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Ebola

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  1. Intro
    • Ebola Virus Overview
      • Ebola Virus Outbreak Distribution
      • Ebola Virus Ecology
      • Ebola Virus Infection
      • Ebola Virus Symptoms
      • Timeline of Ebola Virus Symptoms
      • Ebola Virus Characteristics
      • Morphology of Helical Ebola Virus
      • Ebola Virus Structure
      • RNA Viral Replication
      • Ebola Virus Entry
      • Ebola Virus: Immune Reaction
      • Host Immune Response to Ebola
      • Ebola Virus Pathogenisis
      • How Contagious is Ebola?
      • Ebola Transmission
      • Ebola in Healthcare Settings
      • Treatment of Ebola
      • Example 1
        • Example 2
          • Example 3
            • Intro 0:00
            • Ebola Virus Overview 0:22
            • Ebola Virus Outbreak Distribution 0:59
              • 1976 Ebola Outbreak First Identified
              • Recent Outbreak in Zaire
              • Three Countries Most Affected Today
              • Amount of Hospitals in Those Countries
            • Ebola Virus Ecology 4:14
              • Thought to Just Infect Warm Blooded Animals
              • Epidemic Starts When Virus Infects Humans
            • Ebola Virus Infection 5:55
              • Virus Comes From Animal and Infects Human
              • Infected Cells
              • Endothelial Cell Gaps Causes Leakage of Blood and Virus
            • Ebola Virus Symptoms 7:37
              • Fever
              • Early Signs
              • Big Sign of Being Infected: Travel History
              • Key About the Symptom Emerging
            • Timeline of Ebola Virus Symptoms 11:21
              • Day 2: First Symptoms
              • Day 10: High Fever and Vomiting
              • Day 11: Brain Damage and Bleeding
              • Day 12: Loss of Consciousness
            • Ebola Virus Characteristics 14:14
              • Filovirus
              • Enveloped, Helical Viruses
              • Ebola and Marburg Viruses
            • Morphology of Helical Ebola Virus 14:52
              • Capsid
              • Nucleic Acid
            • Ebola Virus Structure 15:38
              • Outside of the Structure
              • Inside the Envelope
              • Virus Can Recreate Itself in the Cytoplasm
            • RNA Viral Replication 18:04
              • Negative and Positive Strand
            • Ebola Virus Entry 20:26
              • Cell the Virus Penetrates
              • Inflammatory Reaction
              • Viruses Released Into Individuals Body
            • Ebola Virus: Immune Reaction 23:08
              • Survivors
              • Individuals Who Die From Ebola
              • Effective Dose
            • Host Immune Response to Ebola 24:36
              • Monocyte
              • Cytokines Storm
            • Ebola Virus Pathogenisis 25:40
              • Infection
              • Neutrophil
              • Depletion of Natural Killer Cells
              • Ebola Virus Can Serve to Surpress the Immune Reaction
            • How Contagious is Ebola? 27:49
              • Not Very Contagious, But Very Infectious
              • In Relation to Other Diseases
            • Ebola Transmission 29:24
              • Patient Zero Thought to be Infected by Animal
              • Eating Bushmeat In West Africa
              • Ebola Spreads by Direct Contact
            • Ebola in Healthcare Settings 31:13
              • Healthcare Workers at Higher Risk Because They Handle Body Fluids
              • Precautions
            • Treatment of Ebola 34:13
              • No Vaccine, but There Are Experimental Treatments (ZMAPP)
              • Basic Interventions When Done Early, Can Improve Chances of Survival
            • Example 1 37:41
            • Example 2 39:18
            • Example 3 41:05

            Related Books

            Catherine Carpenter

            Catherine Carpenter

            Ebola

            Slide Duration:

            Table of Contents

            Section 1: Introduction to Microbiology
            History of Microbiology

            40m 36s

            Intro
            0:00
            Overview of Microbiology
            0:35
            What is Microbiology?
            0:39
            History of Microbiology
            0:47
            What is Microbiology?
            3:11
            Study of Biology of Pathogen
            4:05
            Study of Biology of Vector
            4:13
            Biology of Human Host
            4:28
            Microbiology
            6:32
            Study of Microorganisms
            6:35
            Includes Viruses, Small Macroscopic Organisms, and Parasites
            7:48
            Microorganisms are Responsible for Cycling the Chemical Elements Essential for Life
            9:32
            Produce More Energy Through Photosynthesis Than Plants
            10:00
            90% of Cells in Our Body are Microbes
            11:20
            Important Discoveries in Microbiology
            11:29
            Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
            11:48
            Invented of the Microscope
            11:59
            What Was Leeuwenhoek's World?
            12:47
            The First Smallpox Vaccination: Jenner 1796
            13:25
            Jenner Invented the First Vaccine
            13:35
            Protected from Smallpox
            13:58
            Edward Jenner and Vaccination
            14:49
            Cowpox Virus
            15:25
            Material Used for Vaccine Probably Contained Cowpox Virus
            15:46
            Inoculate James Phipps by Taking Pus from the Lesions on the Hands of a Diary Maid
            16:20
            Louis Pasteur and Theory of Spontaneous Generation
            17:58
            Pasteur's S-Shaped Flask Kept Microbes Out but Let Air In
            18:04
            Disproved Theory of Spontaneous Generation
            18:20
            Fermentation, Pasteurization, and Vaccination: Louis Pasteur
            19:53
            Fermentation
            19:54
            Pasteurizing
            20:14
            Vaccination
            20:56
            The Germ Theory of Disease: Robert Koch
            21:13
            Koch's Postulates
            21:47
            Koch's Postulates
            23:13
            Procedure to Determine Criteria to Establish Casual Relationship Between a Microbe and Disease
            23:34
            A Fortunate Accident: Antibiotics
            25:40
            Alexander Fleming Discovered the First Antibiotic
            25:55
            Summary of Important Discoveries
            27:12
            Ability to Visualize Microorganisms
            27:49
            Vaccination
            28:59
            Fermentation, Pasteurization and Vaccination from Rabies
            29:21
            Germ Theory of Disease
            29:42
            Antibiotics
            30:08
            Example 1
            31:36
            Example 2
            32:02
            Example 3
            33:56
            Example 4
            37:53
            Example 5
            38:57
            Laboratory Testing & Visualization

            44m 19s

            Intro
            0:00
            Laboratory Testing and Visualization
            0:37
            Serology
            1:09
            Visualization: Types of Microscopes
            1:32
            A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
            1:57
            Generalized Tests for Microorganisms
            2:36
            Morphological Characteristics
            2:44
            Differential Staining
            3:00
            Biochemical Tests
            3:45
            A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
            4:19
            Serology
            6:38
            Detect Levels of Antibodies
            6:46
            Blood Serum
            7:43
            Recent of Past Infection
            7:59
            Differentiate Different Strains
            9:39
            Example of Serology Testing for HBV
            10:02
            Direct Agglutination Testing
            12:52
            Visual Test
            13:08
            Positive Results
            13:16
            Antibodies Sufficient in Level
            14:13
            ELISA Test
            15:56
            Sandwich ELISA
            16:39
            Western Blot
            18:56
            Proteins are Positioned on the Filter so Antibodies Can Bind to the Antigens
            19:09
            Filter is Then Washed with Patient's Serum
            19:27
            Positive Test for Particular Microorganisms
            20:04
            Flow Cytometry
            21:09
            Used to Identify Bacteria Without Culturing the Bacteria
            21:17
            Moving Fluid Containing Bacteria is Forced Through Small Opening
            22:03
            Differences in Electrical Conductivity Between the Cells are Detected
            22:17
            Results Distinguishing Three Different Species of Microorganisms
            22:56
            Genetic Testing: DNA Fingerprinting
            23:49
            Way to Specify and Differentiate Bacteria
            25:36
            Some Produce Taxon
            25:47
            Used as a Proxy for Microbial Cell Abundance
            26:13
            Detailed Figure
            26:43
            Pattern Matching to Determine Bacterial Strain
            27:22
            Example
            28:00
            Picture of That
            28:04
            Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
            29:36
            Light Microscope
            30:22
            Image
            31:18
            Darkfield Microscopy
            31:44
            An Illumination Technique Used to Enhance the Contrast in Unstained Samples
            31:51
            How It Works
            32:01
            Planaria in Pond Water
            32:19
            Electron Microscope
            32:55
            Uses Electron Beam to Illuminate a Specimen and Produce a Magnified Image
            33:23
            Electron Microscopy
            33:34
            Electron Microscope Image
            34:23
            Atomic Force Microscope
            34:41
            Manipulates Matter at the Nanoscale
            35:09
            Atomic Force Microscopy Image
            35:37
            Atomic Force Imaging
            35:54
            Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
            37:02
            Light Microscopes
            37:18
            Example 1
            37:28
            Example 2
            40:19
            Example 3
            40:57
            Example 4
            42:13
            Example 5
            42:35
            Present Day Importance of Microbiology

            43m 48s

            Intro
            0:00
            Two Important Topic Area in Microbiology
            0:41
            Gut Microbiome
            1:21
            A Forgotten Organ
            1:25
            Colonization of the Gut Begins at Birth
            2:34
            Factors That Alter the Relationship
            4:02
            Pathologic Inflammation
            7:05
            Commensal Species
            9:47
            Pathobionts
            10:28
            Functional Comparison of the Gut Microbiome with Other Sequenced Microbiomes
            10:38
            Genes and Microbiome
            11:34
            Vitamin K Example
            12:00
            Escherichia Coli
            13:07
            Genomes of the Bacteria and Viruses of the Human Gut Encode 3.3 Million Genes
            14:02
            Link to Microbiome and Health
            14:57
            Antibiotic Resistance
            15:42
            Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest, Adaptation
            16:39
            Theory of Evolution
            17:07
            Origin of Species
            17:13
            Darwin Came Up with Theory
            17:50
            Link to Theory of Evolution
            18:01
            Natural Selection
            19:03
            Natural Selection
            19:09
            Adaptive Trait
            19:21
            Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
            19:49
            Two Week Course of Antibiotics
            20:10
            Antibiotic Resistant Strains Found in Hospitals and Schools
            21:21
            Evolution of Resistant Bacteria
            22:01
            Evolution of Resistance
            24:06
            Natural Selection
            24:08
            Some Bacteria Transfers the Resistant Genes to Other Bacteria Who Don't Have It
            24:24
            It Reproduces and Soon Populates an Antibiotic Resistant Infection
            25:06
            Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
            25:30
            Acquired Resistance
            25:31
            Resistance Develops by Mutation of Resident or by Acquisition of New Genes
            26:55
            Flourish in Areas of High Antimicrobial Use
            27:10
            Spread of Antibiotic Resistance
            27:19
            Selection of Resistant Bacteria by Overuse and Misuse of Antibiotics
            29:02
            Multiple Antibiotics
            29:46
            Antibiotics Used Unnecessarily
            30:35
            Bacterial and Viral Pneumonia
            31:13
            Indiscriminant Use of Antibiotic
            31:52
            Unnecessary Antibiotics Can Promote Resistant Bacteria
            32:25
            Future Antibiotics May Lose Effectiveness
            32:33
            Ease of Obtaining Antibiotics
            33:11
            Over the Counter
            33:13
            Encourages Indiscriminant and Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics
            33:25
            Use in Animal Feed
            34:26
            Prevent Infections and Promote Growth
            34:30
            Animals Can Develop Resistance Also
            35:03
            Tutorial on Antibiotic Resistance
            36:05
            Example 1
            36:32
            Example 2
            39:30
            Section 2: Cell Biology
            Biology of the Prototype Cell

            10m 2s

            Intro
            0:00
            Cellular Organization
            0:14
            Prokaryotes
            0:27
            Eukaryotes
            0:48
            Three Domains of Life
            0:51
            Eubacteria
            1:02
            Archaebacteria
            1:09
            Eukaryotes
            1:15
            Evolution of Bacteria
            1:21
            Common Qualities
            2:02
            Nucleus
            2:12
            Plasma Membrane
            2:47
            Cytoplasm
            3:09
            Multicellularity
            3:17
            Multicellularity Evolved
            3:28
            Cells Gave Rise to Earth's First Lineage of Multicellular Organisms
            3:57
            Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens are 1.2 Billion Years Old
            4:18
            Cells Differentiated for Attaching to a Substrate
            4:37
            Longitudinal Division Divides Disc-Shaped Cells Into Radially Arranged Wedge-Shaped Cells
            4:54
            According to Energy
            5:08
            Phototrophs
            5:36
            Chemotrophs
            6:02
            Introducing Prokaryotic Cells
            6:46
            Bacteria and Archaea
            6:51
            Smallest Form of Life
            6:58
            Similar in Appearance and Size
            7:06
            Aerobic
            7:13
            Anaerobic
            7:19
            Facultative
            7:26
            Example 1
            7:37
            Example 2
            9:02
            Structures in Common & Structures That Are Unique

            8m 40s

            Intro
            0:00
            Structures
            0:22
            Way to Remember Cell Structures
            0:23
            Membrane Similarities
            0:34
            Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have Plasma Membrane
            0:42
            Replication Molecules
            1:17
            Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have DNA and RNA
            1:18
            One Way Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are Different
            1:41
            Genome Differences
            1:49
            Eukaryotes
            1:52
            Prokaryotes
            2:12
            Cell Division Differences
            2:43
            Prokaryotes
            2:49
            Eukaryotes
            2:55
            Organelle Differences
            3:07
            Eukaryotes
            3:10
            Prokaryotes
            3:31
            Energy Metabolism Differences
            3:42
            Eukaryotes
            3:48
            Prokaryotes
            4:21
            Cytoskeleton Differences
            4:41
            Eukaryotes
            4:50
            Prokaryotes
            5:27
            Example 1
            5:46
            Example 2
            7:13
            DNA & RNA

            11m 46s

            Intro
            0:00
            Which Came First
            0:31
            RNA Came First
            0:38
            Short RNA Molecules
            0:54
            Stored Information
            1:05
            Early RNA
            1:21
            Synthesized Proteins and Carried Info
            1:24
            Information Carrying Role of RNA
            1:36
            Evolution of Double-Stranded DNA Enabled the Storage of More Complex Info
            2:01
            DNA Became a Better Mechanism for Information Storage of Complex Traits
            2:13
            Replicating Molecules
            2:35
            Replicating Molecules Evolved and Began to Undergo Natural Selection
            2:51
            Replication
            3:05
            Protein Synthesis
            3:13
            RNA Evolves Into DNA
            3:24
            DNA Contains Instruction
            3:32
            RNA Transcribes DNA
            3:54
            Proteins Are Made from the Instructions
            3:59
            DNA Structure
            4:15
            Chromosomal DNA
            5:02
            DNA Coiling
            5:26
            DNA - Nucleic Functions
            5:51
            Transcription
            6:04
            Replication
            6:29
            Function of DNA
            7:10
            DNA Replication
            7:36
            Complete Unzipping of DNA
            7:38
            Assembly of Complementary Nucleotides
            7:47
            Only Occurs in Cell Division
            8:09
            DNA Replication Diagram
            8:18
            DNA Transcription and Translation
            8:41
            Example 1
            9:46
            Example 2
            10:27
            Example 3
            10:45
            Motility

            11m 24s

            Intro
            0:00
            Motility is an Important Property
            0:26
            Flagella
            0:37
            Pili
            0:55
            Prokaryotic Cell
            1:08
            Pili
            1:38
            Fimbriae
            1:45
            Pili Connect a Bacterium to Others of the Same Species
            1:57
            Transferred Plasmids Can Bring a New Function to the Cell
            2:37
            Fimbriae
            3:07
            Distributed Over the Entire Surface of the Cell
            3:08
            Have a Tendency to Adhere to Surfaces and to One Another
            3:17
            Example: Neisseria Gonorrhea
            3:40
            An Electron Micrograph of E Coli
            3:53
            Bacterial Conjugation with Pilus
            4:12
            Prokaryotic Flagella
            5:14
            Eukaryotes
            5:34
            Prokaryotes
            5:43
            Underneath Inner Plasma Membrane in Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
            6:05
            Different Types of Flagella
            6:13
            Flagella Organization
            6:14
            Bacteria Alters Speed and Direction of Rotation
            7:11
            Examples
            8:07
            Example 1
            8:41
            Example 2
            10:05
            Plasma Membrane

            16m 11s

            Intro
            0:00
            Plasma Membrane
            0:22
            Functions of Plasma Membrane
            0:28
            Physical Isolation
            0:31
            Regulation of Exchange with the Environment
            1:05
            Communication Between the Cell and Its Environment
            1:46
            Structural Support
            2:28
            Plasma Membrane Composition
            2:46
            Lipids
            2:59
            Proteins
            3:17
            Carbohydrates
            3:43
            Lipid Bi-Layer of Plasma Membrane
            4:19
            Micelle
            4:28
            Bilayer
            5:11
            Liposome
            5:40
            Cellular Evolution
            5:59
            Evoloution of Membranes Advantages
            6:49
            Encased Cells Out-Competed Naked Cells
            7:37
            Plasma Membrane Structure
            7:57
            Plasma Membrane Differences
            10:59
            Eukaryotic Cells Have Carbohydrates
            11:11
            Eukaryotic Plasma Membranes Contain Sterols
            12:08
            Prokaryotic Plasma Membranes Consist Mostly of Phospholipids and Proteins
            12:26
            Example 1
            12:41
            Example 2
            13:30
            Example 3
            15:02
            Antibody & Antigen Recognition

            15m 50s

            Intro
            0:00
            Finding and Cell Signaling
            0:22
            Ligand Binding
            1:00
            Ligand Binds
            1:01
            Binding Site is Complementary to the Ligand
            1:30
            Interaction Between Ligand and Binding Site is Specific
            2:39
            Induced Fit
            3:24
            Ligand Binding Illustration 1
            3:44
            Ligand Binding Illustration 2
            4:21
            Antibody Structure
            4:44
            Antigen-Antibody Specificity
            5:40
            Antigen-Antibody Reaction
            6:27
            Example 1
            10:10
            Example 2
            11:54
            Example 3
            13:29
            Microbial Metabolism

            21m 44s

            Intro
            0:00
            Organisms and Carbon
            0:20
            Autotrophs
            0:40
            Heterotrophs
            1:12
            Organisms and Energy
            2:07
            Metabolism
            3:19
            Metabolism
            3:26
            Catabolism
            3:53
            Anabolism
            4:15
            Cellular Respiration
            4:56
            Aerobic Respiration
            5:47
            Anaerobic Respiration
            6:13
            Glucose
            6:41
            Most Important Carbohydrate
            6:42
            Three Major Outcomes
            7:14
            Stored
            7:21
            Oxidized via Glycolysis
            7:22
            Oxidized via the Pentose Phosphate
            7:50
            Outcomes of Glucose I
            8:37
            Outcomes of Glucose II
            10:21
            Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
            11:50
            Glycolysis
            12:01
            Citric Acid Cycle
            12:05
            Oxidative Phosphorylation
            12:13
            Formula
            12:17
            Aerobic Metabolism
            12:28
            Respiration and Fermentation
            13:52
            Carbohydrate Catabolism
            15:00
            Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
            15:59
            Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
            16:00
            Lactic Acid
            16:08
            ATP Production Requirements
            17:13
            Energy Sources
            17:22
            Electron Carriers
            17:41
            Final Electron Acceptors
            17:49
            Example 1
            18:09
            Example 2
            18:41
            Example 3
            20:13
            Microbial Genetics

            39m 49s

            Intro
            0:00
            What is a Gene?
            0:39
            A Portion of the Chromosome That Determines or Affects a Single Character or Phenotype
            0:51
            Biochemical Definition of a Gene
            0:57
            Original Definition: One Gene-One Polypeptide
            1:20
            What is a Gene?
            1:48
            Regulatory Sequence
            1:50
            Genetic Code
            2:44
            Transcription and Replication
            3:56
            Replication of Bacterial DNA
            5:05
            Copy Both Sides of DNA Strand
            5:20
            DNA Transcription
            5:53
            DNA is Transcribed to Make RNA
            6:18
            RNA Polymerase Binds to the Promoter Sequence
            6:24
            Direction
            6:29
            Transcription Stops When It Reaches the Terminator Sequence
            6:33
            Bacterial Transcription
            6:39
            Transcription
            6:46
            No Nucleus
            6:52
            Translation
            7:51
            mRNA is Translated In Codons
            8:11
            Translation of mRNA Begins at the Start Codon
            8:18
            Translation Ends at Nonsense Codon
            8:22
            Gene Regulation
            8:34
            Constitutive Genes Are Expressed at a Fixed Rate
            8:43
            Other Genes Are Expressed Only as Needed
            8:58
            Regulation of Transcription
            9:11
            Repression
            10:16
            Induction
            11:04
            Germline Mutation
            12:09
            Evolutionary Biology
            12:32
            Molecular Biology
            13:48
            Mutations
            14:34
            Random and Rare
            14:36
            Can Be Beneficial or Neutral
            14:46
            Not All Mutations Matter
            14:58
            Somatic Mutations
            15:20
            Germline Mutations
            16:30
            Causes of Mutations
            16:44
            DNA Fails to Copy Accurately
            16:48
            External Influences Can Create Mutations
            17:21
            Types of Mutations
            18:14
            Substitution
            18:18
            Examples of Substitutions
            18:29
            Silent Mutations
            19:56
            Insertion
            20:39
            Deletion
            20:51
            Frame Shift
            21:12
            Bacterial Gene Recombination
            22:16
            Vertical Gene Transfer
            22:57
            Horizontal Gene Transfer
            23:16
            Genetic Recombination
            23:46
            Exchange of Genes Between Two DNA Molecules
            23:47
            Crossing Over Occurs When Two Chromosomes Break and Rejoin
            23:52
            Recipient Chromosome Contains New DNA
            23:57
            Bacterial Recombination
            24:51
            Bacterial Transformation
            25:53
            Conjugation in E. Coli
            28:36
            Transduction by a Bacteriophage
            30:04
            Plasmids
            31:53
            What are Plasmids?
            32:00
            F-Factor
            32:14
            Other Plasmids Encode for Proteins That Enhance the Pathogenicity of a Bacterium
            32:39
            Dissimilation Plasmids
            33:24
            R Factors
            33:44
            R-Factor, A Type of Plasmid
            33:53
            Transposons
            35:04
            Move From One Region of DNA to Another
            35:29
            Contain Insertion Sequences for Cutting and Resealing DNA (Tansposase)
            35:34
            Example 1
            36:14
            Example 2
            37:34
            Example 3
            38:15
            Section 3: Virus Biology
            Viral Structure, Genome, & Replication

            16m 50s

            Intro
            0:00
            Medical Virology
            0:11
            Viral Structure
            1:37
            Viral Genome
            1:55
            What is a Virus?
            2:09
            Smaller
            2:15
            DNA or RNA with no Nucleus
            2:34
            Classification of Viruses
            3:03
            Type and Confirmation of Genomic Nucleic Acid
            3:07
            Viral Morphology
            3:19
            Viral Structure
            3:54
            Virion
            3:58
            Envelope
            4:29
            Capsid
            5:39
            Nucleocapsid
            5:55
            Viral Genome - Composition
            6:27
            Viral Genome
            6:31
            DNA vs. RNA Structure
            6:42
            RNA
            7:49
            Pathogenicity & Virulence
            7:42
            DNA
            8:06
            Viral Genome - Shape
            8:36
            Segmented
            8:40
            Non-segmented
            9:22
            Changes in the Viral Genome
            9:36
            Genetic Recombination
            9:56
            Reassortment
            10:26
            Changes in the Viral Genome
            11:16
            Quasi-species
            11:24
            Ebola Virus
            11:58
            Example 1
            12:33
            Example 2
            13:42
            Example 3
            15:13
            Viral Entry Into a Cell & Transmission

            12m 31s

            Intro
            0:00
            Medical Virology
            0:27
            Viral Entry Into a Cell
            0:30
            Viral Transmission
            0:39
            Viral Entry into Cells
            0:53
            Attachment
            0:58
            Membrane Fusion
            1:29
            Pre Formation
            1:56
            Penetration
            2:12
            Transmission of Viruses
            2:34
            Aerosol
            2:51
            Contaminated Food
            3:19
            Arthropods
            4:01
            Sexual Contact
            5:06
            Organ and Tissue Transplant
            5:22
            Site of Virus Entry
            6:17
            Respiratory Tract
            6:37
            GI Tract
            7:08
            Urethra, Vagina, Anus
            7:34
            Skin
            7:42
            Conjunctiva
            7:45
            Type of Cell Best Suited for Virus
            7:57
            Example 1
            9:23
            Example 2
            10:13
            Medically Important Viruses

            24m 41s

            Intro
            0:00
            Medical Virology
            0:41
            Viruses We Will Study
            1:00
            How the Viruses Differs
            1:10
            Medically-Important Viruses
            1:23
            Selected Viruses of Medical Importance
            2:55
            Herpesviridae, Simplevirus
            2:59
            Herpes Virus
            4:09
            Papillomaviridae, Alphapapillomavirus
            4:47
            Papilloma Virus
            5:27
            Reoviridae, Rotavirus
            6:57
            Rotavirus
            7:58
            Paramyxovirinae, Morbilivirus
            9:04
            Measles Virus
            10:19
            Orthomyxoviridae (Influenza Virus)
            10:58
            Influenza Virus - Antigenic Drift
            12:52
            Influenza Virus - Antigenic Shift
            15:19
            Medically-Important Viruses
            18:39
            Avian Influenza
            18:41
            Example 1
            20:19
            Example 2
            21:50
            Example 3
            23:01
            Section 4: Classification of Microbes
            Overall Classification of Microbes

            15m 51s

            Intro
            0:00
            What is Taxonomy?
            0:18
            Science of Classifying Organisms
            0:21
            Universal Names Used by All Countries
            1:11
            Reference for Identifying Organisms
            1:19
            Binomial Nomenclature
            1:28
            Systematics or Phylogeny
            2:11
            Phylogeny
            2:12
            Like Reading a Family Tree
            2:28
            Root of the Tree
            2:33
            Moving Forward in Time
            2:49
            Clade
            3:01
            Ancestors and Lineage
            3:39
            Taxonomic Hierarchy
            4:17
            Genus and Species
            4:28
            Classification Changes
            4:38
            History of Microbial Taxonomy
            4:51
            Discovery of Microscope
            5:09
            Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia
            5:33
            Smallpox Vaccine
            5:42
            Bacteria and Fungi
            6:11
            Kingdom Portista
            6:24
            Prokaryotes Introduced as a New Kingdom
            6:57
            Definition of Prokaryote
            7:17
            Kingdom Fungi
            7:33
            Kingdom Prokaryote
            7:40
            Two Types of Prokaryotic Cells
            7:48
            Using Molecular Techniques to Classify
            7:58
            Classify Microbes
            8:24
            Three Domain System of Classification
            9:21
            Classification Criteria
            9:29
            Physiology
            9:58
            Ecology
            10:06
            Behavior
            10:27
            Morphology
            10:54
            Molecular Evidence (RNA)
            11:11
            Three Domains of Life
            11:39
            Eukaryotes
            11:46
            Prokaryotes
            11:48
            Archaea
            11:54
            Example 1
            12:13
            Example 2
            13:15
            Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Archaea

            12m 14s

            Intro
            0:00
            Classification of Prokaryotes
            0:45
            Lack of Nucleus
            0:51
            Culture
            1:05
            Clone
            1:19
            Strain
            1:37
            Phylogenetic Relationship
            2:02
            Archaea
            3:53
            Two Distinct Groups: Archaea and Bacteria
            4:05
            Archaea Lived in High Temperatures
            4:29
            Habitats
            4:51
            Only Habitants to Live in Extreme Habitats
            5:24
            New Research Shoes Archaeans are Abundant in the Open Sea
            5:40
            Archaea Morphology
            5:59
            Basic Archaeal Structure: Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, and Cell Wall
            6:08
            Archaeal Cell Membranes
            6:13
            Plasmid
            7:11
            Archaeal Ribosomes
            7:29
            Example 1
            8:20
            Example 2
            11:01
            Section 5: The Immune System
            The Immune System

            20m 18s

            Intro
            0:00
            Immune System Introduction
            0:28
            Body Defends Itself from Anything Foreign
            0:49
            What Immunity Constitutes
            1:13
            Immune Responses Can be Classified as Nonspecific or Specific
            1:27
            Nonspecific Immune Response
            1:54
            Specific Immune Response
            2:22
            Physiological Barriers
            2:49
            The Immune System
            3:18
            Innate Immune Response
            3:20
            Adaptive Immune Response
            3:42
            Immunity
            4:47
            Immunology
            5:32
            Immunity
            5:39
            Immune System
            6:21
            Barriers to Infection - Mechanical
            6:41
            Physical Barriers
            6:54
            Epithelial Surfaces
            8:31
            Mucosal Surfaces
            9:54
            Muco-ciliary Escalator
            10:40
            Barriers to Infection - Chemical
            11:25
            Enzymes
            11:33
            pH
            12:29
            Lung
            13:48
            Physiological Barriers
            14:56
            The Immune System
            16:52
            Example 1
            17:15
            The Complement System

            16m 53s

            Intro
            0:00
            What is Complement?
            0:37
            Proteins
            0:40
            Synthesized by Different Cell Types
            1:01
            Complement System
            1:14
            Destroy Pathogens Directly
            1:51
            Activate Other Components of the Immune Response
            2:02
            Collaborate with Other Components of the Immune Response
            2:12
            Classical Pathway
            2:28
            Lection Pathway
            3:29
            Alternative Pathway
            3:52
            Integral Protein Types That Function in Cell-Cell Interaction
            4:08
            Function of the Complement System
            4:49
            Complement is Activated Upon Infection
            4:50
            Complement Functions Like Enzymes
            6:16
            Enzyme Activation
            6:37
            Function of the Complement System
            7:43
            Complements the Ability of Antibodies and Phagocytic Cells to Identify and Remove Foreign Pathogens
            7:49
            Amplification
            8:50
            Activation of the Complement System
            9:17
            Cytolysis
            9:27
            Chemotaxis
            9:39
            Opsonization
            10:41
            Anaphylatoxins
            11:16
            Complement and Membrane Attack Complex
            12:10
            The Membrane Attached Complex
            12:49
            Pathways of Complement Activation
            13:07
            Classical
            13:43
            Lectin
            13:54
            Alternative
            14:07
            Example 1
            14:33
            Example 2
            15:23
            Example 3
            16:11
            Adaptive Immunity

            31m 10s

            Intro
            0:00
            What is Adaptive Immunity?
            0:27
            Primary Immune Response
            0:41
            Initiated by a Dendritic Cell That Ingested a Pathogen
            1:24
            Naïve B Cells are Stimulated to Proliferate and Differentiate in Specific Response to the Pathogen
            1:49
            Process of Adaptive Immunity
            2:28
            Humoral Immunity
            3:03
            Development of Acquired Immune Cells
            3:41
            The B Cell
            4:50
            Produced in the Bone Marrow
            4:52
            Outer Surface Contains a Specialized B Cell Receptor
            5:01
            Initial Activation
            5:55
            Secondary Activation
            6:15
            Hallmarks of Humoral Immunity
            6:23
            B Lymphocyte is the Central Cell
            6:51
            Antibody-mediated
            6:58
            Highly Complex
            7:03
            Step 1: Antigen Recognition
            7:18
            B Cells Recognize Extracellular Antigenics
            7:22
            Antigens on Pathogen Surfaces
            7:54
            Step 2: Clonal Expansion
            10:43
            B Cell Divides
            10:48
            Clone
            11:46
            Maturation of B Cells
            12:33
            Step 3: Differentiation
            13:46
            B Cells Differentiate Into Plasma Cells
            13:49
            Plasma Cell Produces and Secrets Antibodies Specific to the Origin Antigen
            14:00
            Produce and Secrete Abs Specific to the Original Antigen
            15:38
            Antigen Presenting Cells Show Protein Antigens to Helper T Cells
            15:55
            Step 4: Antigen Elimination
            16:30
            Newly-Manufactured Antibodies Attach to the Antigen
            16:36
            Termination of the Humoral Immune Response
            17:30
            Step 5: Immune Memory
            18:32
            Memory B Cells Reside in Bone Marrow
            18:53
            High-Affinity Immunoglobulins
            19:15
            Survive for Years
            20:15
            Respond Rapidly When the Antigen is Seen Again
            20:39
            Antibodies
            22:34
            Classes - IgM
            22:41
            Example 1
            24:51
            Example 2
            26:54
            Example 3
            28:03
            Antibody & Antigen Interactions

            41m 22s

            Intro
            0:00
            Antibody-Antigen
            0:22
            Where Do Antigens-Antibodies Belong?
            0:57
            What is an Antibody?
            1:12
            Immunoglobulin
            1:17
            Definition of Antibody
            1:32
            Each Antigen is Specific to an Antigen
            1:58
            Antigen Binds to an Antigen
            2:44
            Produced by Plasma Cells
            3:18
            Antibody Structure
            3:55
            Paratope
            4:17
            Hinge Region
            4:53
            Fragment Crystallizable
            5:44
            Antibody Function
            6:21
            Recognizes and Captures Foreign Proteins and Molecules
            6:41
            Activates Complement
            6:52
            Binds to Immune Cells to Activate Their Specific Functions
            7:55
            The Antibody Isotypes
            9:25
            IgM
            9:37
            IgG
            12:36
            IgD
            14:01
            IgA
            14:27
            IgE
            14:45
            What is an Antigen?
            15:18
            An Antigen is to Provoke an Immune Response
            15:53
            Exogenous
            16:43
            Endogenous
            17:16
            Autogenous
            18:10
            Antigen-Antibody Reaction
            19:08
            Affinity
            19:33
            Avidity
            19:57
            Specificity
            21:02
            Cross Reactivity
            21:31
            Foreignness
            22:17
            Size
            24:32
            What Determines Antigenicity?
            25:04
            Antigenicity Definition
            25:13
            Conformation
            25:29
            Composition
            26:02
            Bacterial Components
            26:27
            Antigenic Determinants: Innate Immunity
            26:53
            Example 1
            30:41
            Example 2
            33:15
            Example 3
            36:37
            Tumor Immunology

            33m 16s

            Intro
            0:00
            Antibodies Surrounding Tumor
            0:40
            Introduction to Tumor Immunology
            1:22
            Human Papilloma
            1:41
            Hepatitis B
            2:26
            Helicobacter Pylori
            2:47
            Immunology
            4:05
            Overview of Tumor Immunology
            4:17
            Immune Surveillance Theory
            4:18
            Malignant Transformation
            4:34
            Immune Reactivity to Tumors
            4:37
            Tumor Antigens
            4:43
            Tumor Immunotherapies
            4:49
            Inflammation and Cancer
            4:53
            Immune Surveillance Theory and Escape
            4:59
            Amount of Antigen Expressed is Too Low
            5:51
            Tumor Sheds Antigens That Block Antibodies and T-Cells from binding to the Tumor
            6:01
            Tumor Does Not Express Immunogenic Antigens
            6:15
            Tumor Does Not Express MHC Antigens
            6:32
            Tumor May Secrete Immunosuppressive
            6:51
            Hallmark of a Cancer Cell is Proliferation That is Dysregulated
            7:12
            Malignant Transformation
            7:39
            One Way to Cause Growth Regulations
            8:24
            Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Up Regulation of Oncogenes
            8:45
            Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Down Regulation of Tumor Suppressor Genes
            9:15
            Tumor Growth Over Time
            9:42
            Malignant Transformation
            10:46
            Benign
            11:20
            Malignant
            11:37
            Progression of Benign to Malignant
            12:35
            Micro-Induced Carcinogenesis
            13:40
            Initiation Promotion Progression Model
            14:28
            Examples of Malignant Transformation
            14:53
            Tumor Antigens
            15:46
            Tumor Must Express Antigens That the Immune System Recognizes as Foreign
            16:16
            Immune Reactivity to Tumors
            16:40
            Tumor Antigens
            17:07
            Tumor Immunotherapies
            17:15
            Tumorigenesis Secretes Chemical Signals That Change Gene Expression
            17:25
            Gene Expression Leads To The Following
            17:30
            Tumors in an Immunosuppressed Host
            18:48
            HIV and AIDS
            19:13
            Transplant Patients
            19:55
            Epstein-Barr Virus
            20:19
            Malaria
            20:27
            Tumor Immunotherapies
            20:45
            Active Therapy
            21:01
            Passive Therapy
            22:02
            Inflammation and Cancer
            24:05
            Chronic Inflammation
            24:18
            Inflammation as a Response to Cancer
            25:23
            Neoplastic Cells Induce an Inflammatory Immune System
            25:34
            Bacteria, Inflammation, and Cancer
            25:59
            Example 1
            27:46
            Example 2
            29:21
            Example 3
            30:25
            Example 4
            31:28
            Cell Mediated Immunity

            57m 13s

            Intro
            0:00
            Adaptive Immunity
            0:43
            Cell-Mediated Immunity
            1:47
            Lymphocyte T Cell
            1:56
            Antigen-Presenting Cells
            2:15
            Subset of T Cells
            2:22
            Immune Tolerance
            2:31
            Hallmarks of Cell-Mediated Immunity
            3:02
            Primary Actor is the T Lymphocyte
            3:06
            Directed at Pathogens That Survive in Phagocytes
            3:12
            Based on Activation
            3:23
            Induce Apoptosis in Cells Displaying Epitopes of Foreign Antigens
            4:25
            Activates Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells
            6:34
            Stimulates Cells to Secrete Cytokines That Signal Other Cells of the Humoral and Innate Immune Response
            6:47
            Responds to Intracellular Antigens
            7:16
            Requires Direct, Cell-to-Cell Contact
            7:24
            The T-Cell
            7:51
            Mature in the Thymus
            7:58
            Presence of the T-Cell Receptor
            8:04
            Important Components
            8:35
            Antigen-Presenting Cell
            9:36
            Type of Leukocyte
            11:17
            Responsible for the Immune Responses That Lead to the Following
            11:25
            T-Cell Maturation
            13:34
            Thymocyte
            13:42
            Thymopoiesis
            13:59
            Thymus Conducts a Testing Process of Positive and Negative Selection
            14:15
            Somatic Gene Rearrangement
            15:49
            Infinite Number of Configurations That Create TCRs
            17:00
            Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
            17:27
            Function
            18:23
            Immuno-Phenotyping
            19:18
            Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
            19:34
            Nomenclature
            19:40
            Example
            20:01
            Antigen-Presenting Cells
            20:50
            Antigen Presentation
            21:24
            Antigen-Presenting Cells
            21:32
            Direct Presentation
            21:52
            Cross-Presentation
            22:37
            Cross-Dressing
            23:04
            Professional
            23:24
            Others
            23:55
            Contact Between an APC and TCR Stimulates Important Signaling Events
            25:20
            T-Cell Subset: T-Helper Cells
            25:51
            Th1
            27:05
            Th2
            28:48
            Th17
            29:43
            T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
            31:26
            CD8+ Cells
            31:28
            Target Cells with Antigen
            31:50
            T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
            32:55
            Perforin
            33:30
            Granzyme
            34:07
            Pharmaceuticals are Designed to Alter T-Cell Responses
            35:00
            T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
            37:01
            Suppress Activation of the Immune System
            37:40
            Functions
            38:36
            T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
            39:45
            Commensal Bacteria
            39:51
            Graft/ Transplant
            41:02
            Pregnancy
            41:41
            Tumors
            41:47
            Cytokines
            42:46
            Types of Cytokines
            42:57
            Chemical Messengers
            43:19
            Functional Classes of Cytokines
            43:38
            Chemokines
            47:17
            Chemotaxis
            47:20
            Inflammation
            48:54
            Homeostatic
            49:10
            Antiviral Response
            49:23
            Designation
            49:27
            Pulling It All Together
            49:40
            Example 1
            51:40
            Example 2
            52:51
            Example 3
            54:56
            Section 6: The Bacteria
            Bacterial Cell Wall

            18m 38s

            Intro
            0:00
            Overview
            0:45
            Gram Negative and Positive Bacteria
            1:17
            Bacteria Without Cell Walls
            1:38
            Recall the Prototype Cell
            1:52
            Plasma Membrane
            2:15
            Cytoplasm
            2:21
            Nucleus
            2:26
            Cell Wall Principles
            2:41
            Protects Bacteria
            2:50
            Survive in Fluid Environments
            3:08
            Attack by Antibiotics
            4:26
            Source of Identification
            4:40
            Peptidoglycan
            4:47
            Murein
            5:10
            Protects the Plasma Membrane
            5:18
            Gram Staining
            5:42
            Gram Positive and Gram Negative
            5:55
            Gram Positive Bacterial Cell Wall
            8:26
            Thick Structure
            8:45
            Gram Staining
            8:52
            Teichoic Acids in Cell Wall
            9:06
            Gram Positive Streptococci
            9:21
            Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
            9:57
            Allows More Complexity
            10:15
            Outer Membrane Provides Barrier to Certain Antibiotics
            11:00
            Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
            11:34
            The Gram Stain
            12:36
            Hans Christian Gram Invented a Stain to Visualize Bacteria
            12:52
            Gram Positive Bacteria
            13:51
            Gram Negative Bacteria
            14:27
            Example 1
            14:55
            Example 2
            15:49
            Bacterial Morphology & Shape

            15m 4s

            Intro
            0:00
            Bacteria Morphology and Shape
            0:28
            Classification of Bacteria
            0:50
            Based on Several Major Properties
            0:53
            Taxonomy Principles Do Not Quite Fit for Bacteria
            1:21
            Variation in Shape and Distribution
            3:00
            Cocci
            3:14
            Bacilli
            4:00
            Budding and Appendaged Bacteria
            4:27
            Others
            4:35
            Bacterial Distribution
            4:51
            Shapes of Bacteria
            5:45
            Bacterial Shapes
            6:40
            Three Basic Shapes
            6:41
            Variation in Shapes
            7:12
            Clusters
            7:31
            Clusters Example
            7:50
            Streptococcus Pneumoniae
            8:18
            Bacterial Shapes
            8:56
            Streptococci
            9:00
            Staphylococci
            9:12
            Comma Shaped
            10:28
            Vibrios
            10:37
            Spirilla
            11:04
            Spirochetes
            11:25
            Example 1
            11:38
            Example 2
            12:39
            Example 3
            13:24
            Bacterial Metabolic Behavior

            23m 50s

            Intro
            0:00
            Energy Metabolism
            0:40
            Classification of Bacteria
            1:48
            Metabolic Behavior
            1:51
            Some Organisms are Anaerobic
            1:57
            Organisms and Carbon
            2:07
            Autotrophs
            2:10
            Heterotrophs
            2:43
            Organisms and Energy
            3:28
            Metabolism
            4:13
            Metabolism
            4:14
            Catabolism
            4:50
            Anabolism
            5:04
            Cellular Respiration
            5:49
            Aerobic Respiration
            6:55
            Anaerobic Respiration
            7:13
            Glucose
            7:41
            Energy-Currency Molecule for Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
            7:42
            Three Major Outcomes
            7:56
            Outcomes of Glucose
            8:18
            Outcomes of Glucose and Pyruvate
            9:07
            Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
            11:19
            Glycolysis
            11:25
            Citric Acid Cycle
            11:28
            Oxidative Phosphorylation
            11:30
            Aerobic Metabolism
            11:51
            Respiration and Fermentation
            13:18
            Carbohydrate Catabolism
            14:35
            Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
            15:37
            Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
            15:48
            Lactic Acid
            15:46
            Types of Fermentation
            16:16
            Lactic Acid Fermentation
            16:20
            Alcohol Fermentation
            16:27
            Alcohol Fermentation
            16:57
            Any Spoilage of Food by Microorganisms
            17:08
            Any Process that Produces Alcoholic Beverages
            17:14
            Any Large-Scale Microbial Process Occurring With or Without Air
            17:25
            Yeast and Other Microorganisms Ferment Glucose to Ethanol
            17:39
            Two Step Process
            18:07
            Lactic Acid Fermentation
            18:34
            Classic Anaerobic Metabolism
            18:35
            Releases Energy from Oxidation of Organic Molecules
            18:44
            End Products of Fermentation
            19:05
            Ethanol, Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid
            19:22
            Propionin Acid and Carbon Dioxide, Acetone, Glycerol, Citric Acid, Sorbose
            20:02
            Example 1
            20:29
            Example 2
            21:43
            Example 3
            22:55
            Bacterial Infection Patterns

            41m 12s

            Intro
            0:00
            'Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria'
            0:42
            Classification of Bacteria
            2:13
            Bacterial Pathogenesis
            2:31
            First Type of Immunity: Innate Immune System
            2:49
            Complement System
            3:00
            Innate Immune Cells: Phagocytosis
            3:10
            Cytokine Production and Epitopes
            3:29
            Location of Bacteria Infections
            4:05
            Steps of Bacterial Infection
            5:25
            Entry Into Host
            5:30
            Adherence to Host Tissue
            5:53
            Colonization
            5:58
            Overcome a Host's Defense
            6:02
            Hosts' Immune Response
            6:10
            Damage the Host Tissues
            6:17
            Progression or Recovery
            6:25
            Portals of Entry
            6:35
            The Skin
            7:18
            Viral and Bacterial Infection of Respiratory
            7:46
            Bacteria Entry
            8:00
            Some Bacteria Produce Toxins and Enzymes
            8:28
            Immune Response is Disease Causing Part of Bacterial Infection
            8:46
            Infection of Intestinal Epithelium
            8:59
            Shigella
            9:00
            Salmonella
            10:16
            Numbers of Invading Bacteria
            11:05
            Virulence
            11:30
            Potency
            12:07
            Virulence of Bacillus Anthracis
            12:33
            Adherence of Bacteria to Host Tissue
            13:49
            Adhesins or Ligands
            14:10
            Glycocalyx
            14:26
            Fimbriae
            14:32
            M Protein
            14:53
            Adherence
            15:07
            Adhesins or Ligands
            15:10
            E. coli Bacteria
            15:53
            Bacteria Adhering to Human Skin
            16:17
            Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci
            16:28
            Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
            16:42
            Capsules
            16:57
            Cell Wall Components
            17:03
            Enzymes
            17:18
            Antigenic Variation
            17:27
            Penetration into Host Cell Cytoskeleton
            17:57
            Capsules
            18:06
            Capsule
            18:07
            Glycocalyx
            18:19
            Functions to Impair Phagocytosis
            18:58
            Host Can However Develop Antibodies Against the Capsule
            19:07
            Streptococcus Pneumoniae
            19:28
            Cell Wall Components
            20:06
            M Protein
            20:18
            Neisseria Gonorrhea
            20:49
            Fimbriae
            20:57
            Bacterial Enzymes
            21:23
            Coagulase
            22:08
            Hyalurpnidase
            22:09
            Collagenase
            22:13
            IgA Proteases
            22:19
            Penetration
            22:44
            Invasins
            22:59
            Invasins Cause Host Cell Membrane to Ruffle
            23:12
            Shigella and Listeria
            23:32
            Bacterial Damage to Host Cells
            23:50
            Production of Toxins
            24:11
            Types of Toxins
            24:56
            Production of Toxins
            25:00
            Toxin
            25:08
            Toxigenicity
            25:21
            Toxemia
            25:25
            Toxoid
            25:30
            Antitoxin
            25:38
            Exotoxin
            25:44
            Produced Inside Some Bacteria
            25:55
            Released When Bacteria Undergoes Lysis
            26:06
            Proteins and Enzymes That Catalyze Certain Biochemical Reactions
            26:39
            Bacteria That Produce Exotoxins Can be Gram + or Gram -
            26:53
            Exotoxins Are Soluble in Body Fluids
            27:04
            Some Diseases Caused by Their Exotoxins
            27:13
            Exotoxin Examples
            27:35
            Action of A-B Exotoxin
            28:11
            Endotoxin
            29:12
            Endotoxin Differ from Extoxin in Several Ways
            29:21
            Endotoxins are Released When Gram - is Liberated
            30:24
            Antibiotics Used to Treat Gem
            30:32
            Endotoxins Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
            30:59
            Endotoxins and the Pyrogenic Response
            31:17
            Example Endotoxins
            32:08
            Salmonella Typhi
            32:15
            Neisseria Meningitidis
            32:22
            Proteus Spp
            32:35
            Steps of Bacterial Infection
            32:42
            Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
            33:59
            Example 1
            34:41
            Example 2
            37:25
            Example 3
            39:39
            Bacterial Adaptation to Environment

            20m 50s

            Intro
            0:00
            Bacterial Adaptation
            0:13
            Varied Tissues Within Human Host
            0:36
            Variable Levels of Oxygenation Both Inside and Outside of Host
            0:54
            Variable Levels of Moisture Both Inside and Outside Host
            1:10
            Survive Various Antibiotic and Other Types of Treatment
            1:23
            Variable Oxygen Environments
            1:58
            Bacterial Endospores
            3:33
            Clostridium Botulinum
            4:40
            Bacillus Anthracis
            4:48
            Clostridium Tetani
            4:50
            Botulism: Neurotoxin
            5:10
            Clostridium Botulinum
            6:29
            Gram Positive Rod-Shaped Bacteria That are Strictly Anaerobic
            6:58
            Produce Spores
            7:10
            Produces Paralysis
            7:49
            Toxin Can be Destroyed by Heating Food to 80 Degrees Celsius
            7:55
            Bacillus Anthracis
            8:47
            Produce Spores
            9:08
            Anthrax is Mostly a Disease of Herbivores
            9:20
            Weaponized Anthrax is Primarily Inhalation Form
            10:11
            Clostridium Tetani
            11:50
            Spores are Located in Solid and Can Colonize Gastrointestinal Tracts
            12:14
            Disease Uncommon
            12:27
            Toxin Produced During Growth Phase of Bacteria When Cell is Lysed
            13:14
            Toxin Blocks Release of GABA
            13:56
            Results in Paralysis
            14:09
            Example 1
            15:38
            Example 2
            16:45
            Example 3
            18:01
            Antigenic Composition of Bacteria

            33m 8s

            Intro
            0:00
            Bacteria as Antigens
            1:04
            Antigen-antibody Interaction
            1:12
            Bacterial Adaptations as Antigens
            1:31
            Cell Wall Components
            1:44
            Capsules as Antigens
            1:50
            Flagella as Antigens
            1:58
            Antigenic Variation
            2:00
            Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
            2:13
            Antigen-Antibody Interaction
            2:20
            What are Antigens
            2:25
            Examples of Antigens
            3:09
            Bacteria as Antigens
            4:33
            Adaptation to the Human Host Environment
            5:09
            Pathogenic Agent
            5:30
            Criteria for Effective Antigenicity
            6:02
            Bacterial Adaptations That are Antigenic
            7:36
            Pila
            7:45
            Flagella as Antigens
            7:57
            Fimbriae
            7:59
            Capsules as Antigens
            8:22
            Peptidoglycan
            8:33
            S Proteins
            8:45
            M Protein and Lipid A
            9:09
            Cell Wall Components
            9:47
            Neisseria Gonorrhea
            9:52
            Fimbriae and Opa
            10:03
            After Attachment, Host Cell Takes Bacteria
            10:22
            Secretory Antibodies
            10:38
            Circulating Antibodies
            10:58
            Capsule
            11:33
            Neutralize the Virulence
            12:39
            Bacterial Capsules as Antigens
            13:20
            S. Pneumoniae
            13:55
            B. Anthracis
            14:09
            S. Pyogenes
            14:38
            Bacterial Antigenicity
            15:30
            Motility and Vibrio Cholerae
            16:11
            Flagella are Antigenic
            16:20
            Agglutinate or Immobilize Bacterial Cells
            17:00
            Antigenic Variation
            17:49
            Antigenic Variation Over Time
            18:54
            Antigenic Variation by Space and Time
            22:12
            Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
            24:02
            Example 1
            27:36
            Example 2
            31:24
            Section 7: Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
            Epidemiology of Infectious Disease

            15m 43s

            Intro
            0:00
            Infectious Diseases: Extent of Problem
            0:43
            26% of Deaths Worldwide
            1:21
            Ebola Outbreak in Africa
            1:50
            Cholera in Haiti and South America
            2:22
            West Nile Virus Infections in U.S.
            2:39
            Worldwide Cholera Occurrence
            3:03
            Extent of Research
            4:38
            Importance to National Security
            5:42
            Bioterrorism Key Achievements
            7:00
            Smallpox
            7:06
            Anthrax
            7:22
            Botulinum
            7:28
            Ebola
            7:52
            Importance of Epidemiology
            8:38
            Scientific Study of Causes and Determinants of Disease
            8:44
            Study of Vector and Animal Host Biology
            8:56
            Patterns of Disease Transmission
            9:39
            Determine Disease Causation
            10:31
            Development of Vaccines
            11:04
            Development and Evaluation of Effective Treatments
            11:55
            Example 1
            12:28
            Human Host & Disease Transmission

            56m 19s

            Intro
            0:00
            Human Host and Disease Transmission
            0:19
            Discuss the Basis of Human Disease
            0:27
            Non-random Distribution of Disease
            0:34
            Ways Disease are Transmitted
            0:44
            Occurrence of Disease
            1:09
            Measures of Disease Transmission
            1:19
            Disease Outbreaks
            1:23
            Basis of Human Disease
            1:39
            How Human Disease Arise
            1:43
            Host Must be Susceptible
            2:08
            Capacity to Infect
            2:32
            Environment
            2:53
            Non-Random Distribution of Disease
            3:27
            Genetic Predisposition
            3:34
            Nutrition
            4:16
            Immune Status
            4:24
            Socio-Economic Status
            4:40
            Modes of Disease Transmission
            5:46
            Direct Transmission
            5:54
            Indirect Transmission
            6:50
            Example of Disease Transmission
            8:30
            HIV/ AIDS
            8:34
            Hepatitis A,B,C
            10:10
            Clinical and Subclinical Disease
            12:42
            Clinical Disease
            12:49
            Subclinical Disease
            13:10
            Non Clinical Disease
            15:36
            Carrier Status
            17:48
            Carrier Status Example: Typhoid Mary
            18:33
            Occurrence of Disease
            20:18
            Endemic
            20:27
            Epidemic
            21:30
            Pandemic
            21:45
            Epidemic of Obesity
            22:22
            Measures of Infectious Disease Transmission
            23:45
            Incubation Period
            24:23
            Epidemic Curve
            27:44
            Disease Outbreaks
            28:37
            One Exposure, Common Vehicle
            28:43
            Outbreak Analysis
            32:14
            Food Borne Illness
            34:06
            76 Million Cases of Food Borne Illness Per Year
            34:07
            Known Pathogens
            35:08
            62 Million Cases from Unknown Agents
            35:23
            Example of Food Outbreak: Salmonella Saintpaul, 2008
            35:34
            Distribution of Outbreak Strain of Salmonella Found on Tomatoes and/or Jalapeno Peppers
            36:21
            Number of Persons Infected with Salmonella Saintpaul
            38:10
            Clinical Features of Salmonella Infection
            40:47
            Diarrhea
            41:06
            Abdominal Cramps
            41:11
            Identified by Stool Sample Culture
            41:19
            Severe Infection
            41:50
            Case-Control Studies of Salmonella Saintpaul Infection
            42:26
            Description of Outbreak Source Investigation
            45:02
            Example 1
            46:25
            Example 2
            50:43
            Example 3
            53:13
            Difference Measures of Disease

            39m 23s

            Intro
            0:00
            Introduction
            0:16
            What is the Extent of Disease?
            1:00
            Who is at Risk for the Disease?
            1:07
            How is Disease Transmitted?
            1:36
            How is Disease Defined?
            1:52
            Counts
            2:17
            Assessment
            2:32
            Example of Tuberculosis Count
            3:04
            Counts of Influenza Positive Tests
            4:02
            Counts of AIDS Cases
            5:58
            Example of a Food Outbreak Investigation
            8:01
            Steps Public Health Investigators Follow to Determine Cause of Illness
            8:24
            Identifying the Source
            8:39
            Example
            9:04
            Potential Sources of Contamination
            9:44
            Production
            9:55
            Farms
            10:14
            Distribution
            10:31
            Retail Establishments
            10:39
            Restaurant Example
            10:56
            Food Borne Outbreak Investigation Steps
            11:43
            Determining if an Outbreak is Occurring
            11:57
            Defining Signs and Symptoms
            12:07
            Hypothesis
            12:14
            Collect Data and Test Hypothesis
            12:38
            Not Finding Associations
            13:09
            After Finding Pathogen, You Can Conduct Intervention to Remove Contaminated Food
            13:45
            Determine the Source
            14:09
            Clear Outbreak When All Contamination is Gone
            14:30
            Case Study: Norovirus Outbreak Michigan Jan-Feb, 2006
            14:34
            Norovirus
            16:14
            Infects All Ages
            16:40
            Cause Infection Throughout the Year But There's a Peak in Time
            16:44
            Recognizing Outbreaks of Norovisur Infection
            16:51
            Cases of Norovirus Over Time
            18:42
            Attack Rate
            19:24
            Definition
            19:37
            Restaurant Example
            21:11
            Attack Rate by 3 Hour Time Intervals
            22:52
            Patrons Who Became Ill
            23:35
            Case Control Analysis to Determine Food Source
            24:21
            Attack Rate
            25:58
            Food Outbreak Measures
            26:16
            Compute the Denominator
            27:06
            Compute Attack Rate During Certain Time Period
            27:28
            Construct Possible Hypotheses
            28:14
            Conduct Case-Control Analysis with Odds Ratio
            29:37
            Example 1
            29:47
            Example 2
            34:55
            Example 3
            36:51
            Section 8: Eukaryotes-structure, Function, Diversity, and Environmental Niche
            Eukaryotic Microbes

            20m 53s

            Intro
            0:00
            Introduction to Eukaryotic Microbes
            0:38
            Helminths
            0:57
            Why are They Called Microorganisms
            1:01
            Parasites
            1:25
            Introduction to Cell Theory
            2:03
            Evolution of Multi-Cellularity
            3:30
            Prokaryotes Can Form into Colonies and Biofilms
            3:42
            Eukaryotic Cells Can Arrange Themselves Into Tissue
            3:58
            Multicellularity Evolved
            5:03
            Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens
            5:45
            Timeline
            6:45
            Endosymbiosis
            8:00
            Ancestral Anaerobic Eukaryote
            8:05
            Aerobic Eukaryote
            8:38
            Photosynthetic Cyanobacterium
            8:54
            Photosynthetic Eukaryote
            8:58
            Phylogeny
            9:24
            Prokaryotes
            9:34
            Eukaryotes
            9:39
            Organization of Eukaryotic Cell
            9:50
            Level 1: Monomeric Units
            10:13
            Level 2: Macromolecules
            10:16
            Level 3: Supramolecular Complexes
            10:37
            Level 4: The Cell and Its Organelles
            10:40
            Eukaryotic Animal Cell
            11:01
            Nuclear Envelope
            11:53
            Plasma Membrane
            11:58
            Mitochondrion
            12:15
            Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
            12:23
            Ribosomes
            12:51
            Peroxisomes
            13:00
            Cytoskeleton
            13:05
            Lysosome
            13:23
            Golgi Complex Processes
            13:27
            Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
            13:40
            Eukaryotic Plant Cell
            14:01
            Cell Wall
            14:29
            Chloroplast
            14:49
            Starch Granule
            15:06
            Thylakoids
            15:17
            Golgi Complex, Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes
            15:25
            Nucleus, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleolus
            15:33
            Mitochondrion
            15:39
            Example 1
            15:56
            Example 2
            18:44
            Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part I

            19m 45s

            Intro
            0:00
            Introduction to Fungi
            0:15
            1.5 Million Different Species on Earth
            0:17
            Fungal Diseases
            1:10
            Fungi Live Outdoors and Indoors
            1:17
            Most Fungi Are Not Dangerous
            1:30
            Medically Important Fungi
            1:38
            Contagious Diseases
            1:40
            Commensal Organisms
            2:39
            Fungal Growth
            3:14
            Vegetative Growth
            3:36
            Septate Hypha
            3:43
            Continuous Hyphae
            3:52
            Spore
            3:58
            Fungal Dimorphism
            4:06
            Fungi Life Cycle
            4:44
            Filamentous Fungi
            4:49
            Fungal Spores
            5:21
            Fungal Fragmentation
            6:05
            Fungal Spore Formation
            6:29
            Fungi Sexual Reproduction
            6:57
            Plasmogamy
            7:06
            Karyogamy
            7:10
            Meiosis
            7:11
            Sexual Spores
            7:45
            Ascospore
            8:11
            Life Cycle of Ascomycete
            8:21
            Histoplasmosis Capsulatum (Ascomycete)
            9:18
            Histoplasmosis Distribution
            10:54
            Histoplasmosis Lifecycle
            11:28
            Fungal Diseases
            13:06
            Mycosis
            13:08
            Chronic and Long Term
            13:16
            Five Groups
            13:21
            Systemic
            13:30
            Subcutaneous
            13:37
            Cutaneous
            13:40
            Superficial
            13:42
            Opportunistic
            13:45
            Example 1
            14:18
            Example 2
            17:40
            Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part II

            31m 55s

            Intro
            0:00
            Introduction to Fungi
            0:19
            Recap of Fungi Part One
            0:20
            1.5 Million Species
            0:28
            Focus on Fungi That Cause Human Disease
            0:59
            Medically Important Fungi
            1:42
            Contagious Diseases?
            1:44
            Dermatophytosis Example
            2:02
            Pneumocystis Example
            2:22
            Commensal Organisms: Candida Albicans
            2:36
            Fungal Diseases
            3:02
            Mycosis
            3:06
            Fungal Mycoses
            3:12
            Five Groups
            3:22
            Superficial Fungal Diseases
            4:10
            Fungi That are Localized in Hair Shafts and on Skin Surface
            4:20
            Prevalent in Tropical Climate
            4:31
            Benign
            4:38
            Figures Explanation
            4:44
            Cutaneous Fungal Disease
            5:04
            Infect the Epidermis
            5:05
            Dermatomycoses
            5:21
            Dermatophytes
            5:31
            Dermatophytes Secrete Keratinase
            6:04
            Examples
            6:31
            Subcutaneous Fungal Diseases
            6:39
            Fungal Infections Beneath the Skin
            6:42
            Occur After a Puncture Wound
            6:58
            Infections Occur Among Farmers
            8:15
            Example: Sporotrichosis
            8:26
            Candidiasis Albicans
            8:57
            Most Common in Yeast Infections
            8:58
            Resides on Skin Surfaces
            9:16
            Resistant to Phagocytosis
            9:46
            Opportunistic Fungal Disease
            12:25
            Host is Debilitated or Traumatized
            12:52
            Under Treatment with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
            13:20
            Immune System is Suppressed by Drugs
            14:03
            Has an Immune Disorder or Lung Disease
            14:19
            Pneumocystis Pneumonia
            14:47
            Caused by Pneumocystis Jirovecii
            14:56
            Most Frequent and Severe Opportunistic Infection
            15:05
            Immunocompetent Adults Have Few or No Symptoms
            15:59
            Example: Pneumocystis Cysts in Lung of Patient with AIDS
            16:58
            Life Cycle of Pheumocystis Jirovecii
            17:34
            Early Incidence of Pneumocystis
            18:49
            Systemic Fungal Disease
            21:21
            Fungal Infections Deep Within the Body
            21:24
            Caused by Fungi Living in the Soil
            21:44
            Infections Begin in Lungs and Spread to Other Tissue
            22:13
            Example: Coccidiodomycosis Infection of Lung Tissue
            22:21
            Life Cycle of Coccidiodes Immitis
            23:12
            Number of Coccidiomycosis Cases
            24:10
            Distribution of Coccidiomycosis Cases
            26:06
            Example 1
            27:20
            Example 2
            30:08
            Parasites

            20m 1s

            Intro
            0:00
            Introduction to Parasites
            0:48
            Live in Human Hosts
            1:00
            Example of Parasites
            1:29
            Extent of Parasitic Diseases
            1:47
            Parasitic Infections Cause a Tremendous Burden of Disease
            1:54
            Malaria Example
            2:12
            Neglected Tropical Diseases
            2:38
            Extent of Malaria
            3:22
            Relationships Between Species
            6:51
            Symbiosis Between Pathogen and Host
            7:11
            Symbiosis
            7:29
            Mutualism
            7:58
            Commensalism
            8:05
            Parasitism
            9:10
            Parasite Definitions
            9:28
            Parasite Definition
            9:32
            Three Major Classes
            9:54
            Ectoparasites
            10:15
            Locations of Parasitic Infection
            10:48
            Parasite Hosts and Vectors
            12:21
            Vectors Convey a Parasite from Host to Host
            12:27
            Anopheles Mosquito and Malaria
            12:43
            Example 1
            13:04
            Example 2
            15:34
            Eukaryotes: Protozoa

            24m 59s

            Intro
            0:00
            Introduction to Protozoa
            0:13
            Protozoa Definition
            0:14
            Intestinal Protozoa
            1:19
            Insect Vectors
            1:47
            Transmission of Enteric Protozoa
            2:02
            Transmission of Blood Borne Protozoa: Leishmaniasis
            4:50
            Leishmaniasis Transmission Chart
            5:33
            Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
            7:15
            Visceral Leishmaniasis
            7:37
            Medically Important Protozoa
            8:07
            Four Classes
            8:24
            Described by the Systems They Infect
            8:54
            Flagellates
            9:10
            Intestinal and Genito-Urinary Flagellates
            9:32
            Blood and Tissue Flagellates
            9:42
            Ambae
            10:45
            Typically Amoeboid
            10:49
            Represented by Entamoeba, Negleria, and Acanthamoeba
            11:27
            Sporozoa
            12:38
            Alternating Sexual and Asexual Reproductive Phases
            12:56
            Cyclospora Life Stage
            13:13
            Lifecycle of Sporozoa: Cryptosporidium
            16:16
            Ciliates
            17:20
            Complex Protozoa Bearing Cilia Distributed in Rows or Patches with Two Kinds of Nuclei in Each Cell
            17:24
            Balantidium Coli
            17:54
            Example 1
            20:06
            Example 2
            22:52
            Eukaryotes: Helminths

            32m 53s

            Intro
            0:00
            Introduction to Helminths
            0:30
            Definition of Helminths
            0:31
            Three Types of Helminths
            0:54
            Biological Properties of Helminths
            1:38
            Biological Life Cycle of Helminths
            1:42
            Adult Helminths May Be Dioecious
            3:25
            Monoecious Helminths
            3:58
            Characteristics of Helminths
            4:12
            May Lack a Digestive System
            4:16
            Nervous System is Reduced
            4:41
            Incidence of Helminth Infections Worldwide
            5:50
            Intestinal Helminths
            6:29
            Soil Transmitted Helminths
            8:15
            Wuchereria Bancrofti
            8:35
            Wuchereria Bancrofti Causes Lymphatic Filariasis
            9:01
            Nematode or Roundword That Inhibits Lymphatic Vessels
            9:18
            Life Cycle
            9:43
            Lifecycle of Wuchereria Bancrofti
            10:11
            Symptoms of Wuchereria Bancrofti
            11:41
            Elephantiasis
            11:59
            People Who Develop Lymphedema
            12:39
            Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
            14:53
            Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis in India
            18:08
            Taenia Saginata or Solium
            19:19
            Human Tapeworms
            19:20
            Cestode That Inhabits Intestinal Tracts of Human Hosts
            19:36
            Taenia
            20:01
            Scolex
            20:53
            Tania or Tapeworms
            21:39
            Life Cycle of Taenia Saginata or Solium
            22:15
            Urban Myth of Reality
            24:35
            Example 1
            25:41
            Example 2
            28:38
            Helminths & Immunity

            32m 50s

            Intro
            0:00
            The Immune System
            0:45
            Innate Immune Response
            1:04
            Adaptive Immune Response
            1:15
            Autoimmunity and Helminth Infection
            2:20
            Endemic Type 1 Diabetes
            2:26
            Endemic Helminth Infections
            2:47
            Coevolution of Helminths and Immunity
            4:43
            Helminth Infections are a Driving Force in Shaping
            5:53
            Helminths Do Not Replicate in Human Host
            6:37
            Helminths are Able to Maintain a Co-existence With Immune System
            7:18
            Innate Immunity
            7:46
            Adaptive Immunity
            7:52
            Localized Impact of Helminth Infection
            9:05
            Immune Modulation of Helminth Infection
            14:07
            Helminths and Immune Response
            15:55
            Other Ways Helminths Facilitate Immune Response
            17:45
            Helminth Influence on Immunity
            19:07
            Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
            22:04
            Infected, Low Pathology - Develop Tolerance
            22:35
            Chronic Pathology
            22:50
            Pathogen Co-Existence and Immunity
            23:29
            Helminths and Autoimmunity in Mice
            25:31
            Summary of Helminths and Immunity
            26:39
            Hygiene Hypothesis
            26:42
            Driving Force in Shaping
            27:27
            Absence of Helminths and the Immune Tolerances
            27:46
            Example 1
            28:10
            Example 2
            30:23
            Section 9: Survey of Important Bacteria
            Gram Positive Bacteria

            46m 35s

            Intro
            0:00
            Introduction
            1:01
            External Peptidoglycan
            1:07
            Stain Purple
            1:16
            Reasons How External Peptidoglycan is Important
            1:30
            Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
            1:51
            Immune Attack of Gram Positive Bacteria
            3:21
            Process of Opsonization
            3:29
            What is Opsonization
            3:39
            Complement Forms Membrane Attack Complexes
            4:38
            Ways Bacteria Gets Recognized by the System
            5:14
            Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
            6:55
            Metabolism
            7:00
            Survival Mechanisms
            7:11
            Shapes
            7:23
            Environments
            7:39
            Examples of Gram Positive Bacteria
            7:59
            Shapes of Gram Positive Bacteria
            9:13
            Streptococci vs. Staphylococci
            9:26
            Staphylococci Shape
            9:38
            Streptococci Shape
            9:52
            Staphylococcus Bacteria
            10:04
            Staphylococcus
            10:20
            Salt-Tolerant
            11:36
            Two Main Species
            12:24
            Pathogenicity
            12:38
            Enzymes and Toxins
            13:38
            Staphylococcus Aureus
            14:57
            Food Borne Infection
            15:04
            Skin Infections
            15:29
            Systemic Disease
            16:14
            Staphylococcus Bacteria
            17:36
            Categorized According to Antigens
            18:00
            Streptococcus Group A
            18:09
            Streptococcus Pyogenes
            19:09
            Pathogenicity
            19:37
            Rheumatic Fever
            20:00
            Necrotizing Fasciatis
            20:39
            Glomerulonephritis
            21:30
            Surface M Protein
            21:50
            Hyaluronic Acid Capsule
            22:25
            Enzymes
            22:47
            Pyrogenic Toxins
            22:57
            Bacillus
            23:34
            Has Endospore Stage and Produces Toxins
            23:59
            Bacillus Anthracis
            24:16
            Spores Activated
            25:12
            Toxins Cause Disease
            25:40
            Clostridium Bacteria
            26:02
            Gram Positive, Anaerobic, and Endospore Producing
            26:30
            Different Clostridium Bacteria
            26:56
            Clostridium Difficile
            27:34
            Commonly Found Among the Intestinal Microbiota
            27:38
            Opportunistic Pathogen
            27:57
            Common in Hospital
            28:30
            Age-Adjusted Death Rate for Enterocolitis Due to C. Difficile
            29:16
            Listeria Bacteria
            29:54
            Avoidance of Immune Reaction by Listeria
            31:23
            Multi-State Listeriosis Outbreak from Whole Cantaloupes Grown by Jensen Farms, Colorado
            33:04
            Example 1
            36:17
            Example 2
            39:05
            Example 3
            43:47
            Gram Negative Bacteria

            44m 38s

            Intro
            0:00
            Introduction
            0:29
            Internal Cell Wall
            0:45
            Characteristic Properties
            0:54
            Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
            2:01
            Outer Membrane Provides a Barrier
            3:05
            Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
            3:16
            Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
            3:20
            Lipid A Molecule
            3:26
            Lipopolysaccharides
            3:40
            Most Gram Negative Bacteria Do Not Form Spores
            3:54
            Gram Negative Laboratory Algorithm
            4:05
            Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
            6:45
            Outer Membrane
            6:50
            Genetic Exchange
            6:53
            Immune Reaction to Gram Negative Bacteria
            7:49
            Examples of Gram Negative Bacteria
            12:12
            Endotoxin
            12:52
            Differ from Exotoxin in Several Ways
            13:05
            Released When Gram Negative Bacteria Undergo Lysis and Endotoxin is Liberated
            13:50
            Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
            14:36
            E. Coli Bacteria
            15:03
            Escherichia Coli
            15:06
            Pathogenic Strains of E. Coli
            15:28
            Shiga-Toxin E. Coli Outbreak, Germany 2011
            16:24
            Salmonella Bacteria
            18:29
            Pathogenicity
            18:36
            Infection by Salmonella
            20:36
            Another Image of Infection by Salmonella
            21:41
            Bacterial Infections, 2013
            23:44
            Vibrio Bacteria
            25:12
            Vibrio Genus
            25:37
            Most Virulent Species is Vibrio Cholerae
            25:50
            Cholera Life Cycle
            26:59
            Worldwide Cholera Cases
            29:44
            New Cases of Cholera in Haiti During a 2 Year Period
            30:24
            Preventing Cholera Infection with Gut Flora
            31:10
            Bordetella Pertussis
            32:55
            Aerobic Coccobacillus
            33:24
            Tracheal Toxin
            33:40
            Pertussis Toxin
            33:50
            Pertussis Infection Timeline
            34:25
            Pertussis Symptom Timeline
            36:10
            Reported Pertussis Cases in US 1922-2003
            37:31
            Example 1
            38:09
            Example 2
            39:36
            Example 3
            41:16
            Bacteria with Other Cell Walls

            24m 6s

            Intro
            0:00
            Bacteria Classification by Cell Wall
            0:21
            Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative
            1:01
            Gram Stain
            1:18
            Shape
            1:24
            Bacteria Undetectable with Gram Stain
            3:07
            Mycobacteria
            3:23
            Mycoplasma Pneumonia
            4:02
            Chlamydia
            4:11
            Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Bacteria
            4:23
            Atypical Small Bacterium Without A Cell Wall
            4:30
            Lacks Rigid Cell Wall
            5:02
            Extracellular in Respiratory Tract
            7:02
            Acid-Fast Bacteria
            7:38
            Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
            8:36
            Infectious Process
            10:31
            Tuberculosis Incidence in 2005
            12:45
            Chlamydia Trachomatis Bacteria
            15:11
            Obligate Intracellular Human Parasite
            15:39
            Gram Negative
            16:01
            Three Human Biovars
            16:15
            Life Cycle of Chlamydia
            17:33
            Example 1
            19:42
            Example 2
            21:01
            Section 10: Microbes and Human Disease
            Tuberculosis

            28m

            Intro
            0:00
            Tuberculosis Introduction
            0:47
            Malaria
            0:51
            Acid-Fast Staining
            1:04
            Tuberculosis Disease
            1:42
            Latent and Active Disease
            1:51
            Strong Man Image Example
            2:22
            Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
            2:39
            Cell Wall
            2:48
            Tuberculosis Incidence in 2012
            3:21
            Worldwide Tuberculosis Incidence
            4:19
            TB Research Center, Chennai, India
            5:00
            Tuberculosis in United States
            5:47
            Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
            6:28
            Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
            7:40
            Infection
            7:50
            How It's Spread
            8:09
            What Determines Whether or Not an Individual Will be Exposed
            8:49
            Bacilli can Multiply Once Reaching the Alveoli
            9:21
            Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
            10:18
            Inactive Form of TB
            10:34
            Active vs. Inactive Form of TB Depends on If Bacilli Stay in Tissue or Break Out
            10:44
            Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
            11:20
            Bacilli That Reach Alveoli
            11:32
            Those Bacilli are Ingested by Macrophages
            12:28
            No Symptoms of Disease
            13:20
            More Advanced Stage
            13:25
            Multiply in Macrophages
            13:45
            Inflammation
            14:24
            After a Few Weeks Disease Symptoms Appear
            15:00
            Caseous Center
            15:30
            Aerobic Bacilli Do Not Grow Well in the Center
            16:18
            Granuloma Can Reactivate Later
            16:46
            Active Disease: The Granuloma Can Rupture with Liquefaction
            17:25
            Active TB
            18:04
            Tuberculosis Staging
            18:12
            Stage 3 Important Stage
            18:40
            Stage 5 You Have TB
            18:55
            Tuberculosis Testing
            19:31
            Tuberculin Skin Test
            19:32
            Positive Skin Reaction Image Example
            20:14
            Tuberculosis Vaccination
            20:32
            BCG Vaccination in Other Areas Around the World
            20:48
            BCG Protects from the Active Form of Tuberculosis
            21:06
            BCG Does Not Confer Lifelong Protection
            22:34
            Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
            22:51
            Target Different Parts
            23:09
            Regiment
            23:32
            Example 1
            24:34
            Example 2
            26:40
            Malaria, a Protozoan Disease

            29m 59s

            Intro
            0:00
            Protozoa Introduction
            1:13
            One-Celled Organisms
            1:14
            Free Living or Parasitic
            1:19
            Can Multiply in Humans
            1:27
            How Does a Pathogen Get to the Digestive Tract
            1:44
            Worldwide Cases of Malaria
            3:06
            Found Where There a Lot of Mosquitoes
            3:14
            Malaria Introduction
            4:00
            Protozoa
            4:03
            Lives Partially in Human Host, Partially in Mosquito
            4:06
            Four Major Species
            4:29
            Carried by Anopheles Mosquitoes
            4:49
            Lifecycle of Malaria
            5:08
            Two Stages in Human Host and One Stage in Mosquito
            5:30
            Mosquito Bites and Injects Sporozoites
            5:49
            Parasite Goes Into Liver
            7:14
            Blood Supply
            7:33
            Diagnostic Stage
            7:55
            Erythrocytes
            8:11
            Gametocytes
            9:04
            Final Stage: Release of Sporozoites
            9:39
            Sickle Cell Anemia and Moleria
            10:16
            Sickle Cell Anemia is a Genetic Mutation Disease
            10:34
            Function
            11:05
            Hemoglobin Shape and Oxygen Capacity are Slightly Different
            11:16
            Selective Advantages and Disadvantages
            12:04
            Effects at a Cellular Level
            12:06
            Effects at the Organismal Level
            12:39
            Effects at the Population Level
            12:54
            Evolution of Human Malaria
            13:31
            Plasmodium Parasite Has Evolved
            13:40
            Plasmodium Reichenowi
            13:56
            What's Going on in India
            14:43
            Malaria Pathogenicity
            15:40
            Incubation Period
            15:41
            Symptoms
            16:05
            P. vivax and P. ovale
            16:41
            Dormant Liver Stage
            16:57
            Diagnosis
            18:33
            Malaria Treatment
            19:30
            Depends on Many Factors
            19:32
            Medications
            20:32
            Example 1
            22:28
            Example 2
            27:38
            HIV/AIDS

            38m 7s

            Intro
            0:00
            What is HIV / AIDS?
            0:31
            Human Immunodeficiency Virus
            0:32
            Once Infected, the Virus Will Always Be There
            1:28
            Exception
            1:45
            Transmitted Through Body Fluids
            2:10
            Virus
            2:15
            HIV Can be Transmitted Through
            3:13
            Sexual Contact, Injection Drug Use, Occupational Exposure, Pregnancy, Blood Transfusion
            3:14
            Blood Transfusion Used to be Significant for Disease Transmission
            3:31
            Adult HIV Prevalence, 2012
            4:30
            Africa is Highest
            4:40
            North and South America are Also High Prevalence
            4:44
            India
            5:02
            Counts of AIDS Cases
            5:22
            Example of Disease Transmission
            7:19
            Males
            7:31
            Females
            7:42
            HIV/ AIDS Methods of Transmission
            8:33
            HIV Retrovirus
            9:10
            Retrovirus
            9:21
            Replicate the Virus
            10:13
            Life Cycle of HIV Virus
            10:55
            Genome
            11:10
            Reverse Transcription
            11:16
            Host DNA Produces Goes Through Transcription and Translation
            11:26
            Produce Viral RNA
            11:36
            Importance of Figure
            12:00
            Viral Load and Immune Cell
            12:45
            Individual Infected
            12:52
            Plasma Virus Load Increases then Rapidly Declines
            12:58
            CD4+ T Cell
            13:34
            Immune System is Suppressed Enough That AIDs Develops
            14:20
            Evolution of HIV/ AIDS
            15:31
            Immunodeficiency and Development of Opportunistic Infections
            17:40
            Herpes Simplex Virus
            18:00
            Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
            18:10
            Kaposi Sarcoma and Many More
            18:22
            Disease Emerge at Different Time Depending on Degree of Suppression
            18:40
            Opportunistic Infections with HIV
            18:52
            Early 1900s
            19:04
            Pneumocystis
            19:21
            Opportunistic Fungal Disease
            20:15
            Harmless, Opportunistic Fungi
            20:31
            Can Happen to Individuals Who are Taking Drugs to Suppress Immune System
            20:44
            Pneumocystis Pneumonia
            21:13
            Pathogen
            21:32
            Immunodeficient Adults
            21:41
            Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
            22:00
            Kaposi Sarcoma
            22:42
            Rare Cancer
            22:49
            Skin Neoplasm
            23:14
            Subtypes All Have Human Herpesvirus-8
            23:31
            How It Looks
            23:57
            Kaposi Sarcoma Spindle Cells
            24:29
            How to Treat Kaposi Sarcoma
            25:17
            HIV Prevalence Among Young Adult Women in India
            26:02
            Example 1
            31:24
            Example 2
            33:32
            Ebola

            43m 9s

            Intro
            0:00
            Ebola Virus Overview
            0:22
            Ebola Virus Outbreak Distribution
            0:59
            1976 Ebola Outbreak First Identified
            1:00
            Recent Outbreak in Zaire
            2:15
            Three Countries Most Affected Today
            2:39
            Amount of Hospitals in Those Countries
            3:40
            Ebola Virus Ecology
            4:14
            Thought to Just Infect Warm Blooded Animals
            4:24
            Epidemic Starts When Virus Infects Humans
            4:45
            Ebola Virus Infection
            5:55
            Virus Comes From Animal and Infects Human
            5:57
            Infected Cells
            6:10
            Endothelial Cell Gaps Causes Leakage of Blood and Virus
            6:35
            Ebola Virus Symptoms
            7:37
            Fever
            7:43
            Early Signs
            7:54
            Big Sign of Being Infected: Travel History
            8:18
            Key About the Symptom Emerging
            9:40
            Timeline of Ebola Virus Symptoms
            11:21
            Day 2: First Symptoms
            11:36
            Day 10: High Fever and Vomiting
            12:29
            Day 11: Brain Damage and Bleeding
            13:13
            Day 12: Loss of Consciousness
            13:44
            Ebola Virus Characteristics
            14:14
            Filovirus
            14:27
            Enveloped, Helical Viruses
            14:31
            Ebola and Marburg Viruses
            14:36
            Morphology of Helical Ebola Virus
            14:52
            Capsid
            14:56
            Nucleic Acid
            15:04
            Ebola Virus Structure
            15:38
            Outside of the Structure
            15:42
            Inside the Envelope
            15:56
            Virus Can Recreate Itself in the Cytoplasm
            16:54
            RNA Viral Replication
            18:04
            Negative and Positive Strand
            18:32
            Ebola Virus Entry
            20:26
            Cell the Virus Penetrates
            21:18
            Inflammatory Reaction
            21:45
            Viruses Released Into Individuals Body
            22:23
            Ebola Virus: Immune Reaction
            23:08
            Survivors
            23:20
            Individuals Who Die From Ebola
            23:33
            Effective Dose
            24:03
            Host Immune Response to Ebola
            24:36
            Monocyte
            24:44
            Cytokines Storm
            25:01
            Ebola Virus Pathogenisis
            25:40
            Infection
            25:46
            Neutrophil
            25:56
            Depletion of Natural Killer Cells
            26:06
            Ebola Virus Can Serve to Surpress the Immune Reaction
            26:37
            How Contagious is Ebola?
            27:49
            Not Very Contagious, But Very Infectious
            27:58
            In Relation to Other Diseases
            28:43
            Ebola Transmission
            29:24
            Patient Zero Thought to be Infected by Animal
            29:28
            Eating Bushmeat In West Africa
            29:46
            Ebola Spreads by Direct Contact
            30:16
            Ebola in Healthcare Settings
            31:13
            Healthcare Workers at Higher Risk Because They Handle Body Fluids
            31:22
            Precautions
            32:07
            Treatment of Ebola
            34:13
            No Vaccine, but There Are Experimental Treatments (ZMAPP)
            34:18
            Basic Interventions When Done Early, Can Improve Chances of Survival
            36:27
            Example 1
            37:41
            Example 2
            39:18
            Example 3
            41:05
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