmonella Saintpaul, 2008
                      35:34
                      Distribution of Outbreak Strain of Salmonella Found on Tomatoes and/or Jalapeno Peppers
                      36:21
                      Number of Persons Infected with Salmonella Saintpaul
                      38:10
                      Clinical Features of Salmonella Infection
                      40:47
                      Diarrhea
                      41:06
                      Abdominal Cramps
                      41:11
                      Identified by Stool Sample Culture
                      41:19
                      Severe Infection
                      41:50
                      Case-Control Studies of Salmonella Saintpaul Infection
                      42:26
                      Description of Outbreak Source Investigation
                      45:02
                      Example 1
                      46:25
                      Example 2
                      50:43
                      Example 3
                      53:13
                      Difference Measures of Disease

                      39m 23s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Introduction
                      0:16
                      What is the Extent of Disease?
                      1:00
                      Who is at Risk for the Disease?
                      1:07
                      How is Disease Transmitted?
                      1:36
                      How is Disease Defined?
                      1:52
                      Counts
                      2:17
                      Assessment
                      2:32
                      Example of Tuberculosis Count
                      3:04
                      Counts of Influenza Positive Tests
                      4:02
                      Counts of AIDS Cases
                      5:58
                      Example of a Food Outbreak Investigation
                      8:01
                      Steps Public Health Investigators Follow to Determine Cause of Illness
                      8:24
                      Identifying the Source
                      8:39
                      Example
                      9:04
                      Potential Sources of Contamination
                      9:44
                      Production
                      9:55
                      Farms
                      10:14
                      Distribution
                      10:31
                      Retail Establishments
                      10:39
                      Restaurant Example
                      10:56
                      Food Borne Outbreak Investigation Steps
                      11:43
                      Determining if an Outbreak is Occurring
                      11:57
                      Defining Signs and Symptoms
                      12:07
                      Hypothesis
                      12:14
                      Collect Data and Test Hypothesis
                      12:38
                      Not Finding Associations
                      13:09
                      After Finding Pathogen, You Can Conduct Intervention to Remove Contaminated Food
                      13:45
                      Determine the Source
                      14:09
                      Clear Outbreak When All Contamination is Gone
                      14:30
                      Case Study: Norovirus Outbreak Michigan Jan-Feb, 2006
                      14:34
                      Norovirus
                      16:14
                      Infects All Ages
                      16:40
                      Cause Infection Throughout the Year But There's a Peak in Time
                      16:44
                      Recognizing Outbreaks of Norovisur Infection
                      16:51
                      Cases of Norovirus Over Time
                      18:42
                      Attack Rate
                      19:24
                      Definition
                      19:37
                      Restaurant Example
                      21:11
                      Attack Rate by 3 Hour Time Intervals
                      22:52
                      Patrons Who Became Ill
                      23:35
                      Case Control Analysis to Determine Food Source
                      24:21
                      Attack Rate
                      25:58
                      Food Outbreak Measures
                      26:16
                      Compute the Denominator
                      27:06
                      Compute Attack Rate During Certain Time Period
                      27:28
                      Construct Possible Hypotheses
                      28:14
                      Conduct Case-Control Analysis with Odds Ratio
                      29:37
                      Example 1
                      29:47
                      Example 2
                      34:55
                      Example 3
                      36:51
                      Section 8: Eukaryotes-structure, Function, Diversity, and Environmental Niche
                      Eukaryotic Microbes

                      20m 53s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Introduction to Eukaryotic Microbes
                      0:38
                      Helminths
                      0:57
                      Why are They Called Microorganisms
                      1:01
                      Parasites
                      1:25
                      Introduction to Cell Theory
                      2:03
                      Evolution of Multi-Cellularity
                      3:30
                      Prokaryotes Can Form into Colonies and Biofilms
                      3:42
                      Eukaryotic Cells Can Arrange Themselves Into Tissue
                      3:58
                      Multicellularity Evolved
                      5:03
                      Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens
                      5:45
                      Timeline
                      6:45
                      Endosymbiosis
                      8:00
                      Ancestral Anaerobic Eukaryote
                      8:05
                      Aerobic Eukaryote
                      8:38
                      Photosynthetic Cyanobacterium
                      8:54
                      Photosynthetic Eukaryote
                      8:58
                      Phylogeny
                      9:24
                      Prokaryotes
                      9:34
                      Eukaryotes
                      9:39
                      Organization of Eukaryotic Cell
                      9:50
                      Level 1: Monomeric Units
                      10:13
                      Level 2: Macromolecules
                      10:16
                      Level 3: Supramolecular Complexes
                      10:37
                      Level 4: The Cell and Its Organelles
                      10:40
                      Eukaryotic Animal Cell
                      11:01
                      Nuclear Envelope
                      11:53
                      Plasma Membrane
                      11:58
                      Mitochondrion
                      12:15
                      Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
                      12:23
                      Ribosomes
                      12:51
                      Peroxisomes
                      13:00
                      Cytoskeleton
                      13:05
                      Lysosome
                      13:23
                      Golgi Complex Processes
                      13:27
                      Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
                      13:40
                      Eukaryotic Plant Cell
                      14:01
                      Cell Wall
                      14:29
                      Chloroplast
                      14:49
                      Starch Granule
                      15:06
                      Thylakoids
                      15:17
                      Golgi Complex, Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes
                      15:25
                      Nucleus, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleolus
                      15:33
                      Mitochondrion
                      15:39
                      Example 1
                      15:56
                      Example 2
                      18:44
                      Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part I

                      19m 45s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Introduction to Fungi
                      0:15
                      1.5 Million Different Species on Earth
                      0:17
                      Fungal Diseases
                      1:10
                      Fungi Live Outdoors and Indoors
                      1:17
                      Most Fungi Are Not Dangerous
                      1:30
                      Medically Important Fungi
                      1:38
                      Contagious Diseases
                      1:40
                      Commensal Organisms
                      2:39
                      Fungal Growth
                      3:14
                      Vegetative Growth
                      3:36
                      Septate Hypha
                      3:43
                      Continuous Hyphae
                      3:52
                      Spore
                      3:58
                      Fungal Dimorphism
                      4:06
                      Fungi Life Cycle
                      4:44
                      Filamentous Fungi
                      4:49
                      Fungal Spores
                      5:21
                      Fungal Fragmentation
                      6:05
                      Fungal Spore Formation
                      6:29
                      Fungi Sexual Reproduction
                      6:57
                      Plasmogamy
                      7:06
                      Karyogamy
                      7:10
                      Meiosis
                      7:11
                      Sexual Spores
                      7:45
                      Ascospore
                      8:11
                      Life Cycle of Ascomycete
                      8:21
                      Histoplasmosis Capsulatum (Ascomycete)
                      9:18
                      Histoplasmosis Distribution
                      10:54
                      Histoplasmosis Lifecycle
                      11:28
                      Fungal Diseases
                      13:06
                      Mycosis
                      13:08
                      Chronic and Long Term
                      13:16
                      Five Groups
                      13:21
                      Systemic
                      13:30
                      Subcutaneous
                      13:37
                      Cutaneous
                      13:40
                      Superficial
                      13:42
                      Opportunistic
                      13:45
                      Example 1
                      14:18
                      Example 2
                      17:40
                      Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part II

                      31m 55s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Introduction to Fungi
                      0:19
                      Recap of Fungi Part One
                      0:20
                      1.5 Million Species
                      0:28
                      Focus on Fungi That Cause Human Disease
                      0:59
                      Medically Important Fungi
                      1:42
                      Contagious Diseases?
                      1:44
                      Dermatophytosis Example
                      2:02
                      Pneumocystis Example
                      2:22
                      Commensal Organisms: Candida Albicans
                      2:36
                      Fungal Diseases
                      3:02
                      Mycosis
                      3:06
                      Fungal Mycoses
                      3:12
                      Five Groups
                      3:22
                      Superficial Fungal Diseases
                      4:10
                      Fungi That are Localized in Hair Shafts and on Skin Surface
                      4:20
                      Prevalent in Tropical Climate
                      4:31
                      Benign
                      4:38
                      Figures Explanation
                      4:44
                      Cutaneous Fungal Disease
                      5:04
                      Infect the Epidermis
                      5:05
                      Dermatomycoses
                      5:21
                      Dermatophytes
                      5:31
                      Dermatophytes Secrete Keratinase
                      6:04
                      Examples
                      6:31
                      Subcutaneous Fungal Diseases
                      6:39
                      Fungal Infections Beneath the Skin
                      6:42
                      Occur After a Puncture Wound
                      6:58
                      Infections Occur Among Farmers
                      8:15
                      Example: Sporotrichosis
                      8:26
                      Candidiasis Albicans
                      8:57
                      Most Common in Yeast Infections
                      8:58
                      Resides on Skin Surfaces
                      9:16
                      Resistant to Phagocytosis
                      9:46
                      Opportunistic Fungal Disease
                      12:25
                      Host is Debilitated or Traumatized
                      12:52
                      Under Treatment with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
                      13:20
                      Immune System is Suppressed by Drugs
                      14:03
                      Has an Immune Disorder or Lung Disease
                      14:19
                      Pneumocystis Pneumonia
                      14:47
                      Caused by Pneumocystis Jirovecii
                      14:56
                      Most Frequent and Severe Opportunistic Infection
                      15:05
                      Immunocompetent Adults Have Few or No Symptoms
                      15:59
                      Example: Pneumocystis Cysts in Lung of Patient with AIDS
                      16:58
                      Life Cycle of Pheumocystis Jirovecii
                      17:34
                      Early Incidence of Pneumocystis
                      18:49
                      Systemic Fungal Disease
                      21:21
                      Fungal Infections Deep Within the Body
                      21:24
                      Caused by Fungi Living in the Soil
                      21:44
                      Infections Begin in Lungs and Spread to Other Tissue
                      22:13
                      Example: Coccidiodomycosis Infection of Lung Tissue
                      22:21
                      Life Cycle of Coccidiodes Immitis
                      23:12
                      Number of Coccidiomycosis Cases
                      24:10
                      Distribution of Coccidiomycosis Cases
                      26:06
                      Example 1
                      27:20
                      Example 2
                      30:08
                      Parasites

                      20m 1s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Introduction to Parasites
                      0:48
                      Live in Human Hosts
                      1:00
                      Example of Parasites
                      1:29
                      Extent of Parasitic Diseases
                      1:47
                      Parasitic Infections Cause a Tremendous Burden of Disease
                      1:54
                      Malaria Example
                      2:12
                      Neglected Tropical Diseases
                      2:38
                      Extent of Malaria
                      3:22
                      Relationships Between Species
                      6:51
                      Symbiosis Between Pathogen and Host
                      7:11
                      Symbiosis
                      7:29
                      Mutualism
                      7:58
                      Commensalism
                      8:05
                      Parasitism
                      9:10
                      Parasite Definitions
                      9:28
                      Parasite Definition
                      9:32
                      Three Major Classes
                      9:54
                      Ectoparasites
                      10:15
                      Locations of Parasitic Infection
                      10:48
                      Parasite Hosts and Vectors
                      12:21
                      Vectors Convey a Parasite from Host to Host
                      12:27
                      Anopheles Mosquito and Malaria
                      12:43
                      Example 1
                      13:04
                      Example 2
                      15:34
                      Eukaryotes: Protozoa

                      24m 59s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Introduction to Protozoa
                      0:13
                      Protozoa Definition
                      0:14
                      Intestinal Protozoa
                      1:19
                      Insect Vectors
                      1:47
                      Transmission of Enteric Protozoa
                      2:02
                      Transmission of Blood Borne Protozoa: Leishmaniasis
                      4:50
                      Leishmaniasis Transmission Chart
                      5:33
                      Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
                      7:15
                      Visceral Leishmaniasis
                      7:37
                      Medically Important Protozoa
                      8:07
                      Four Classes
                      8:24
                      Described by the Systems They Infect
                      8:54
                      Flagellates
                      9:10
                      Intestinal and Genito-Urinary Flagellates
                      9:32
                      Blood and Tissue Flagellates
                      9:42
                      Ambae
                      10:45
                      Typically Amoeboid
                      10:49
                      Represented by Entamoeba, Negleria, and Acanthamoeba
                      11:27
                      Sporozoa
                      12:38
                      Alternating Sexual and Asexual Reproductive Phases
                      12:56
                      Cyclospora Life Stage
                      13:13
                      Lifecycle of Sporozoa: Cryptosporidium
                      16:16
                      Ciliates
                      17:20
                      Complex Protozoa Bearing Cilia Distributed in Rows or Patches with Two Kinds of Nuclei in Each Cell
                      17:24
                      Balantidium Coli
                      17:54
                      Example 1
                      20:06
                      Example 2
                      22:52
                      Eukaryotes: Helminths

                      32m 53s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Introduction to Helminths
                      0:30
                      Definition of Helminths
                      0:31
                      Three Types of Helminths
                      0:54
                      Biological Properties of Helminths
                      1:38
                      Biological Life Cycle of Helminths
                      1:42
                      Adult Helminths May Be Dioecious
                      3:25
                      Monoecious Helminths
                      3:58
                      Characteristics of Helminths
                      4:12
                      May Lack a Digestive System
                      4:16
                      Nervous System is Reduced
                      4:41
                      Incidence of Helminth Infections Worldwide
                      5:50
                      Intestinal Helminths
                      6:29
                      Soil Transmitted Helminths
                      8:15
                      Wuchereria Bancrofti
                      8:35
                      Wuchereria Bancrofti Causes Lymphatic Filariasis
                      9:01
                      Nematode or Roundword That Inhibits Lymphatic Vessels
                      9:18
                      Life Cycle
                      9:43
                      Lifecycle of Wuchereria Bancrofti
                      10:11
                      Symptoms of Wuchereria Bancrofti
                      11:41
                      Elephantiasis
                      11:59
                      People Who Develop Lymphedema
                      12:39
                      Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
                      14:53
                      Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis in India
                      18:08
                      Taenia Saginata or Solium
                      19:19
                      Human Tapeworms
                      19:20
                      Cestode That Inhabits Intestinal Tracts of Human Hosts
                      19:36
                      Taenia
                      20:01
                      Scolex
                      20:53
                      Tania or Tapeworms
                      21:39
                      Life Cycle of Taenia Saginata or Solium
                      22:15
                      Urban Myth of Reality
                      24:35
                      Example 1
                      25:41
                      Example 2
                      28:38
                      Helminths & Immunity

                      32m 50s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      The Immune System
                      0:45
                      Innate Immune Response
                      1:04
                      Adaptive Immune Response
                      1:15
                      Autoimmunity and Helminth Infection
                      2:20
                      Endemic Type 1 Diabetes
                      2:26
                      Endemic Helminth Infections
                      2:47
                      Coevolution of Helminths and Immunity
                      4:43
                      Helminth Infections are a Driving Force in Shaping
                      5:53
                      Helminths Do Not Replicate in Human Host
                      6:37
                      Helminths are Able to Maintain a Co-existence With Immune System
                      7:18
                      Innate Immunity
                      7:46
                      Adaptive Immunity
                      7:52
                      Localized Impact of Helminth Infection
                      9:05
                      Immune Modulation of Helminth Infection
                      14:07
                      Helminths and Immune Response
                      15:55
                      Other Ways Helminths Facilitate Immune Response
                      17:45
                      Helminth Influence on Immunity
                      19:07
                      Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
                      22:04
                      Infected, Low Pathology - Develop Tolerance
                      22:35
                      Chronic Pathology
                      22:50
                      Pathogen Co-Existence and Immunity
                      23:29
                      Helminths and Autoimmunity in Mice
                      25:31
                      Summary of Helminths and Immunity
                      26:39
                      Hygiene Hypothesis
                      26:42
                      Driving Force in Shaping
                      27:27
                      Absence of Helminths and the Immune Tolerances
                      27:46
                      Example 1
                      28:10
                      Example 2
                      30:23
                      Section 9: Survey of Important Bacteria
                      Gram Positive Bacteria

                      46m 35s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Introduction
                      1:01
                      External Peptidoglycan
                      1:07
                      Stain Purple
                      1:16
                      Reasons How External Peptidoglycan is Important
                      1:30
                      Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
                      1:51
                      Immune Attack of Gram Positive Bacteria
                      3:21
                      Process of Opsonization
                      3:29
                      What is Opsonization
                      3:39
                      Complement Forms Membrane Attack Complexes
                      4:38
                      Ways Bacteria Gets Recognized by the System
                      5:14
                      Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
                      6:55
                      Metabolism
                      7:00
                      Survival Mechanisms
                      7:11
                      Shapes
                      7:23
                      Environments
                      7:39
                      Examples of Gram Positive Bacteria
                      7:59
                      Shapes of Gram Positive Bacteria
                      9:13
                      Streptococci vs. Staphylococci
                      9:26
                      Staphylococci Shape
                      9:38
                      Streptococci Shape
                      9:52
                      Staphylococcus Bacteria
                      10:04
                      Staphylococcus
                      10:20
                      Salt-Tolerant
                      11:36
                      Two Main Species
                      12:24
                      Pathogenicity
                      12:38
                      Enzymes and Toxins
                      13:38
                      Staphylococcus Aureus
                      14:57
                      Food Borne Infection
                      15:04
                      Skin Infections
                      15:29
                      Systemic Disease
                      16:14
                      Staphylococcus Bacteria
                      17:36
                      Categorized According to Antigens
                      18:00
                      Streptococcus Group A
                      18:09
                      Streptococcus Pyogenes
                      19:09
                      Pathogenicity
                      19:37
                      Rheumatic Fever
                      20:00
                      Necrotizing Fasciatis
                      20:39
                      Glomerulonephritis
                      21:30
                      Surface M Protein
                      21:50
                      Hyaluronic Acid Capsule
                      22:25
                      Enzymes
                      22:47
                      Pyrogenic Toxins
                      22:57
                      Bacillus
                      23:34
                      Has Endospore Stage and Produces Toxins
                      23:59
                      Bacillus Anthracis
                      24:16
                      Spores Activated
                      25:12
                      Toxins Cause Disease
                      25:40
                      Clostridium Bacteria
                      26:02
                      Gram Positive, Anaerobic, and Endospore Producing
                      26:30
                      Different Clostridium Bacteria
                      26:56
                      Clostridium Difficile
                      27:34
                      Commonly Found Among the Intestinal Microbiota
                      27:38
                      Opportunistic Pathogen
                      27:57
                      Common in Hospital
                      28:30
                      Age-Adjusted Death Rate for Enterocolitis Due to C. Difficile
                      29:16
                      Listeria Bacteria
                      29:54
                      Avoidance of Immune Reaction by Listeria
                      31:23
                      Multi-State Listeriosis Outbreak from Whole Cantaloupes Grown by Jensen Farms, Colorado
                      33:04
                      Example 1
                      36:17
                      Example 2
                      39:05
                      Example 3
                      43:47
                      Gram Negative Bacteria

                      44m 38s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Introduction
                      0:29
                      Internal Cell Wall
                      0:45
                      Characteristic Properties
                      0:54
                      Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
                      2:01
                      Outer Membrane Provides a Barrier
                      3:05
                      Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
                      3:16
                      Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
                      3:20
                      Lipid A Molecule
                      3:26
                      Lipopolysaccharides
                      3:40
                      Most Gram Negative Bacteria Do Not Form Spores
                      3:54
                      Gram Negative Laboratory Algorithm
                      4:05
                      Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
                      6:45
                      Outer Membrane
                      6:50
                      Genetic Exchange
                      6:53
                      Immune Reaction to Gram Negative Bacteria
                      7:49
                      Examples of Gram Negative Bacteria
                      12:12
                      Endotoxin
                      12:52
                      Differ from Exotoxin in Several Ways
                      13:05
                      Released When Gram Negative Bacteria Undergo Lysis and Endotoxin is Liberated
                      13:50
                      Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
                      14:36
                      E. Coli Bacteria
                      15:03
                      Escherichia Coli
                      15:06
                      Pathogenic Strains of E. Coli
                      15:28
                      Shiga-Toxin E. Coli Outbreak, Germany 2011
                      16:24
                      Salmonella Bacteria
                      18:29
                      Pathogenicity
                      18:36
                      Infection by Salmonella
                      20:36
                      Another Image of Infection by Salmonella
                      21:41
                      Bacterial Infections, 2013
                      23:44
                      Vibrio Bacteria
                      25:12
                      Vibrio Genus
                      25:37
                      Most Virulent Species is Vibrio Cholerae
                      25:50
                      Cholera Life Cycle
                      26:59
                      Worldwide Cholera Cases
                      29:44
                      New Cases of Cholera in Haiti During a 2 Year Period
                      30:24
                      Preventing Cholera Infection with Gut Flora
                      31:10
                      Bordetella Pertussis
                      32:55
                      Aerobic Coccobacillus
                      33:24
                      Tracheal Toxin
                      33:40
                      Pertussis Toxin
                      33:50
                      Pertussis Infection Timeline
                      34:25
                      Pertussis Symptom Timeline
                      36:10
                      Reported Pertussis Cases in US 1922-2003
                      37:31
                      Example 1
                      38:09
                      Example 2
                      39:36
                      Example 3
                      41:16
                      Bacteria with Other Cell Walls

                      24m 6s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Bacteria Classification by Cell Wall
                      0:21
                      Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative
                      1:01
                      Gram Stain
                      1:18
                      Shape
                      1:24
                      Bacteria Undetectable with Gram Stain
                      3:07
                      Mycobacteria
                      3:23
                      Mycoplasma Pneumonia
                      4:02
                      Chlamydia
                      4:11
                      Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Bacteria
                      4:23
                      Atypical Small Bacterium Without A Cell Wall
                      4:30
                      Lacks Rigid Cell Wall
                      5:02
                      Extracellular in Respiratory Tract
                      7:02
                      Acid-Fast Bacteria
                      7:38
                      Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                      8:36
                      Infectious Process
                      10:31
                      Tuberculosis Incidence in 2005
                      12:45
                      Chlamydia Trachomatis Bacteria
                      15:11
                      Obligate Intracellular Human Parasite
                      15:39
                      Gram Negative
                      16:01
                      Three Human Biovars
                      16:15
                      Life Cycle of Chlamydia
                      17:33
                      Example 1
                      19:42
                      Example 2
                      21:01
                      Section 10: Microbes and Human Disease
                      Tuberculosis

                      28m

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Tuberculosis Introduction
                      0:47
                      Malaria
                      0:51
                      Acid-Fast Staining
                      1:04
                      Tuberculosis Disease
                      1:42
                      Latent and Active Disease
                      1:51
                      Strong Man Image Example
                      2:22
                      Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                      2:39
                      Cell Wall
                      2:48
                      Tuberculosis Incidence in 2012
                      3:21
                      Worldwide Tuberculosis Incidence
                      4:19
                      TB Research Center, Chennai, India
                      5:00
                      Tuberculosis in United States
                      5:47
                      Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
                      6:28
                      Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
                      7:40
                      Infection
                      7:50
                      How It's Spread
                      8:09
                      What Determines Whether or Not an Individual Will be Exposed
                      8:49
                      Bacilli can Multiply Once Reaching the Alveoli
                      9:21
                      Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                      10:18
                      Inactive Form of TB
                      10:34
                      Active vs. Inactive Form of TB Depends on If Bacilli Stay in Tissue or Break Out
                      10:44
                      Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
                      11:20
                      Bacilli That Reach Alveoli
                      11:32
                      Those Bacilli are Ingested by Macrophages
                      12:28
                      No Symptoms of Disease
                      13:20
                      More Advanced Stage
                      13:25
                      Multiply in Macrophages
                      13:45
                      Inflammation
                      14:24
                      After a Few Weeks Disease Symptoms Appear
                      15:00
                      Caseous Center
                      15:30
                      Aerobic Bacilli Do Not Grow Well in the Center
                      16:18
                      Granuloma Can Reactivate Later
                      16:46
                      Active Disease: The Granuloma Can Rupture with Liquefaction
                      17:25
                      Active TB
                      18:04
                      Tuberculosis Staging
                      18:12
                      Stage 3 Important Stage
                      18:40
                      Stage 5 You Have TB
                      18:55
                      Tuberculosis Testing
                      19:31
                      Tuberculin Skin Test
                      19:32
                      Positive Skin Reaction Image Example
                      20:14
                      Tuberculosis Vaccination
                      20:32
                      BCG Vaccination in Other Areas Around the World
                      20:48
                      BCG Protects from the Active Form of Tuberculosis
                      21:06
                      BCG Does Not Confer Lifelong Protection
                      22:34
                      Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                      22:51
                      Target Different Parts
                      23:09
                      Regiment
                      23:32
                      Example 1
                      24:34
                      Example 2
                      26:40
                      Malaria, a Protozoan Disease

                      29m 59s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Protozoa Introduction
                      1:13
                      One-Celled Organisms
                      1:14
                      Free Living or Parasitic
                      1:19
                      Can Multiply in Humans
                      1:27
                      How Does a Pathogen Get to the Digestive Tract
                      1:44
                      Worldwide Cases of Malaria
                      3:06
                      Found Where There a Lot of Mosquitoes
                      3:14
                      Malaria Introduction
                      4:00
                      Protozoa
                      4:03
                      Lives Partially in Human Host, Partially in Mosquito
                      4:06
                      Four Major Species
                      4:29
                      Carried by Anopheles Mosquitoes
                      4:49
                      Lifecycle of Malaria
                      5:08
                      Two Stages in Human Host and One Stage in Mosquito
                      5:30
                      Mosquito Bites and Injects Sporozoites
                      5:49
                      Parasite Goes Into Liver
                      7:14
                      Blood Supply
                      7:33
                      Diagnostic Stage
                      7:55
                      Erythrocytes
                      8:11
                      Gametocytes
                      9:04
                      Final Stage: Release of Sporozoites
                      9:39
                      Sickle Cell Anemia and Moleria
                      10:16
                      Sickle Cell Anemia is a Genetic Mutation Disease
                      10:34
                      Function
                      11:05
                      Hemoglobin Shape and Oxygen Capacity are Slightly Different
                      11:16
                      Selective Advantages and Disadvantages
                      12:04
                      Effects at a Cellular Level
                      12:06
                      Effects at the Organismal Level
                      12:39
                      Effects at the Population Level
                      12:54
                      Evolution of Human Malaria
                      13:31
                      Plasmodium Parasite Has Evolved
                      13:40
                      Plasmodium Reichenowi
                      13:56
                      What's Going on in India
                      14:43
                      Malaria Pathogenicity
                      15:40
                      Incubation Period
                      15:41
                      Symptoms
                      16:05
                      P. vivax and P. ovale
                      16:41
                      Dormant Liver Stage
                      16:57
                      Diagnosis
                      18:33
                      Malaria Treatment
                      19:30
                      Depends on Many Factors
                      19:32
                      Medications
                      20:32
                      Example 1
                      22:28
                      Example 2
                      27:38
                      HIV/AIDS

                      38m 7s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      What is HIV / AIDS?
                      0:31
                      Human Immunodeficiency Virus
                      0:32
                      Once Infected, the Virus Will Always Be There
                      1:28
                      Exception
                      1:45
                      Transmitted Through Body Fluids
                      2:10
                      Virus
                      2:15
                      HIV Can be Transmitted Through
                      3:13
                      Sexual Contact, Injection Drug Use, Occupational Exposure, Pregnancy, Blood Transfusion
                      3:14
                      Blood Transfusion Used to be Significant for Disease Transmission
                      3:31
                      Adult HIV Prevalence, 2012
                      4:30
                      Africa is Highest
                      4:40
                      North and South America are Also High Prevalence
                      4:44
                      India
                      5:02
                      Counts of AIDS Cases
                      5:22
                      Example of Disease Transmission
                      7:19
                      Males
                      7:31
                      Females
                      7:42
                      HIV/ AIDS Methods of Transmission
                      8:33
                      HIV Retrovirus
                      9:10
                      Retrovirus
                      9:21
                      Replicate the Virus
                      10:13
                      Life Cycle of HIV Virus
                      10:55
                      Genome
                      11:10
                      Reverse Transcription
                      11:16
                      Host DNA Produces Goes Through Transcription and Translation
                      11:26
                      Produce Viral RNA
                      11:36
                      Importance of Figure
                      12:00
                      Viral Load and Immune Cell
                      12:45
                      Individual Infected
                      12:52
                      Plasma Virus Load Increases then Rapidly Declines
                      12:58
                      CD4+ T Cell
                      13:34
                      Immune System is Suppressed Enough That AIDs Develops
                      14:20
                      Evolution of HIV/ AIDS
                      15:31
                      Immunodeficiency and Development of Opportunistic Infections
                      17:40
                      Herpes Simplex Virus
                      18:00
                      Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
                      18:10
                      Kaposi Sarcoma and Many More
                      18:22
                      Disease Emerge at Different Time Depending on Degree of Suppression
                      18:40
                      Opportunistic Infections with HIV
                      18:52
                      Early 1900s
                      19:04
                      Pneumocystis
                      19:21
                      Opportunistic Fungal Disease
                      20:15
                      Harmless, Opportunistic Fungi
                      20:31
                      Can Happen to Individuals Who are Taking Drugs to Suppress Immune System
                      20:44
                      Pneumocystis Pneumonia
                      21:13
                      Pathogen
                      21:32
                      Immunodeficient Adults
                      21:41
                      Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
                      22:00
                      Kaposi Sarcoma
                      22:42
                      Rare Cancer
                      22:49
                      Skin Neoplasm
                      23:14
                      Subtypes All Have Human Herpesvirus-8
                      23:31
                      How It Looks
                      23:57
                      Kaposi Sarcoma Spindle Cells
                      24:29
                      How to Treat Kaposi Sarcoma
                      25:17
                      HIV Prevalence Among Young Adult Women in India
                      26:02
                      Example 1
                      31:24
                      Example 2
                      33:32
                      Ebola

                      43m 9s

                      Intro
                      0:00
                      Ebola Virus Overview
                      0:22
                      Ebola Virus Outbreak Distribution
                      0:59
                      1976 Ebola Outbreak First Identified
                      1:00
                      Recent Outbreak in Zaire
                      2:15
                      Three Countries Most Affected Today
                      2:39
                      Amount of Hospitals in Those Countries
                      3:40
                      Ebola Virus Ecology
                      4:14
                      Thought to Just Infect Warm Blooded Animals
                      4:24
                      Epidemic Starts When Virus Infects Humans
                      4:45
                      Ebola Virus Infection
                      5:55
                      Virus Comes From Animal and Infects Human
                      5:57
                      Infected Cells
                      6:10
                      Endothelial Cell Gaps Causes Leakage of Blood and Virus
                      6:35
                      Ebola Virus Symptoms
                      7:37
                      Fever
                      7:43
                      Early Signs
                      7:54
                      Big Sign of Being Infected: Travel History
                      8:18
                      Key About the Symptom Emerging
                      9:40
                      Timeline of Ebola Virus Symptoms
                      11:21
                      Day 2: First Symptoms
                      11:36
                      Day 10: High Fever and Vomiting
                      12:29
                      Day 11: Brain Damage and Bleeding
                      13:13
                      Day 12: Loss of Consciousness
                      13:44
                      Ebola Virus Characteristics
                      14:14
                      Filovirus
                      14:27
                      Enveloped, Helical Viruses
                      14:31
                      Ebola and Marburg Viruses
                      14:36
                      Morphology of Helical Ebola Virus
                      14:52
                      Capsid
                      14:56
                      Nucleic Acid
                      15:04
                      Ebola Virus Structure
                      15:38
                      Outside of the Structure
                      15:42
                      Inside the Envelope
                      15:56
                      Virus Can Recreate Itself in the Cytoplasm
                      16:54
                      RNA Viral Replication
                      18:04
                      Negative and Positive Strand
                      18:32
                      Ebola Virus Entry
                      20:26
                      Cell the Virus Penetrates
                      21:18
                      Inflammatory Reaction
                      21:45
                      Viruses Released Into Individuals Body
                      22:23
                      Ebola Virus: Immune Reaction
                      23:08
                      Survivors
                      23:20
                      Individuals Who Die From Ebola
                      23:33
                      Effective Dose
                      24:03
                      Host Immune Response to Ebola
                      24:36
                      Monocyte
                      24:44
                      Cytokines Storm
                      25:01
                      Ebola Virus Pathogenisis
                      25:40
                      Infection
                      25:46
                      Neutrophil
                      25:56
                      Depletion of Natural Killer Cells
                      26:06
                      Ebola Virus Can Serve to Surpress the Immune Reaction
                      26:37
                      How Contagious is Ebola?
                      27:49
                      Not Very Contagious, But Very Infectious
                      27:58
                      In Relation to Other Diseases
                      28:43
                      Ebola Transmission
                      29:24
                      Patient Zero Thought to be Infected by Animal
                      29:28
                      Eating Bushmeat In West Africa
                      29:46
                      Ebola Spreads by Direct Contact
                      30:16
                      Ebola in Healthcare Settings
                      31:13
                      Healthcare Workers at Higher Risk Because They Handle Body Fluids
                      31:22
                      Precautions
                      32:07
                      Treatment of Ebola
                      34:13
                      No Vaccine, but There Are Experimental Treatments (ZMAPP)
                      34:18
                      Basic Interventions When Done Early, Can Improve Chances of Survival
                      36:27
                      Example 1
                      37:41
                      Example 2
                      39:18
                      Example 3
                      41:05
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