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Lecture Comments (17)

1 answer

Last reply by: Victor Liu
Thu Dec 3, 2020 3:43 AM

Post by Firebird wang on November 2, 2016

Professor, I know that AP Statistics is not your subject, but I just wonder if you are able to watch the two videos which called "Practice Test 2013 AP Statistics" and "Practice Test 2014 AP Statistics" in the AP Statistics content? Both videos showing network error, I dont know why. I already tried in different computers already.

0 answers

Post by Paulette Foster on August 27, 2016

I need all the help I can get I need to get an A in this class. I have a very difficult time taking test /exams, I would welcome any and all help you can render to me. I have till January to get into the nursing program. but I have to pass this class with an A.

Please help me

0 answers

Post by Mohamed E Sowaileh on May 26, 2016

 Hello Dr. Catherine,

As you know that translating the Latin/Greek/..etc names of microorganisms into English would a lot more easier to memorize them. Is there any book or something that is for translating the latin, greek roots. Because textbooks don't  mention the meaning most of the times.


Thank you very much!

2 answers

Last reply by: Apolonia Gardner
Tue Nov 24, 2015 1:31 PM

Post by Apolonia Gardner on November 24, 2015

Hello,

I am a high school senior about to send off my applications for college. I am stuck on one thing – my intended major. Biology and chemistry have been my favorite courses throughout high school, and I would like to get a college degree that will enable me to perform research with viruses. My lifetime goal is to find a cure for a disease. From your experience, what undergraduate major should I shoot for? Biochemistry? Microbiology? Molecular Biology? Immunology? Chemical Biology? Organic Chemistry? Pharmaceutical Science? Any guidance is appreciated.

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Catherine Carpenter Carpenter
Sun Aug 16, 2015 10:29 PM

Post by David Steele on August 16, 2015

what other food develop micro-organisms like uncooked rice on in this article.
http://health.howstuffworks.com/food-nutrition/can-eating-cold-rice-kill.htm

0 answers

Post by jwan namiq on May 14, 2015

hello professor,

how the following laboratory parameters can be used for diagnostic purposes?;

a)bilirubin
b)albumin
c)transaminases

thank you

2 answers

Last reply by: jwan namiq
Thu May 14, 2015 5:05 AM

Post by jwan namiq on May 13, 2015

how to define: nrgative feedback, epidemiology of a disease, and malignant tumors. please thanks

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Catherine Carpenter Carpenter
Mon Nov 10, 2014 3:00 PM

Post by Tom Glow on November 10, 2014

Hello Professor Carpenter,

Could you possibly recommend a text to accompany your course?


Thank you,


AJS

1 answer

Last reply by: Professor Catherine Carpenter Carpenter
Fri Nov 7, 2014 11:11 AM

Post by christine solomon on October 10, 2014

can you explain the fungi

History of Microbiology

  • What is Microbiology?
  • History of Microbiology and Important Discoveries
    • Ability to visualize microorganisms
    • Anton van Leeuwenhoek
    • Vaccination
    • Edward Jenner
    • Spontaneous generation, pasteurization, fermentation, vaccination from rabies
    • Louis Pasteur
    • Germ theory of disease
    • Robert Koch
    • Antibiotics
    • Alexander Fleming

History of Microbiology

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  1. Intro
    • Overview of Microbiology
    • What is Microbiology?
    • Microbiology
    • Important Discoveries in Microbiology
    • What Was Leeuwenhoek's World?
      • The First Smallpox Vaccination: Jenner 1796
      • Edward Jenner and Vaccination
      • Louis Pasteur and Theory of Spontaneous Generation
      • Fermentation, Pasteurization, and Vaccination: Louis Pasteur
      • The Germ Theory of Disease: Robert Koch
      • Koch's Postulates
      • A Fortunate Accident: Antibiotics
      • Summary of Important Discoveries
      • Example 1
        • Example 2
          • Example 3
            • Example 4
              • Example 5
                • Intro 0:00
                • Overview of Microbiology 0:35
                  • What is Microbiology?
                  • History of Microbiology
                • What is Microbiology? 3:11
                  • Study of Biology of Pathogen
                  • Study of Biology of Vector
                  • Biology of Human Host
                • Microbiology 6:32
                  • Study of Microorganisms
                  • Includes Viruses, Small Macroscopic Organisms, and Parasites
                  • Microorganisms are Responsible for Cycling the Chemical Elements Essential for Life
                  • Produce More Energy Through Photosynthesis Than Plants
                  • 90% of Cells in Our Body are Microbes
                • Important Discoveries in Microbiology 11:29
                  • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
                  • Invented of the Microscope
                • What Was Leeuwenhoek's World? 12:47
                • The First Smallpox Vaccination: Jenner 1796 13:25
                  • Jenner Invented the First Vaccine
                  • Protected from Smallpox
                • Edward Jenner and Vaccination 14:49
                  • Cowpox Virus
                  • Material Used for Vaccine Probably Contained Cowpox Virus
                  • Inoculate James Phipps by Taking Pus from the Lesions on the Hands of a Diary Maid
                • Louis Pasteur and Theory of Spontaneous Generation 17:58
                  • Pasteur's S-Shaped Flask Kept Microbes Out but Let Air In
                  • Disproved Theory of Spontaneous Generation
                • Fermentation, Pasteurization, and Vaccination: Louis Pasteur 19:53
                  • Fermentation
                  • Pasteurizing
                  • Vaccination
                • The Germ Theory of Disease: Robert Koch 21:13
                  • Koch's Postulates
                • Koch's Postulates 23:13
                  • Procedure to Determine Criteria to Establish Casual Relationship Between a Microbe and Disease
                • A Fortunate Accident: Antibiotics 25:40
                  • Alexander Fleming Discovered the First Antibiotic
                • Summary of Important Discoveries 27:12
                  • Ability to Visualize Microorganisms
                  • Vaccination
                  • Fermentation, Pasteurization and Vaccination from Rabies
                  • Germ Theory of Disease
                  • Antibiotics
                • Example 1 31:36
                • Example 2 32:02
                • Example 3 33:56
                • Example 4 37:53
                • Example 5 38:57

                Related Books

                Catherine Carpenter

                Catherine Carpenter

                History of Microbiology

                Duration: 40:36 min.

                Table of Contents

                Section 1: Introduction to Microbiology
                History of Microbiology

                40m 36s

                Intro
                0:00
                Overview of Microbiology
                0:35
                What is Microbiology?
                0:39
                History of Microbiology
                0:47
                What is Microbiology?
                3:11
                Study of Biology of Pathogen
                4:05
                Study of Biology of Vector
                4:13
                Biology of Human Host
                4:28
                Microbiology
                6:32
                Study of Microorganisms
                6:35
                Includes Viruses, Small Macroscopic Organisms, and Parasites
                7:48
                Microorganisms are Responsible for Cycling the Chemical Elements Essential for Life
                9:32
                Produce More Energy Through Photosynthesis Than Plants
                10:00
                90% of Cells in Our Body are Microbes
                11:20
                Important Discoveries in Microbiology
                11:29
                Anton Van Leeuwenhoek
                11:48
                Invented of the Microscope
                11:59
                What Was Leeuwenhoek's World?
                12:47
                The First Smallpox Vaccination: Jenner 1796
                13:25
                Jenner Invented the First Vaccine
                13:35
                Protected from Smallpox
                13:58
                Edward Jenner and Vaccination
                14:49
                Cowpox Virus
                15:25
                Material Used for Vaccine Probably Contained Cowpox Virus
                15:46
                Inoculate James Phipps by Taking Pus from the Lesions on the Hands of a Diary Maid
                16:20
                Louis Pasteur and Theory of Spontaneous Generation
                17:58
                Pasteur's S-Shaped Flask Kept Microbes Out but Let Air In
                18:04
                Disproved Theory of Spontaneous Generation
                18:20
                Fermentation, Pasteurization, and Vaccination: Louis Pasteur
                19:53
                Fermentation
                19:54
                Pasteurizing
                20:14
                Vaccination
                20:56
                The Germ Theory of Disease: Robert Koch
                21:13
                Koch's Postulates
                21:47
                Koch's Postulates
                23:13
                Procedure to Determine Criteria to Establish Casual Relationship Between a Microbe and Disease
                23:34
                A Fortunate Accident: Antibiotics
                25:40
                Alexander Fleming Discovered the First Antibiotic
                25:55
                Summary of Important Discoveries
                27:12
                Ability to Visualize Microorganisms
                27:49
                Vaccination
                28:59
                Fermentation, Pasteurization and Vaccination from Rabies
                29:21
                Germ Theory of Disease
                29:42
                Antibiotics
                30:08
                Example 1
                31:36
                Example 2
                32:02
                Example 3
                33:56
                Example 4
                37:53
                Example 5
                38:57
                Laboratory Testing & Visualization

                44m 19s

                Intro
                0:00
                Laboratory Testing and Visualization
                0:37
                Serology
                1:09
                Visualization: Types of Microscopes
                1:32
                A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
                1:57
                Generalized Tests for Microorganisms
                2:36
                Morphological Characteristics
                2:44
                Differential Staining
                3:00
                Biochemical Tests
                3:45
                A Clinical Microbiology Lab Report Form
                4:19
                Serology
                6:38
                Detect Levels of Antibodies
                6:46
                Blood Serum
                7:43
                Recent of Past Infection
                7:59
                Differentiate Different Strains
                9:39
                Example of Serology Testing for HBV
                10:02
                Direct Agglutination Testing
                12:52
                Visual Test
                13:08
                Positive Results
                13:16
                Antibodies Sufficient in Level
                14:13
                ELISA Test
                15:56
                Sandwich ELISA
                16:39
                Western Blot
                18:56
                Proteins are Positioned on the Filter so Antibodies Can Bind to the Antigens
                19:09
                Filter is Then Washed with Patient's Serum
                19:27
                Positive Test for Particular Microorganisms
                20:04
                Flow Cytometry
                21:09
                Used to Identify Bacteria Without Culturing the Bacteria
                21:17
                Moving Fluid Containing Bacteria is Forced Through Small Opening
                22:03
                Differences in Electrical Conductivity Between the Cells are Detected
                22:17
                Results Distinguishing Three Different Species of Microorganisms
                22:56
                Genetic Testing: DNA Fingerprinting
                23:49
                Way to Specify and Differentiate Bacteria
                25:36
                Some Produce Taxon
                25:47
                Used as a Proxy for Microbial Cell Abundance
                26:13
                Detailed Figure
                26:43
                Pattern Matching to Determine Bacterial Strain
                27:22
                Example
                28:00
                Picture of That
                28:04
                Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
                29:36
                Light Microscope
                30:22
                Image
                31:18
                Darkfield Microscopy
                31:44
                An Illumination Technique Used to Enhance the Contrast in Unstained Samples
                31:51
                How It Works
                32:01
                Planaria in Pond Water
                32:19
                Electron Microscope
                32:55
                Uses Electron Beam to Illuminate a Specimen and Produce a Magnified Image
                33:23
                Electron Microscopy
                33:34
                Electron Microscope Image
                34:23
                Atomic Force Microscope
                34:41
                Manipulates Matter at the Nanoscale
                35:09
                Atomic Force Microscopy Image
                35:37
                Atomic Force Imaging
                35:54
                Instruments to Visualize Microorganisms
                37:02
                Light Microscopes
                37:18
                Example 1
                37:28
                Example 2
                40:19
                Example 3
                40:57
                Example 4
                42:13
                Example 5
                42:35
                Present Day Importance of Microbiology

                43m 48s

                Intro
                0:00
                Two Important Topic Area in Microbiology
                0:41
                Gut Microbiome
                1:21
                A Forgotten Organ
                1:25
                Colonization of the Gut Begins at Birth
                2:34
                Factors That Alter the Relationship
                4:02
                Pathologic Inflammation
                7:05
                Commensal Species
                9:47
                Pathobionts
                10:28
                Functional Comparison of the Gut Microbiome with Other Sequenced Microbiomes
                10:38
                Genes and Microbiome
                11:34
                Vitamin K Example
                12:00
                Escherichia Coli
                13:07
                Genomes of the Bacteria and Viruses of the Human Gut Encode 3.3 Million Genes
                14:02
                Link to Microbiome and Health
                14:57
                Antibiotic Resistance
                15:42
                Natural Selection, Survival of the Fittest, Adaptation
                16:39
                Theory of Evolution
                17:07
                Origin of Species
                17:13
                Darwin Came Up with Theory
                17:50
                Link to Theory of Evolution
                18:01
                Natural Selection
                19:03
                Natural Selection
                19:09
                Adaptive Trait
                19:21
                Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
                19:49
                Two Week Course of Antibiotics
                20:10
                Antibiotic Resistant Strains Found in Hospitals and Schools
                21:21
                Evolution of Resistant Bacteria
                22:01
                Evolution of Resistance
                24:06
                Natural Selection
                24:08
                Some Bacteria Transfers the Resistant Genes to Other Bacteria Who Don't Have It
                24:24
                It Reproduces and Soon Populates an Antibiotic Resistant Infection
                25:06
                Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria
                25:30
                Acquired Resistance
                25:31
                Resistance Develops by Mutation of Resident or by Acquisition of New Genes
                26:55
                Flourish in Areas of High Antimicrobial Use
                27:10
                Spread of Antibiotic Resistance
                27:19
                Selection of Resistant Bacteria by Overuse and Misuse of Antibiotics
                29:02
                Multiple Antibiotics
                29:46
                Antibiotics Used Unnecessarily
                30:35
                Bacterial and Viral Pneumonia
                31:13
                Indiscriminant Use of Antibiotic
                31:52
                Unnecessary Antibiotics Can Promote Resistant Bacteria
                32:25
                Future Antibiotics May Lose Effectiveness
                32:33
                Ease of Obtaining Antibiotics
                33:11
                Over the Counter
                33:13
                Encourages Indiscriminant and Inappropriate Use of Antibiotics
                33:25
                Use in Animal Feed
                34:26
                Prevent Infections and Promote Growth
                34:30
                Animals Can Develop Resistance Also
                35:03
                Tutorial on Antibiotic Resistance
                36:05
                Example 1
                36:32
                Example 2
                39:30
                Section 2: Cell Biology
                Biology of the Prototype Cell

                10m 2s

                Intro
                0:00
                Cellular Organization
                0:14
                Prokaryotes
                0:27
                Eukaryotes
                0:48
                Three Domains of Life
                0:51
                Eubacteria
                1:02
                Archaebacteria
                1:09
                Eukaryotes
                1:15
                Evolution of Bacteria
                1:21
                Common Qualities
                2:02
                Nucleus
                2:12
                Plasma Membrane
                2:47
                Cytoplasm
                3:09
                Multicellularity
                3:17
                Multicellularity Evolved
                3:28
                Cells Gave Rise to Earth's First Lineage of Multicellular Organisms
                3:57
                Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens are 1.2 Billion Years Old
                4:18
                Cells Differentiated for Attaching to a Substrate
                4:37
                Longitudinal Division Divides Disc-Shaped Cells Into Radially Arranged Wedge-Shaped Cells
                4:54
                According to Energy
                5:08
                Phototrophs
                5:36
                Chemotrophs
                6:02
                Introducing Prokaryotic Cells
                6:46
                Bacteria and Archaea
                6:51
                Smallest Form of Life
                6:58
                Similar in Appearance and Size
                7:06
                Aerobic
                7:13
                Anaerobic
                7:19
                Facultative
                7:26
                Example 1
                7:37
                Example 2
                9:02
                Structures in Common & Structures That Are Unique

                8m 40s

                Intro
                0:00
                Structures
                0:22
                Way to Remember Cell Structures
                0:23
                Membrane Similarities
                0:34
                Both Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have Plasma Membrane
                0:42
                Replication Molecules
                1:17
                Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Have DNA and RNA
                1:18
                One Way Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes are Different
                1:41
                Genome Differences
                1:49
                Eukaryotes
                1:52
                Prokaryotes
                2:12
                Cell Division Differences
                2:43
                Prokaryotes
                2:49
                Eukaryotes
                2:55
                Organelle Differences
                3:07
                Eukaryotes
                3:10
                Prokaryotes
                3:31
                Energy Metabolism Differences
                3:42
                Eukaryotes
                3:48
                Prokaryotes
                4:21
                Cytoskeleton Differences
                4:41
                Eukaryotes
                4:50
                Prokaryotes
                5:27
                Example 1
                5:46
                Example 2
                7:13
                DNA & RNA

                11m 46s

                Intro
                0:00
                Which Came First
                0:31
                RNA Came First
                0:38
                Short RNA Molecules
                0:54
                Stored Information
                1:05
                Early RNA
                1:21
                Synthesized Proteins and Carried Info
                1:24
                Information Carrying Role of RNA
                1:36
                Evolution of Double-Stranded DNA Enabled the Storage of More Complex Info
                2:01
                DNA Became a Better Mechanism for Information Storage of Complex Traits
                2:13
                Replicating Molecules
                2:35
                Replicating Molecules Evolved and Began to Undergo Natural Selection
                2:51
                Replication
                3:05
                Protein Synthesis
                3:13
                RNA Evolves Into DNA
                3:24
                DNA Contains Instruction
                3:32
                RNA Transcribes DNA
                3:54
                Proteins Are Made from the Instructions
                3:59
                DNA Structure
                4:15
                Chromosomal DNA
                5:02
                DNA Coiling
                5:26
                DNA - Nucleic Functions
                5:51
                Transcription
                6:04
                Replication
                6:29
                Function of DNA
                7:10
                DNA Replication
                7:36
                Complete Unzipping of DNA
                7:38
                Assembly of Complementary Nucleotides
                7:47
                Only Occurs in Cell Division
                8:09
                DNA Replication Diagram
                8:18
                DNA Transcription and Translation
                8:41
                Example 1
                9:46
                Example 2
                10:27
                Example 3
                10:45
                Motility

                11m 24s

                Intro
                0:00
                Motility is an Important Property
                0:26
                Flagella
                0:37
                Pili
                0:55
                Prokaryotic Cell
                1:08
                Pili
                1:38
                Fimbriae
                1:45
                Pili Connect a Bacterium to Others of the Same Species
                1:57
                Transferred Plasmids Can Bring a New Function to the Cell
                2:37
                Fimbriae
                3:07
                Distributed Over the Entire Surface of the Cell
                3:08
                Have a Tendency to Adhere to Surfaces and to One Another
                3:17
                Example: Neisseria Gonorrhea
                3:40
                An Electron Micrograph of E Coli
                3:53
                Bacterial Conjugation with Pilus
                4:12
                Prokaryotic Flagella
                5:14
                Eukaryotes
                5:34
                Prokaryotes
                5:43
                Underneath Inner Plasma Membrane in Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
                6:05
                Different Types of Flagella
                6:13
                Flagella Organization
                6:14
                Bacteria Alters Speed and Direction of Rotation
                7:11
                Examples
                8:07
                Example 1
                8:41
                Example 2
                10:05
                Plasma Membrane

                16m 11s

                Intro
                0:00
                Plasma Membrane
                0:22
                Functions of Plasma Membrane
                0:28
                Physical Isolation
                0:31
                Regulation of Exchange with the Environment
                1:05
                Communication Between the Cell and Its Environment
                1:46
                Structural Support
                2:28
                Plasma Membrane Composition
                2:46
                Lipids
                2:59
                Proteins
                3:17
                Carbohydrates
                3:43
                Lipid Bi-Layer of Plasma Membrane
                4:19
                Micelle
                4:28
                Bilayer
                5:11
                Liposome
                5:40
                Cellular Evolution
                5:59
                Evoloution of Membranes Advantages
                6:49
                Encased Cells Out-Competed Naked Cells
                7:37
                Plasma Membrane Structure
                7:57
                Plasma Membrane Differences
                10:59
                Eukaryotic Cells Have Carbohydrates
                11:11
                Eukaryotic Plasma Membranes Contain Sterols
                12:08
                Prokaryotic Plasma Membranes Consist Mostly of Phospholipids and Proteins
                12:26
                Example 1
                12:41
                Example 2
                13:30
                Example 3
                15:02
                Antibody & Antigen Recognition

                15m 50s

                Intro
                0:00
                Finding and Cell Signaling
                0:22
                Ligand Binding
                1:00
                Ligand Binds
                1:01
                Binding Site is Complementary to the Ligand
                1:30
                Interaction Between Ligand and Binding Site is Specific
                2:39
                Induced Fit
                3:24
                Ligand Binding Illustration 1
                3:44
                Ligand Binding Illustration 2
                4:21
                Antibody Structure
                4:44
                Antigen-Antibody Specificity
                5:40
                Antigen-Antibody Reaction
                6:27
                Example 1
                10:10
                Example 2
                11:54
                Example 3
                13:29
                Microbial Metabolism

                21m 44s

                Intro
                0:00
                Organisms and Carbon
                0:20
                Autotrophs
                0:40
                Heterotrophs
                1:12
                Organisms and Energy
                2:07
                Metabolism
                3:19
                Metabolism
                3:26
                Catabolism
                3:53
                Anabolism
                4:15
                Cellular Respiration
                4:56
                Aerobic Respiration
                5:47
                Anaerobic Respiration
                6:13
                Glucose
                6:41
                Most Important Carbohydrate
                6:42
                Three Major Outcomes
                7:14
                Stored
                7:21
                Oxidized via Glycolysis
                7:22
                Oxidized via the Pentose Phosphate
                7:50
                Outcomes of Glucose I
                8:37
                Outcomes of Glucose II
                10:21
                Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
                11:50
                Glycolysis
                12:01
                Citric Acid Cycle
                12:05
                Oxidative Phosphorylation
                12:13
                Formula
                12:17
                Aerobic Metabolism
                12:28
                Respiration and Fermentation
                13:52
                Carbohydrate Catabolism
                15:00
                Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
                15:59
                Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
                16:00
                Lactic Acid
                16:08
                ATP Production Requirements
                17:13
                Energy Sources
                17:22
                Electron Carriers
                17:41
                Final Electron Acceptors
                17:49
                Example 1
                18:09
                Example 2
                18:41
                Example 3
                20:13
                Microbial Genetics

                39m 49s

                Intro
                0:00
                What is a Gene?
                0:39
                A Portion of the Chromosome That Determines or Affects a Single Character or Phenotype
                0:51
                Biochemical Definition of a Gene
                0:57
                Original Definition: One Gene-One Polypeptide
                1:20
                What is a Gene?
                1:48
                Regulatory Sequence
                1:50
                Genetic Code
                2:44
                Transcription and Replication
                3:56
                Replication of Bacterial DNA
                5:05
                Copy Both Sides of DNA Strand
                5:20
                DNA Transcription
                5:53
                DNA is Transcribed to Make RNA
                6:18
                RNA Polymerase Binds to the Promoter Sequence
                6:24
                Direction
                6:29
                Transcription Stops When It Reaches the Terminator Sequence
                6:33
                Bacterial Transcription
                6:39
                Transcription
                6:46
                No Nucleus
                6:52
                Translation
                7:51
                mRNA is Translated In Codons
                8:11
                Translation of mRNA Begins at the Start Codon
                8:18
                Translation Ends at Nonsense Codon
                8:22
                Gene Regulation
                8:34
                Constitutive Genes Are Expressed at a Fixed Rate
                8:43
                Other Genes Are Expressed Only as Needed
                8:58
                Regulation of Transcription
                9:11
                Repression
                10:16
                Induction
                11:04
                Germline Mutation
                12:09
                Evolutionary Biology
                12:32
                Molecular Biology
                13:48
                Mutations
                14:34
                Random and Rare
                14:36
                Can Be Beneficial or Neutral
                14:46
                Not All Mutations Matter
                14:58
                Somatic Mutations
                15:20
                Germline Mutations
                16:30
                Causes of Mutations
                16:44
                DNA Fails to Copy Accurately
                16:48
                External Influences Can Create Mutations
                17:21
                Types of Mutations
                18:14
                Substitution
                18:18
                Examples of Substitutions
                18:29
                Silent Mutations
                19:56
                Insertion
                20:39
                Deletion
                20:51
                Frame Shift
                21:12
                Bacterial Gene Recombination
                22:16
                Vertical Gene Transfer
                22:57
                Horizontal Gene Transfer
                23:16
                Genetic Recombination
                23:46
                Exchange of Genes Between Two DNA Molecules
                23:47
                Crossing Over Occurs When Two Chromosomes Break and Rejoin
                23:52
                Recipient Chromosome Contains New DNA
                23:57
                Bacterial Recombination
                24:51
                Bacterial Transformation
                25:53
                Conjugation in E. Coli
                28:36
                Transduction by a Bacteriophage
                30:04
                Plasmids
                31:53
                What are Plasmids?
                32:00
                F-Factor
                32:14
                Other Plasmids Encode for Proteins That Enhance the Pathogenicity of a Bacterium
                32:39
                Dissimilation Plasmids
                33:24
                R Factors
                33:44
                R-Factor, A Type of Plasmid
                33:53
                Transposons
                35:04
                Move From One Region of DNA to Another
                35:29
                Contain Insertion Sequences for Cutting and Resealing DNA (Tansposase)
                35:34
                Example 1
                36:14
                Example 2
                37:34
                Example 3
                38:15
                Section 3: Virus Biology
                Viral Structure, Genome, & Replication

                16m 50s

                Intro
                0:00
                Medical Virology
                0:11
                Viral Structure
                1:37
                Viral Genome
                1:55
                What is a Virus?
                2:09
                Smaller
                2:15
                DNA or RNA with no Nucleus
                2:34
                Classification of Viruses
                3:03
                Type and Confirmation of Genomic Nucleic Acid
                3:07
                Viral Morphology
                3:19
                Viral Structure
                3:54
                Virion
                3:58
                Envelope
                4:29
                Capsid
                5:39
                Nucleocapsid
                5:55
                Viral Genome - Composition
                6:27
                Viral Genome
                6:31
                DNA vs. RNA Structure
                6:42
                RNA
                7:49
                Pathogenicity & Virulence
                7:42
                DNA
                8:06
                Viral Genome - Shape
                8:36
                Segmented
                8:40
                Non-segmented
                9:22
                Changes in the Viral Genome
                9:36
                Genetic Recombination
                9:56
                Reassortment
                10:26
                Changes in the Viral Genome
                11:16
                Quasi-species
                11:24
                Ebola Virus
                11:58
                Example 1
                12:33
                Example 2
                13:42
                Example 3
                15:13
                Viral Entry Into a Cell & Transmission

                12m 31s

                Intro
                0:00
                Medical Virology
                0:27
                Viral Entry Into a Cell
                0:30
                Viral Transmission
                0:39
                Viral Entry into Cells
                0:53
                Attachment
                0:58
                Membrane Fusion
                1:29
                Pre Formation
                1:56
                Penetration
                2:12
                Transmission of Viruses
                2:34
                Aerosol
                2:51
                Contaminated Food
                3:19
                Arthropods
                4:01
                Sexual Contact
                5:06
                Organ and Tissue Transplant
                5:22
                Site of Virus Entry
                6:17
                Respiratory Tract
                6:37
                GI Tract
                7:08
                Urethra, Vagina, Anus
                7:34
                Skin
                7:42
                Conjunctiva
                7:45
                Type of Cell Best Suited for Virus
                7:57
                Example 1
                9:23
                Example 2
                10:13
                Medically Important Viruses

                24m 41s

                Intro
                0:00
                Medical Virology
                0:41
                Viruses We Will Study
                1:00
                How the Viruses Differs
                1:10
                Medically-Important Viruses
                1:23
                Selected Viruses of Medical Importance
                2:55
                Herpesviridae, Simplevirus
                2:59
                Herpes Virus
                4:09
                Papillomaviridae, Alphapapillomavirus
                4:47
                Papilloma Virus
                5:27
                Reoviridae, Rotavirus
                6:57
                Rotavirus
                7:58
                Paramyxovirinae, Morbilivirus
                9:04
                Measles Virus
                10:19
                Orthomyxoviridae (Influenza Virus)
                10:58
                Influenza Virus - Antigenic Drift
                12:52
                Influenza Virus - Antigenic Shift
                15:19
                Medically-Important Viruses
                18:39
                Avian Influenza
                18:41
                Example 1
                20:19
                Example 2
                21:50
                Example 3
                23:01
                Section 4: Classification of Microbes
                Overall Classification of Microbes

                15m 51s

                Intro
                0:00
                What is Taxonomy?
                0:18
                Science of Classifying Organisms
                0:21
                Universal Names Used by All Countries
                1:11
                Reference for Identifying Organisms
                1:19
                Binomial Nomenclature
                1:28
                Systematics or Phylogeny
                2:11
                Phylogeny
                2:12
                Like Reading a Family Tree
                2:28
                Root of the Tree
                2:33
                Moving Forward in Time
                2:49
                Clade
                3:01
                Ancestors and Lineage
                3:39
                Taxonomic Hierarchy
                4:17
                Genus and Species
                4:28
                Classification Changes
                4:38
                History of Microbial Taxonomy
                4:51
                Discovery of Microscope
                5:09
                Kingdoms Plantae and Animalia
                5:33
                Smallpox Vaccine
                5:42
                Bacteria and Fungi
                6:11
                Kingdom Portista
                6:24
                Prokaryotes Introduced as a New Kingdom
                6:57
                Definition of Prokaryote
                7:17
                Kingdom Fungi
                7:33
                Kingdom Prokaryote
                7:40
                Two Types of Prokaryotic Cells
                7:48
                Using Molecular Techniques to Classify
                7:58
                Classify Microbes
                8:24
                Three Domain System of Classification
                9:21
                Classification Criteria
                9:29
                Physiology
                9:58
                Ecology
                10:06
                Behavior
                10:27
                Morphology
                10:54
                Molecular Evidence (RNA)
                11:11
                Three Domains of Life
                11:39
                Eukaryotes
                11:46
                Prokaryotes
                11:48
                Archaea
                11:54
                Example 1
                12:13
                Example 2
                13:15
                Prokaryotes: Bacteria & Archaea

                12m 14s

                Intro
                0:00
                Classification of Prokaryotes
                0:45
                Lack of Nucleus
                0:51
                Culture
                1:05
                Clone
                1:19
                Strain
                1:37
                Phylogenetic Relationship
                2:02
                Archaea
                3:53
                Two Distinct Groups: Archaea and Bacteria
                4:05
                Archaea Lived in High Temperatures
                4:29
                Habitats
                4:51
                Only Habitants to Live in Extreme Habitats
                5:24
                New Research Shoes Archaeans are Abundant in the Open Sea
                5:40
                Archaea Morphology
                5:59
                Basic Archaeal Structure: Cytoplasm, Cell Membrane, and Cell Wall
                6:08
                Archaeal Cell Membranes
                6:13
                Plasmid
                7:11
                Archaeal Ribosomes
                7:29
                Example 1
                8:20
                Example 2
                11:01
                Section 5: The Immune System
                The Immune System

                20m 18s

                Intro
                0:00
                Immune System Introduction
                0:28
                Body Defends Itself from Anything Foreign
                0:49
                What Immunity Constitutes
                1:13
                Immune Responses Can be Classified as Nonspecific or Specific
                1:27
                Nonspecific Immune Response
                1:54
                Specific Immune Response
                2:22
                Physiological Barriers
                2:49
                The Immune System
                3:18
                Innate Immune Response
                3:20
                Adaptive Immune Response
                3:42
                Immunity
                4:47
                Immunology
                5:32
                Immunity
                5:39
                Immune System
                6:21
                Barriers to Infection - Mechanical
                6:41
                Physical Barriers
                6:54
                Epithelial Surfaces
                8:31
                Mucosal Surfaces
                9:54
                Muco-ciliary Escalator
                10:40
                Barriers to Infection - Chemical
                11:25
                Enzymes
                11:33
                pH
                12:29
                Lung
                13:48
                Physiological Barriers
                14:56
                The Immune System
                16:52
                Example 1
                17:15
                The Complement System

                16m 53s

                Intro
                0:00
                What is Complement?
                0:37
                Proteins
                0:40
                Synthesized by Different Cell Types
                1:01
                Complement System
                1:14
                Destroy Pathogens Directly
                1:51
                Activate Other Components of the Immune Response
                2:02
                Collaborate with Other Components of the Immune Response
                2:12
                Classical Pathway
                2:28
                Lection Pathway
                3:29
                Alternative Pathway
                3:52
                Integral Protein Types That Function in Cell-Cell Interaction
                4:08
                Function of the Complement System
                4:49
                Complement is Activated Upon Infection
                4:50
                Complement Functions Like Enzymes
                6:16
                Enzyme Activation
                6:37
                Function of the Complement System
                7:43
                Complements the Ability of Antibodies and Phagocytic Cells to Identify and Remove Foreign Pathogens
                7:49
                Amplification
                8:50
                Activation of the Complement System
                9:17
                Cytolysis
                9:27
                Chemotaxis
                9:39
                Opsonization
                10:41
                Anaphylatoxins
                11:16
                Complement and Membrane Attack Complex
                12:10
                The Membrane Attached Complex
                12:49
                Pathways of Complement Activation
                13:07
                Classical
                13:43
                Lectin
                13:54
                Alternative
                14:07
                Example 1
                14:33
                Example 2
                15:23
                Example 3
                16:11
                Adaptive Immunity

                31m 10s

                Intro
                0:00
                What is Adaptive Immunity?
                0:27
                Primary Immune Response
                0:41
                Initiated by a Dendritic Cell That Ingested a Pathogen
                1:24
                Naïve B Cells are Stimulated to Proliferate and Differentiate in Specific Response to the Pathogen
                1:49
                Process of Adaptive Immunity
                2:28
                Humoral Immunity
                3:03
                Development of Acquired Immune Cells
                3:41
                The B Cell
                4:50
                Produced in the Bone Marrow
                4:52
                Outer Surface Contains a Specialized B Cell Receptor
                5:01
                Initial Activation
                5:55
                Secondary Activation
                6:15
                Hallmarks of Humoral Immunity
                6:23
                B Lymphocyte is the Central Cell
                6:51
                Antibody-mediated
                6:58
                Highly Complex
                7:03
                Step 1: Antigen Recognition
                7:18
                B Cells Recognize Extracellular Antigenics
                7:22
                Antigens on Pathogen Surfaces
                7:54
                Step 2: Clonal Expansion
                10:43
                B Cell Divides
                10:48
                Clone
                11:46
                Maturation of B Cells
                12:33
                Step 3: Differentiation
                13:46
                B Cells Differentiate Into Plasma Cells
                13:49
                Plasma Cell Produces and Secrets Antibodies Specific to the Origin Antigen
                14:00
                Produce and Secrete Abs Specific to the Original Antigen
                15:38
                Antigen Presenting Cells Show Protein Antigens to Helper T Cells
                15:55
                Step 4: Antigen Elimination
                16:30
                Newly-Manufactured Antibodies Attach to the Antigen
                16:36
                Termination of the Humoral Immune Response
                17:30
                Step 5: Immune Memory
                18:32
                Memory B Cells Reside in Bone Marrow
                18:53
                High-Affinity Immunoglobulins
                19:15
                Survive for Years
                20:15
                Respond Rapidly When the Antigen is Seen Again
                20:39
                Antibodies
                22:34
                Classes - IgM
                22:41
                Example 1
                24:51
                Example 2
                26:54
                Example 3
                28:03
                Antibody & Antigen Interactions

                41m 22s

                Intro
                0:00
                Antibody-Antigen
                0:22
                Where Do Antigens-Antibodies Belong?
                0:57
                What is an Antibody?
                1:12
                Immunoglobulin
                1:17
                Definition of Antibody
                1:32
                Each Antigen is Specific to an Antigen
                1:58
                Antigen Binds to an Antigen
                2:44
                Produced by Plasma Cells
                3:18
                Antibody Structure
                3:55
                Paratope
                4:17
                Hinge Region
                4:53
                Fragment Crystallizable
                5:44
                Antibody Function
                6:21
                Recognizes and Captures Foreign Proteins and Molecules
                6:41
                Activates Complement
                6:52
                Binds to Immune Cells to Activate Their Specific Functions
                7:55
                The Antibody Isotypes
                9:25
                IgM
                9:37
                IgG
                12:36
                IgD
                14:01
                IgA
                14:27
                IgE
                14:45
                What is an Antigen?
                15:18
                An Antigen is to Provoke an Immune Response
                15:53
                Exogenous
                16:43
                Endogenous
                17:16
                Autogenous
                18:10
                Antigen-Antibody Reaction
                19:08
                Affinity
                19:33
                Avidity
                19:57
                Specificity
                21:02
                Cross Reactivity
                21:31
                Foreignness
                22:17
                Size
                24:32
                What Determines Antigenicity?
                25:04
                Antigenicity Definition
                25:13
                Conformation
                25:29
                Composition
                26:02
                Bacterial Components
                26:27
                Antigenic Determinants: Innate Immunity
                26:53
                Example 1
                30:41
                Example 2
                33:15
                Example 3
                36:37
                Tumor Immunology

                33m 16s

                Intro
                0:00
                Antibodies Surrounding Tumor
                0:40
                Introduction to Tumor Immunology
                1:22
                Human Papilloma
                1:41
                Hepatitis B
                2:26
                Helicobacter Pylori
                2:47
                Immunology
                4:05
                Overview of Tumor Immunology
                4:17
                Immune Surveillance Theory
                4:18
                Malignant Transformation
                4:34
                Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                4:37
                Tumor Antigens
                4:43
                Tumor Immunotherapies
                4:49
                Inflammation and Cancer
                4:53
                Immune Surveillance Theory and Escape
                4:59
                Amount of Antigen Expressed is Too Low
                5:51
                Tumor Sheds Antigens That Block Antibodies and T-Cells from binding to the Tumor
                6:01
                Tumor Does Not Express Immunogenic Antigens
                6:15
                Tumor Does Not Express MHC Antigens
                6:32
                Tumor May Secrete Immunosuppressive
                6:51
                Hallmark of a Cancer Cell is Proliferation That is Dysregulated
                7:12
                Malignant Transformation
                7:39
                One Way to Cause Growth Regulations
                8:24
                Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Up Regulation of Oncogenes
                8:45
                Mutations Can Alter the Cellular Machinery Leading to Down Regulation of Tumor Suppressor Genes
                9:15
                Tumor Growth Over Time
                9:42
                Malignant Transformation
                10:46
                Benign
                11:20
                Malignant
                11:37
                Progression of Benign to Malignant
                12:35
                Micro-Induced Carcinogenesis
                13:40
                Initiation Promotion Progression Model
                14:28
                Examples of Malignant Transformation
                14:53
                Tumor Antigens
                15:46
                Tumor Must Express Antigens That the Immune System Recognizes as Foreign
                16:16
                Immune Reactivity to Tumors
                16:40
                Tumor Antigens
                17:07
                Tumor Immunotherapies
                17:15
                Tumorigenesis Secretes Chemical Signals That Change Gene Expression
                17:25
                Gene Expression Leads To The Following
                17:30
                Tumors in an Immunosuppressed Host
                18:48
                HIV and AIDS
                19:13
                Transplant Patients
                19:55
                Epstein-Barr Virus
                20:19
                Malaria
                20:27
                Tumor Immunotherapies
                20:45
                Active Therapy
                21:01
                Passive Therapy
                22:02
                Inflammation and Cancer
                24:05
                Chronic Inflammation
                24:18
                Inflammation as a Response to Cancer
                25:23
                Neoplastic Cells Induce an Inflammatory Immune System
                25:34
                Bacteria, Inflammation, and Cancer
                25:59
                Example 1
                27:46
                Example 2
                29:21
                Example 3
                30:25
                Example 4
                31:28
                Cell Mediated Immunity

                57m 13s

                Intro
                0:00
                Adaptive Immunity
                0:43
                Cell-Mediated Immunity
                1:47
                Lymphocyte T Cell
                1:56
                Antigen-Presenting Cells
                2:15
                Subset of T Cells
                2:22
                Immune Tolerance
                2:31
                Hallmarks of Cell-Mediated Immunity
                3:02
                Primary Actor is the T Lymphocyte
                3:06
                Directed at Pathogens That Survive in Phagocytes
                3:12
                Based on Activation
                3:23
                Induce Apoptosis in Cells Displaying Epitopes of Foreign Antigens
                4:25
                Activates Macrophages and Natural Killer Cells
                6:34
                Stimulates Cells to Secrete Cytokines That Signal Other Cells of the Humoral and Innate Immune Response
                6:47
                Responds to Intracellular Antigens
                7:16
                Requires Direct, Cell-to-Cell Contact
                7:24
                The T-Cell
                7:51
                Mature in the Thymus
                7:58
                Presence of the T-Cell Receptor
                8:04
                Important Components
                8:35
                Antigen-Presenting Cell
                9:36
                Type of Leukocyte
                11:17
                Responsible for the Immune Responses That Lead to the Following
                11:25
                T-Cell Maturation
                13:34
                Thymocyte
                13:42
                Thymopoiesis
                13:59
                Thymus Conducts a Testing Process of Positive and Negative Selection
                14:15
                Somatic Gene Rearrangement
                15:49
                Infinite Number of Configurations That Create TCRs
                17:00
                Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
                17:27
                Function
                18:23
                Immuno-Phenotyping
                19:18
                Cluster of Differentiation (CD)
                19:34
                Nomenclature
                19:40
                Example
                20:01
                Antigen-Presenting Cells
                20:50
                Antigen Presentation
                21:24
                Antigen-Presenting Cells
                21:32
                Direct Presentation
                21:52
                Cross-Presentation
                22:37
                Cross-Dressing
                23:04
                Professional
                23:24
                Others
                23:55
                Contact Between an APC and TCR Stimulates Important Signaling Events
                25:20
                T-Cell Subset: T-Helper Cells
                25:51
                Th1
                27:05
                Th2
                28:48
                Th17
                29:43
                T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
                31:26
                CD8+ Cells
                31:28
                Target Cells with Antigen
                31:50
                T-Cell Subset: Cytotoxic (Killer) T-Cells
                32:55
                Perforin
                33:30
                Granzyme
                34:07
                Pharmaceuticals are Designed to Alter T-Cell Responses
                35:00
                T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
                37:01
                Suppress Activation of the Immune System
                37:40
                Functions
                38:36
                T-Cell Subset: Regulatory T-Cells
                39:45
                Commensal Bacteria
                39:51
                Graft/ Transplant
                41:02
                Pregnancy
                41:41
                Tumors
                41:47
                Cytokines
                42:46
                Types of Cytokines
                42:57
                Chemical Messengers
                43:19
                Functional Classes of Cytokines
                43:38
                Chemokines
                47:17
                Chemotaxis
                47:20
                Inflammation
                48:54
                Homeostatic
                49:10
                Antiviral Response
                49:23
                Designation
                49:27
                Pulling It All Together
                49:40
                Example 1
                51:40
                Example 2
                52:51
                Example 3
                54:56
                Section 6: The Bacteria
                Bacterial Cell Wall

                18m 38s

                Intro
                0:00
                Overview
                0:45
                Gram Negative and Positive Bacteria
                1:17
                Bacteria Without Cell Walls
                1:38
                Recall the Prototype Cell
                1:52
                Plasma Membrane
                2:15
                Cytoplasm
                2:21
                Nucleus
                2:26
                Cell Wall Principles
                2:41
                Protects Bacteria
                2:50
                Survive in Fluid Environments
                3:08
                Attack by Antibiotics
                4:26
                Source of Identification
                4:40
                Peptidoglycan
                4:47
                Murein
                5:10
                Protects the Plasma Membrane
                5:18
                Gram Staining
                5:42
                Gram Positive and Gram Negative
                5:55
                Gram Positive Bacterial Cell Wall
                8:26
                Thick Structure
                8:45
                Gram Staining
                8:52
                Teichoic Acids in Cell Wall
                9:06
                Gram Positive Streptococci
                9:21
                Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
                9:57
                Allows More Complexity
                10:15
                Outer Membrane Provides Barrier to Certain Antibiotics
                11:00
                Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
                11:34
                The Gram Stain
                12:36
                Hans Christian Gram Invented a Stain to Visualize Bacteria
                12:52
                Gram Positive Bacteria
                13:51
                Gram Negative Bacteria
                14:27
                Example 1
                14:55
                Example 2
                15:49
                Bacterial Morphology & Shape

                15m 4s

                Intro
                0:00
                Bacteria Morphology and Shape
                0:28
                Classification of Bacteria
                0:50
                Based on Several Major Properties
                0:53
                Taxonomy Principles Do Not Quite Fit for Bacteria
                1:21
                Variation in Shape and Distribution
                3:00
                Cocci
                3:14
                Bacilli
                4:00
                Budding and Appendaged Bacteria
                4:27
                Others
                4:35
                Bacterial Distribution
                4:51
                Shapes of Bacteria
                5:45
                Bacterial Shapes
                6:40
                Three Basic Shapes
                6:41
                Variation in Shapes
                7:12
                Clusters
                7:31
                Clusters Example
                7:50
                Streptococcus Pneumoniae
                8:18
                Bacterial Shapes
                8:56
                Streptococci
                9:00
                Staphylococci
                9:12
                Comma Shaped
                10:28
                Vibrios
                10:37
                Spirilla
                11:04
                Spirochetes
                11:25
                Example 1
                11:38
                Example 2
                12:39
                Example 3
                13:24
                Bacterial Metabolic Behavior

                23m 50s

                Intro
                0:00
                Energy Metabolism
                0:40
                Classification of Bacteria
                1:48
                Metabolic Behavior
                1:51
                Some Organisms are Anaerobic
                1:57
                Organisms and Carbon
                2:07
                Autotrophs
                2:10
                Heterotrophs
                2:43
                Organisms and Energy
                3:28
                Metabolism
                4:13
                Metabolism
                4:14
                Catabolism
                4:50
                Anabolism
                5:04
                Cellular Respiration
                5:49
                Aerobic Respiration
                6:55
                Anaerobic Respiration
                7:13
                Glucose
                7:41
                Energy-Currency Molecule for Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
                7:42
                Three Major Outcomes
                7:56
                Outcomes of Glucose
                8:18
                Outcomes of Glucose and Pyruvate
                9:07
                Overview of Aerobic Metabolism
                11:19
                Glycolysis
                11:25
                Citric Acid Cycle
                11:28
                Oxidative Phosphorylation
                11:30
                Aerobic Metabolism
                11:51
                Respiration and Fermentation
                13:18
                Carbohydrate Catabolism
                14:35
                Overview of Anaerobic Metabolism
                15:37
                Energy in Glucose is Released Without the Presence of Oxygen
                15:48
                Lactic Acid
                15:46
                Types of Fermentation
                16:16
                Lactic Acid Fermentation
                16:20
                Alcohol Fermentation
                16:27
                Alcohol Fermentation
                16:57
                Any Spoilage of Food by Microorganisms
                17:08
                Any Process that Produces Alcoholic Beverages
                17:14
                Any Large-Scale Microbial Process Occurring With or Without Air
                17:25
                Yeast and Other Microorganisms Ferment Glucose to Ethanol
                17:39
                Two Step Process
                18:07
                Lactic Acid Fermentation
                18:34
                Classic Anaerobic Metabolism
                18:35
                Releases Energy from Oxidation of Organic Molecules
                18:44
                End Products of Fermentation
                19:05
                Ethanol, Acetic Acid, Lactic Acid
                19:22
                Propionin Acid and Carbon Dioxide, Acetone, Glycerol, Citric Acid, Sorbose
                20:02
                Example 1
                20:29
                Example 2
                21:43
                Example 3
                22:55
                Bacterial Infection Patterns

                41m 12s

                Intro
                0:00
                'Hunting the Nightmare Bacteria'
                0:42
                Classification of Bacteria
                2:13
                Bacterial Pathogenesis
                2:31
                First Type of Immunity: Innate Immune System
                2:49
                Complement System
                3:00
                Innate Immune Cells: Phagocytosis
                3:10
                Cytokine Production and Epitopes
                3:29
                Location of Bacteria Infections
                4:05
                Steps of Bacterial Infection
                5:25
                Entry Into Host
                5:30
                Adherence to Host Tissue
                5:53
                Colonization
                5:58
                Overcome a Host's Defense
                6:02
                Hosts' Immune Response
                6:10
                Damage the Host Tissues
                6:17
                Progression or Recovery
                6:25
                Portals of Entry
                6:35
                The Skin
                7:18
                Viral and Bacterial Infection of Respiratory
                7:46
                Bacteria Entry
                8:00
                Some Bacteria Produce Toxins and Enzymes
                8:28
                Immune Response is Disease Causing Part of Bacterial Infection
                8:46
                Infection of Intestinal Epithelium
                8:59
                Shigella
                9:00
                Salmonella
                10:16
                Numbers of Invading Bacteria
                11:05
                Virulence
                11:30
                Potency
                12:07
                Virulence of Bacillus Anthracis
                12:33
                Adherence of Bacteria to Host Tissue
                13:49
                Adhesins or Ligands
                14:10
                Glycocalyx
                14:26
                Fimbriae
                14:32
                M Protein
                14:53
                Adherence
                15:07
                Adhesins or Ligands
                15:10
                E. coli Bacteria
                15:53
                Bacteria Adhering to Human Skin
                16:17
                Group A Beta-Hemolytic Streptococci
                16:28
                Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                16:42
                Capsules
                16:57
                Cell Wall Components
                17:03
                Enzymes
                17:18
                Antigenic Variation
                17:27
                Penetration into Host Cell Cytoskeleton
                17:57
                Capsules
                18:06
                Capsule
                18:07
                Glycocalyx
                18:19
                Functions to Impair Phagocytosis
                18:58
                Host Can However Develop Antibodies Against the Capsule
                19:07
                Streptococcus Pneumoniae
                19:28
                Cell Wall Components
                20:06
                M Protein
                20:18
                Neisseria Gonorrhea
                20:49
                Fimbriae
                20:57
                Bacterial Enzymes
                21:23
                Coagulase
                22:08
                Hyalurpnidase
                22:09
                Collagenase
                22:13
                IgA Proteases
                22:19
                Penetration
                22:44
                Invasins
                22:59
                Invasins Cause Host Cell Membrane to Ruffle
                23:12
                Shigella and Listeria
                23:32
                Bacterial Damage to Host Cells
                23:50
                Production of Toxins
                24:11
                Types of Toxins
                24:56
                Production of Toxins
                25:00
                Toxin
                25:08
                Toxigenicity
                25:21
                Toxemia
                25:25
                Toxoid
                25:30
                Antitoxin
                25:38
                Exotoxin
                25:44
                Produced Inside Some Bacteria
                25:55
                Released When Bacteria Undergoes Lysis
                26:06
                Proteins and Enzymes That Catalyze Certain Biochemical Reactions
                26:39
                Bacteria That Produce Exotoxins Can be Gram + or Gram -
                26:53
                Exotoxins Are Soluble in Body Fluids
                27:04
                Some Diseases Caused by Their Exotoxins
                27:13
                Exotoxin Examples
                27:35
                Action of A-B Exotoxin
                28:11
                Endotoxin
                29:12
                Endotoxin Differ from Extoxin in Several Ways
                29:21
                Endotoxins are Released When Gram - is Liberated
                30:24
                Antibiotics Used to Treat Gem
                30:32
                Endotoxins Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
                30:59
                Endotoxins and the Pyrogenic Response
                31:17
                Example Endotoxins
                32:08
                Salmonella Typhi
                32:15
                Neisseria Meningitidis
                32:22
                Proteus Spp
                32:35
                Steps of Bacterial Infection
                32:42
                Bacterial Penetration of Host Defenses
                33:59
                Example 1
                34:41
                Example 2
                37:25
                Example 3
                39:39
                Bacterial Adaptation to Environment

                20m 50s

                Intro
                0:00
                Bacterial Adaptation
                0:13
                Varied Tissues Within Human Host
                0:36
                Variable Levels of Oxygenation Both Inside and Outside of Host
                0:54
                Variable Levels of Moisture Both Inside and Outside Host
                1:10
                Survive Various Antibiotic and Other Types of Treatment
                1:23
                Variable Oxygen Environments
                1:58
                Bacterial Endospores
                3:33
                Clostridium Botulinum
                4:40
                Bacillus Anthracis
                4:48
                Clostridium Tetani
                4:50
                Botulism: Neurotoxin
                5:10
                Clostridium Botulinum
                6:29
                Gram Positive Rod-Shaped Bacteria That are Strictly Anaerobic
                6:58
                Produce Spores
                7:10
                Produces Paralysis
                7:49
                Toxin Can be Destroyed by Heating Food to 80 Degrees Celsius
                7:55
                Bacillus Anthracis
                8:47
                Produce Spores
                9:08
                Anthrax is Mostly a Disease of Herbivores
                9:20
                Weaponized Anthrax is Primarily Inhalation Form
                10:11
                Clostridium Tetani
                11:50
                Spores are Located in Solid and Can Colonize Gastrointestinal Tracts
                12:14
                Disease Uncommon
                12:27
                Toxin Produced During Growth Phase of Bacteria When Cell is Lysed
                13:14
                Toxin Blocks Release of GABA
                13:56
                Results in Paralysis
                14:09
                Example 1
                15:38
                Example 2
                16:45
                Example 3
                18:01
                Antigenic Composition of Bacteria

                33m 8s

                Intro
                0:00
                Bacteria as Antigens
                1:04
                Antigen-antibody Interaction
                1:12
                Bacterial Adaptations as Antigens
                1:31
                Cell Wall Components
                1:44
                Capsules as Antigens
                1:50
                Flagella as Antigens
                1:58
                Antigenic Variation
                2:00
                Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
                2:13
                Antigen-Antibody Interaction
                2:20
                What are Antigens
                2:25
                Examples of Antigens
                3:09
                Bacteria as Antigens
                4:33
                Adaptation to the Human Host Environment
                5:09
                Pathogenic Agent
                5:30
                Criteria for Effective Antigenicity
                6:02
                Bacterial Adaptations That are Antigenic
                7:36
                Pila
                7:45
                Flagella as Antigens
                7:57
                Fimbriae
                7:59
                Capsules as Antigens
                8:22
                Peptidoglycan
                8:33
                S Proteins
                8:45
                M Protein and Lipid A
                9:09
                Cell Wall Components
                9:47
                Neisseria Gonorrhea
                9:52
                Fimbriae and Opa
                10:03
                After Attachment, Host Cell Takes Bacteria
                10:22
                Secretory Antibodies
                10:38
                Circulating Antibodies
                10:58
                Capsule
                11:33
                Neutralize the Virulence
                12:39
                Bacterial Capsules as Antigens
                13:20
                S. Pneumoniae
                13:55
                B. Anthracis
                14:09
                S. Pyogenes
                14:38
                Bacterial Antigenicity
                15:30
                Motility and Vibrio Cholerae
                16:11
                Flagella are Antigenic
                16:20
                Agglutinate or Immobilize Bacterial Cells
                17:00
                Antigenic Variation
                17:49
                Antigenic Variation Over Time
                18:54
                Antigenic Variation by Space and Time
                22:12
                Bacterial Antigenicity and Vaccines
                24:02
                Example 1
                27:36
                Example 2
                31:24
                Section 7: Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases
                Epidemiology of Infectious Disease

                15m 43s

                Intro
                0:00
                Infectious Diseases: Extent of Problem
                0:43
                26% of Deaths Worldwide
                1:21
                Ebola Outbreak in Africa
                1:50
                Cholera in Haiti and South America
                2:22
                West Nile Virus Infections in U.S.
                2:39
                Worldwide Cholera Occurrence
                3:03
                Extent of Research
                4:38
                Importance to National Security
                5:42
                Bioterrorism Key Achievements
                7:00
                Smallpox
                7:06
                Anthrax
                7:22
                Botulinum
                7:28
                Ebola
                7:52
                Importance of Epidemiology
                8:38
                Scientific Study of Causes and Determinants of Disease
                8:44
                Study of Vector and Animal Host Biology
                8:56
                Patterns of Disease Transmission
                9:39
                Determine Disease Causation
                10:31
                Development of Vaccines
                11:04
                Development and Evaluation of Effective Treatments
                11:55
                Example 1
                12:28
                Human Host & Disease Transmission

                56m 19s

                Intro
                0:00
                Human Host and Disease Transmission
                0:19
                Discuss the Basis of Human Disease
                0:27
                Non-random Distribution of Disease
                0:34
                Ways Disease are Transmitted
                0:44
                Occurrence of Disease
                1:09
                Measures of Disease Transmission
                1:19
                Disease Outbreaks
                1:23
                Basis of Human Disease
                1:39
                How Human Disease Arise
                1:43
                Host Must be Susceptible
                2:08
                Capacity to Infect
                2:32
                Environment
                2:53
                Non-Random Distribution of Disease
                3:27
                Genetic Predisposition
                3:34
                Nutrition
                4:16
                Immune Status
                4:24
                Socio-Economic Status
                4:40
                Modes of Disease Transmission
                5:46
                Direct Transmission
                5:54
                Indirect Transmission
                6:50
                Example of Disease Transmission
                8:30
                HIV/ AIDS
                8:34
                Hepatitis A,B,C
                10:10
                Clinical and Subclinical Disease
                12:42
                Clinical Disease
                12:49
                Subclinical Disease
                13:10
                Non Clinical Disease
                15:36
                Carrier Status
                17:48
                Carrier Status Example: Typhoid Mary
                18:33
                Occurrence of Disease
                20:18
                Endemic
                20:27
                Epidemic
                21:30
                Pandemic
                21:45
                Epidemic of Obesity
                22:22
                Measures of Infectious Disease Transmission
                23:45
                Incubation Period
                24:23
                Epidemic Curve
                27:44
                Disease Outbreaks
                28:37
                One Exposure, Common Vehicle
                28:43
                Outbreak Analysis
                32:14
                Food Borne Illness
                34:06
                76 Million Cases of Food Borne Illness Per Year
                34:07
                Known Pathogens
                35:08
                62 Million Cases from Unknown Agents
                35:23
                Example of Food Outbreak: Salmonella Saintpaul, 2008
                35:34
                Distribution of Outbreak Strain of Salmonella Found on Tomatoes and/or Jalapeno Peppers
                36:21
                Number of Persons Infected with Salmonella Saintpaul
                38:10
                Clinical Features of Salmonella Infection
                40:47
                Diarrhea
                41:06
                Abdominal Cramps
                41:11
                Identified by Stool Sample Culture
                41:19
                Severe Infection
                41:50
                Case-Control Studies of Salmonella Saintpaul Infection
                42:26
                Description of Outbreak Source Investigation
                45:02
                Example 1
                46:25
                Example 2
                50:43
                Example 3
                53:13
                Difference Measures of Disease

                39m 23s

                Intro
                0:00
                Introduction
                0:16
                What is the Extent of Disease?
                1:00
                Who is at Risk for the Disease?
                1:07
                How is Disease Transmitted?
                1:36
                How is Disease Defined?
                1:52
                Counts
                2:17
                Assessment
                2:32
                Example of Tuberculosis Count
                3:04
                Counts of Influenza Positive Tests
                4:02
                Counts of AIDS Cases
                5:58
                Example of a Food Outbreak Investigation
                8:01
                Steps Public Health Investigators Follow to Determine Cause of Illness
                8:24
                Identifying the Source
                8:39
                Example
                9:04
                Potential Sources of Contamination
                9:44
                Production
                9:55
                Farms
                10:14
                Distribution
                10:31
                Retail Establishments
                10:39
                Restaurant Example
                10:56
                Food Borne Outbreak Investigation Steps
                11:43
                Determining if an Outbreak is Occurring
                11:57
                Defining Signs and Symptoms
                12:07
                Hypothesis
                12:14
                Collect Data and Test Hypothesis
                12:38
                Not Finding Associations
                13:09
                After Finding Pathogen, You Can Conduct Intervention to Remove Contaminated Food
                13:45
                Determine the Source
                14:09
                Clear Outbreak When All Contamination is Gone
                14:30
                Case Study: Norovirus Outbreak Michigan Jan-Feb, 2006
                14:34
                Norovirus
                16:14
                Infects All Ages
                16:40
                Cause Infection Throughout the Year But There's a Peak in Time
                16:44
                Recognizing Outbreaks of Norovisur Infection
                16:51
                Cases of Norovirus Over Time
                18:42
                Attack Rate
                19:24
                Definition
                19:37
                Restaurant Example
                21:11
                Attack Rate by 3 Hour Time Intervals
                22:52
                Patrons Who Became Ill
                23:35
                Case Control Analysis to Determine Food Source
                24:21
                Attack Rate
                25:58
                Food Outbreak Measures
                26:16
                Compute the Denominator
                27:06
                Compute Attack Rate During Certain Time Period
                27:28
                Construct Possible Hypotheses
                28:14
                Conduct Case-Control Analysis with Odds Ratio
                29:37
                Example 1
                29:47
                Example 2
                34:55
                Example 3
                36:51
                Section 8: Eukaryotes-structure, Function, Diversity, and Environmental Niche
                Eukaryotic Microbes

                20m 53s

                Intro
                0:00
                Introduction to Eukaryotic Microbes
                0:38
                Helminths
                0:57
                Why are They Called Microorganisms
                1:01
                Parasites
                1:25
                Introduction to Cell Theory
                2:03
                Evolution of Multi-Cellularity
                3:30
                Prokaryotes Can Form into Colonies and Biofilms
                3:42
                Eukaryotic Cells Can Arrange Themselves Into Tissue
                3:58
                Multicellularity Evolved
                5:03
                Fossils of Bangiomorpha Pubescens
                5:45
                Timeline
                6:45
                Endosymbiosis
                8:00
                Ancestral Anaerobic Eukaryote
                8:05
                Aerobic Eukaryote
                8:38
                Photosynthetic Cyanobacterium
                8:54
                Photosynthetic Eukaryote
                8:58
                Phylogeny
                9:24
                Prokaryotes
                9:34
                Eukaryotes
                9:39
                Organization of Eukaryotic Cell
                9:50
                Level 1: Monomeric Units
                10:13
                Level 2: Macromolecules
                10:16
                Level 3: Supramolecular Complexes
                10:37
                Level 4: The Cell and Its Organelles
                10:40
                Eukaryotic Animal Cell
                11:01
                Nuclear Envelope
                11:53
                Plasma Membrane
                11:58
                Mitochondrion
                12:15
                Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
                12:23
                Ribosomes
                12:51
                Peroxisomes
                13:00
                Cytoskeleton
                13:05
                Lysosome
                13:23
                Golgi Complex Processes
                13:27
                Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
                13:40
                Eukaryotic Plant Cell
                14:01
                Cell Wall
                14:29
                Chloroplast
                14:49
                Starch Granule
                15:06
                Thylakoids
                15:17
                Golgi Complex, Cytoskeleton, Ribosomes
                15:25
                Nucleus, Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum, Nucleolus
                15:33
                Mitochondrion
                15:39
                Example 1
                15:56
                Example 2
                18:44
                Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part I

                19m 45s

                Intro
                0:00
                Introduction to Fungi
                0:15
                1.5 Million Different Species on Earth
                0:17
                Fungal Diseases
                1:10
                Fungi Live Outdoors and Indoors
                1:17
                Most Fungi Are Not Dangerous
                1:30
                Medically Important Fungi
                1:38
                Contagious Diseases
                1:40
                Commensal Organisms
                2:39
                Fungal Growth
                3:14
                Vegetative Growth
                3:36
                Septate Hypha
                3:43
                Continuous Hyphae
                3:52
                Spore
                3:58
                Fungal Dimorphism
                4:06
                Fungi Life Cycle
                4:44
                Filamentous Fungi
                4:49
                Fungal Spores
                5:21
                Fungal Fragmentation
                6:05
                Fungal Spore Formation
                6:29
                Fungi Sexual Reproduction
                6:57
                Plasmogamy
                7:06
                Karyogamy
                7:10
                Meiosis
                7:11
                Sexual Spores
                7:45
                Ascospore
                8:11
                Life Cycle of Ascomycete
                8:21
                Histoplasmosis Capsulatum (Ascomycete)
                9:18
                Histoplasmosis Distribution
                10:54
                Histoplasmosis Lifecycle
                11:28
                Fungal Diseases
                13:06
                Mycosis
                13:08
                Chronic and Long Term
                13:16
                Five Groups
                13:21
                Systemic
                13:30
                Subcutaneous
                13:37
                Cutaneous
                13:40
                Superficial
                13:42
                Opportunistic
                13:45
                Example 1
                14:18
                Example 2
                17:40
                Eukaryotes: Fungi, Part II

                31m 55s

                Intro
                0:00
                Introduction to Fungi
                0:19
                Recap of Fungi Part One
                0:20
                1.5 Million Species
                0:28
                Focus on Fungi That Cause Human Disease
                0:59
                Medically Important Fungi
                1:42
                Contagious Diseases?
                1:44
                Dermatophytosis Example
                2:02
                Pneumocystis Example
                2:22
                Commensal Organisms: Candida Albicans
                2:36
                Fungal Diseases
                3:02
                Mycosis
                3:06
                Fungal Mycoses
                3:12
                Five Groups
                3:22
                Superficial Fungal Diseases
                4:10
                Fungi That are Localized in Hair Shafts and on Skin Surface
                4:20
                Prevalent in Tropical Climate
                4:31
                Benign
                4:38
                Figures Explanation
                4:44
                Cutaneous Fungal Disease
                5:04
                Infect the Epidermis
                5:05
                Dermatomycoses
                5:21
                Dermatophytes
                5:31
                Dermatophytes Secrete Keratinase
                6:04
                Examples
                6:31
                Subcutaneous Fungal Diseases
                6:39
                Fungal Infections Beneath the Skin
                6:42
                Occur After a Puncture Wound
                6:58
                Infections Occur Among Farmers
                8:15
                Example: Sporotrichosis
                8:26
                Candidiasis Albicans
                8:57
                Most Common in Yeast Infections
                8:58
                Resides on Skin Surfaces
                9:16
                Resistant to Phagocytosis
                9:46
                Opportunistic Fungal Disease
                12:25
                Host is Debilitated or Traumatized
                12:52
                Under Treatment with Broad Spectrum Antibiotics
                13:20
                Immune System is Suppressed by Drugs
                14:03
                Has an Immune Disorder or Lung Disease
                14:19
                Pneumocystis Pneumonia
                14:47
                Caused by Pneumocystis Jirovecii
                14:56
                Most Frequent and Severe Opportunistic Infection
                15:05
                Immunocompetent Adults Have Few or No Symptoms
                15:59
                Example: Pneumocystis Cysts in Lung of Patient with AIDS
                16:58
                Life Cycle of Pheumocystis Jirovecii
                17:34
                Early Incidence of Pneumocystis
                18:49
                Systemic Fungal Disease
                21:21
                Fungal Infections Deep Within the Body
                21:24
                Caused by Fungi Living in the Soil
                21:44
                Infections Begin in Lungs and Spread to Other Tissue
                22:13
                Example: Coccidiodomycosis Infection of Lung Tissue
                22:21
                Life Cycle of Coccidiodes Immitis
                23:12
                Number of Coccidiomycosis Cases
                24:10
                Distribution of Coccidiomycosis Cases
                26:06
                Example 1
                27:20
                Example 2
                30:08
                Parasites

                20m 1s

                Intro
                0:00
                Introduction to Parasites
                0:48
                Live in Human Hosts
                1:00
                Example of Parasites
                1:29
                Extent of Parasitic Diseases
                1:47
                Parasitic Infections Cause a Tremendous Burden of Disease
                1:54
                Malaria Example
                2:12
                Neglected Tropical Diseases
                2:38
                Extent of Malaria
                3:22
                Relationships Between Species
                6:51
                Symbiosis Between Pathogen and Host
                7:11
                Symbiosis
                7:29
                Mutualism
                7:58
                Commensalism
                8:05
                Parasitism
                9:10
                Parasite Definitions
                9:28
                Parasite Definition
                9:32
                Three Major Classes
                9:54
                Ectoparasites
                10:15
                Locations of Parasitic Infection
                10:48
                Parasite Hosts and Vectors
                12:21
                Vectors Convey a Parasite from Host to Host
                12:27
                Anopheles Mosquito and Malaria
                12:43
                Example 1
                13:04
                Example 2
                15:34
                Eukaryotes: Protozoa

                24m 59s

                Intro
                0:00
                Introduction to Protozoa
                0:13
                Protozoa Definition
                0:14
                Intestinal Protozoa
                1:19
                Insect Vectors
                1:47
                Transmission of Enteric Protozoa
                2:02
                Transmission of Blood Borne Protozoa: Leishmaniasis
                4:50
                Leishmaniasis Transmission Chart
                5:33
                Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
                7:15
                Visceral Leishmaniasis
                7:37
                Medically Important Protozoa
                8:07
                Four Classes
                8:24
                Described by the Systems They Infect
                8:54
                Flagellates
                9:10
                Intestinal and Genito-Urinary Flagellates
                9:32
                Blood and Tissue Flagellates
                9:42
                Ambae
                10:45
                Typically Amoeboid
                10:49
                Represented by Entamoeba, Negleria, and Acanthamoeba
                11:27
                Sporozoa
                12:38
                Alternating Sexual and Asexual Reproductive Phases
                12:56
                Cyclospora Life Stage
                13:13
                Lifecycle of Sporozoa: Cryptosporidium
                16:16
                Ciliates
                17:20
                Complex Protozoa Bearing Cilia Distributed in Rows or Patches with Two Kinds of Nuclei in Each Cell
                17:24
                Balantidium Coli
                17:54
                Example 1
                20:06
                Example 2
                22:52
                Eukaryotes: Helminths

                32m 53s

                Intro
                0:00
                Introduction to Helminths
                0:30
                Definition of Helminths
                0:31
                Three Types of Helminths
                0:54
                Biological Properties of Helminths
                1:38
                Biological Life Cycle of Helminths
                1:42
                Adult Helminths May Be Dioecious
                3:25
                Monoecious Helminths
                3:58
                Characteristics of Helminths
                4:12
                May Lack a Digestive System
                4:16
                Nervous System is Reduced
                4:41
                Incidence of Helminth Infections Worldwide
                5:50
                Intestinal Helminths
                6:29
                Soil Transmitted Helminths
                8:15
                Wuchereria Bancrofti
                8:35
                Wuchereria Bancrofti Causes Lymphatic Filariasis
                9:01
                Nematode or Roundword That Inhibits Lymphatic Vessels
                9:18
                Life Cycle
                9:43
                Lifecycle of Wuchereria Bancrofti
                10:11
                Symptoms of Wuchereria Bancrofti
                11:41
                Elephantiasis
                11:59
                People Who Develop Lymphedema
                12:39
                Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
                14:53
                Distribution of Lymphatic Filariasis in India
                18:08
                Taenia Saginata or Solium
                19:19
                Human Tapeworms
                19:20
                Cestode That Inhabits Intestinal Tracts of Human Hosts
                19:36
                Taenia
                20:01
                Scolex
                20:53
                Tania or Tapeworms
                21:39
                Life Cycle of Taenia Saginata or Solium
                22:15
                Urban Myth of Reality
                24:35
                Example 1
                25:41
                Example 2
                28:38
                Helminths & Immunity

                32m 50s

                Intro
                0:00
                The Immune System
                0:45
                Innate Immune Response
                1:04
                Adaptive Immune Response
                1:15
                Autoimmunity and Helminth Infection
                2:20
                Endemic Type 1 Diabetes
                2:26
                Endemic Helminth Infections
                2:47
                Coevolution of Helminths and Immunity
                4:43
                Helminth Infections are a Driving Force in Shaping
                5:53
                Helminths Do Not Replicate in Human Host
                6:37
                Helminths are Able to Maintain a Co-existence With Immune System
                7:18
                Innate Immunity
                7:46
                Adaptive Immunity
                7:52
                Localized Impact of Helminth Infection
                9:05
                Immune Modulation of Helminth Infection
                14:07
                Helminths and Immune Response
                15:55
                Other Ways Helminths Facilitate Immune Response
                17:45
                Helminth Influence on Immunity
                19:07
                Types of Chronic Tissue Helminth Infection
                22:04
                Infected, Low Pathology - Develop Tolerance
                22:35
                Chronic Pathology
                22:50
                Pathogen Co-Existence and Immunity
                23:29
                Helminths and Autoimmunity in Mice
                25:31
                Summary of Helminths and Immunity
                26:39
                Hygiene Hypothesis
                26:42
                Driving Force in Shaping
                27:27
                Absence of Helminths and the Immune Tolerances
                27:46
                Example 1
                28:10
                Example 2
                30:23
                Section 9: Survey of Important Bacteria
                Gram Positive Bacteria

                46m 35s

                Intro
                0:00
                Introduction
                1:01
                External Peptidoglycan
                1:07
                Stain Purple
                1:16
                Reasons How External Peptidoglycan is Important
                1:30
                Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
                1:51
                Immune Attack of Gram Positive Bacteria
                3:21
                Process of Opsonization
                3:29
                What is Opsonization
                3:39
                Complement Forms Membrane Attack Complexes
                4:38
                Ways Bacteria Gets Recognized by the System
                5:14
                Properties of Gram Positive Bacteria
                6:55
                Metabolism
                7:00
                Survival Mechanisms
                7:11
                Shapes
                7:23
                Environments
                7:39
                Examples of Gram Positive Bacteria
                7:59
                Shapes of Gram Positive Bacteria
                9:13
                Streptococci vs. Staphylococci
                9:26
                Staphylococci Shape
                9:38
                Streptococci Shape
                9:52
                Staphylococcus Bacteria
                10:04
                Staphylococcus
                10:20
                Salt-Tolerant
                11:36
                Two Main Species
                12:24
                Pathogenicity
                12:38
                Enzymes and Toxins
                13:38
                Staphylococcus Aureus
                14:57
                Food Borne Infection
                15:04
                Skin Infections
                15:29
                Systemic Disease
                16:14
                Staphylococcus Bacteria
                17:36
                Categorized According to Antigens
                18:00
                Streptococcus Group A
                18:09
                Streptococcus Pyogenes
                19:09
                Pathogenicity
                19:37
                Rheumatic Fever
                20:00
                Necrotizing Fasciatis
                20:39
                Glomerulonephritis
                21:30
                Surface M Protein
                21:50
                Hyaluronic Acid Capsule
                22:25
                Enzymes
                22:47
                Pyrogenic Toxins
                22:57
                Bacillus
                23:34
                Has Endospore Stage and Produces Toxins
                23:59
                Bacillus Anthracis
                24:16
                Spores Activated
                25:12
                Toxins Cause Disease
                25:40
                Clostridium Bacteria
                26:02
                Gram Positive, Anaerobic, and Endospore Producing
                26:30
                Different Clostridium Bacteria
                26:56
                Clostridium Difficile
                27:34
                Commonly Found Among the Intestinal Microbiota
                27:38
                Opportunistic Pathogen
                27:57
                Common in Hospital
                28:30
                Age-Adjusted Death Rate for Enterocolitis Due to C. Difficile
                29:16
                Listeria Bacteria
                29:54
                Avoidance of Immune Reaction by Listeria
                31:23
                Multi-State Listeriosis Outbreak from Whole Cantaloupes Grown by Jensen Farms, Colorado
                33:04
                Example 1
                36:17
                Example 2
                39:05
                Example 3
                43:47
                Gram Negative Bacteria

                44m 38s

                Intro
                0:00
                Introduction
                0:29
                Internal Cell Wall
                0:45
                Characteristic Properties
                0:54
                Gram Negative Bacterial Cell Wall
                2:01
                Outer Membrane Provides a Barrier
                3:05
                Outer Membrane Contains Lipid A
                3:16
                Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
                3:20
                Lipid A Molecule
                3:26
                Lipopolysaccharides
                3:40
                Most Gram Negative Bacteria Do Not Form Spores
                3:54
                Gram Negative Laboratory Algorithm
                4:05
                Properties of Gram Negative Bacteria
                6:45
                Outer Membrane
                6:50
                Genetic Exchange
                6:53
                Immune Reaction to Gram Negative Bacteria
                7:49
                Examples of Gram Negative Bacteria
                12:12
                Endotoxin
                12:52
                Differ from Exotoxin in Several Ways
                13:05
                Released When Gram Negative Bacteria Undergo Lysis and Endotoxin is Liberated
                13:50
                Stimulate Macrophages to Release High Concentrations of Cytokines
                14:36
                E. Coli Bacteria
                15:03
                Escherichia Coli
                15:06
                Pathogenic Strains of E. Coli
                15:28
                Shiga-Toxin E. Coli Outbreak, Germany 2011
                16:24
                Salmonella Bacteria
                18:29
                Pathogenicity
                18:36
                Infection by Salmonella
                20:36
                Another Image of Infection by Salmonella
                21:41
                Bacterial Infections, 2013
                23:44
                Vibrio Bacteria
                25:12
                Vibrio Genus
                25:37
                Most Virulent Species is Vibrio Cholerae
                25:50
                Cholera Life Cycle
                26:59
                Worldwide Cholera Cases
                29:44
                New Cases of Cholera in Haiti During a 2 Year Period
                30:24
                Preventing Cholera Infection with Gut Flora
                31:10
                Bordetella Pertussis
                32:55
                Aerobic Coccobacillus
                33:24
                Tracheal Toxin
                33:40
                Pertussis Toxin
                33:50
                Pertussis Infection Timeline
                34:25
                Pertussis Symptom Timeline
                36:10
                Reported Pertussis Cases in US 1922-2003
                37:31
                Example 1
                38:09
                Example 2
                39:36
                Example 3
                41:16
                Bacteria with Other Cell Walls

                24m 6s

                Intro
                0:00
                Bacteria Classification by Cell Wall
                0:21
                Gram Positive vs. Gram Negative
                1:01
                Gram Stain
                1:18
                Shape
                1:24
                Bacteria Undetectable with Gram Stain
                3:07
                Mycobacteria
                3:23
                Mycoplasma Pneumonia
                4:02
                Chlamydia
                4:11
                Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Bacteria
                4:23
                Atypical Small Bacterium Without A Cell Wall
                4:30
                Lacks Rigid Cell Wall
                5:02
                Extracellular in Respiratory Tract
                7:02
                Acid-Fast Bacteria
                7:38
                Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                8:36
                Infectious Process
                10:31
                Tuberculosis Incidence in 2005
                12:45
                Chlamydia Trachomatis Bacteria
                15:11
                Obligate Intracellular Human Parasite
                15:39
                Gram Negative
                16:01
                Three Human Biovars
                16:15
                Life Cycle of Chlamydia
                17:33
                Example 1
                19:42
                Example 2
                21:01
                Section 10: Microbes and Human Disease
                Tuberculosis

                28m

                Intro
                0:00
                Tuberculosis Introduction
                0:47
                Malaria
                0:51
                Acid-Fast Staining
                1:04
                Tuberculosis Disease
                1:42
                Latent and Active Disease
                1:51
                Strong Man Image Example
                2:22
                Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                2:39
                Cell Wall
                2:48
                Tuberculosis Incidence in 2012
                3:21
                Worldwide Tuberculosis Incidence
                4:19
                TB Research Center, Chennai, India
                5:00
                Tuberculosis in United States
                5:47
                Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
                6:28
                Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
                7:40
                Infection
                7:50
                How It's Spread
                8:09
                What Determines Whether or Not an Individual Will be Exposed
                8:49
                Bacilli can Multiply Once Reaching the Alveoli
                9:21
                Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                10:18
                Inactive Form of TB
                10:34
                Active vs. Inactive Form of TB Depends on If Bacilli Stay in Tissue or Break Out
                10:44
                Tuberculosis Pathogenesis
                11:20
                Bacilli That Reach Alveoli
                11:32
                Those Bacilli are Ingested by Macrophages
                12:28
                No Symptoms of Disease
                13:20
                More Advanced Stage
                13:25
                Multiply in Macrophages
                13:45
                Inflammation
                14:24
                After a Few Weeks Disease Symptoms Appear
                15:00
                Caseous Center
                15:30
                Aerobic Bacilli Do Not Grow Well in the Center
                16:18
                Granuloma Can Reactivate Later
                16:46
                Active Disease: The Granuloma Can Rupture with Liquefaction
                17:25
                Active TB
                18:04
                Tuberculosis Staging
                18:12
                Stage 3 Important Stage
                18:40
                Stage 5 You Have TB
                18:55
                Tuberculosis Testing
                19:31
                Tuberculin Skin Test
                19:32
                Positive Skin Reaction Image Example
                20:14
                Tuberculosis Vaccination
                20:32
                BCG Vaccination in Other Areas Around the World
                20:48
                BCG Protects from the Active Form of Tuberculosis
                21:06
                BCG Does Not Confer Lifelong Protection
                22:34
                Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
                22:51
                Target Different Parts
                23:09
                Regiment
                23:32
                Example 1
                24:34
                Example 2
                26:40
                Malaria, a Protozoan Disease

                29m 59s

                Intro
                0:00
                Protozoa Introduction
                1:13
                One-Celled Organisms
                1:14
                Free Living or Parasitic
                1:19
                Can Multiply in Humans
                1:27
                How Does a Pathogen Get to the Digestive Tract
                1:44
                Worldwide Cases of Malaria
                3:06
                Found Where There a Lot of Mosquitoes
                3:14
                Malaria Introduction
                4:00
                Protozoa
                4:03
                Lives Partially in Human Host, Partially in Mosquito
                4:06
                Four Major Species
                4:29
                Carried by Anopheles Mosquitoes
                4:49
                Lifecycle of Malaria
                5:08
                Two Stages in Human Host and One Stage in Mosquito
                5:30
                Mosquito Bites and Injects Sporozoites
                5:49
                Parasite Goes Into Liver
                7:14
                Blood Supply
                7:33
                Diagnostic Stage
                7:55
                Erythrocytes
                8:11
                Gametocytes
                9:04
                Final Stage: Release of Sporozoites
                9:39
                Sickle Cell Anemia and Moleria
                10:16
                Sickle Cell Anemia is a Genetic Mutation Disease
                10:34
                Function
                11:05
                Hemoglobin Shape and Oxygen Capacity are Slightly Different
                11:16
                Selective Advantages and Disadvantages
                12:04
                Effects at a Cellular Level
                12:06
                Effects at the Organismal Level
                12:39
                Effects at the Population Level
                12:54
                Evolution of Human Malaria
                13:31
                Plasmodium Parasite Has Evolved
                13:40
                Plasmodium Reichenowi
                13:56
                What's Going on in India
                14:43
                Malaria Pathogenicity
                15:40
                Incubation Period
                15:41
                Symptoms
                16:05
                P. vivax and P. ovale
                16:41
                Dormant Liver Stage
                16:57
                Diagnosis
                18:33
                Malaria Treatment
                19:30
                Depends on Many Factors
                19:32
                Medications
                20:32
                Example 1
                22:28
                Example 2
                27:38
                HIV/AIDS

                38m 7s

                Intro
                0:00
                What is HIV / AIDS?
                0:31
                Human Immunodeficiency Virus
                0:32
                Once Infected, the Virus Will Always Be There
                1:28
                Exception
                1:45
                Transmitted Through Body Fluids
                2:10
                Virus
                2:15
                HIV Can be Transmitted Through
                3:13
                Sexual Contact, Injection Drug Use, Occupational Exposure, Pregnancy, Blood Transfusion
                3:14
                Blood Transfusion Used to be Significant for Disease Transmission
                3:31
                Adult HIV Prevalence, 2012
                4:30
                Africa is Highest
                4:40
                North and South America are Also High Prevalence
                4:44
                India
                5:02
                Counts of AIDS Cases
                5:22
                Example of Disease Transmission
                7:19
                Males
                7:31
                Females
                7:42
                HIV/ AIDS Methods of Transmission
                8:33
                HIV Retrovirus
                9:10
                Retrovirus
                9:21
                Replicate the Virus
                10:13
                Life Cycle of HIV Virus
                10:55
                Genome
                11:10
                Reverse Transcription
                11:16
                Host DNA Produces Goes Through Transcription and Translation
                11:26
                Produce Viral RNA
                11:36
                Importance of Figure
                12:00
                Viral Load and Immune Cell
                12:45
                Individual Infected
                12:52
                Plasma Virus Load Increases then Rapidly Declines
                12:58
                CD4+ T Cell
                13:34
                Immune System is Suppressed Enough That AIDs Develops
                14:20
                Evolution of HIV/ AIDS
                15:31
                Immunodeficiency and Development of Opportunistic Infections
                17:40
                Herpes Simplex Virus
                18:00
                Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus
                18:10
                Kaposi Sarcoma and Many More
                18:22
                Disease Emerge at Different Time Depending on Degree of Suppression
                18:40
                Opportunistic Infections with HIV
                18:52
                Early 1900s
                19:04
                Pneumocystis
                19:21
                Opportunistic Fungal Disease
                20:15
                Harmless, Opportunistic Fungi
                20:31
                Can Happen to Individuals Who are Taking Drugs to Suppress Immune System
                20:44
                Pneumocystis Pneumonia
                21:13
                Pathogen
                21:32
                Immunodeficient Adults
                21:41
                Estimated HIV Co-Infection Among Individuals Diagnosed with TB in U.S.
                22:00
                Kaposi Sarcoma
                22:42
                Rare Cancer
                22:49
                Skin Neoplasm
                23:14
                Subtypes All Have Human Herpesvirus-8
                23:31
                How It Looks
                23:57
                Kaposi Sarcoma Spindle Cells
                24:29
                How to Treat Kaposi Sarcoma
                25:17
                HIV Prevalence Among Young Adult Women in India
                26:02
                Example 1
                31:24
                Example 2
                33:32
                Ebola

                43m 9s

                Intro
                0:00
                Ebola Virus Overview
                0:22
                Ebola Virus Outbreak Distribution
                0:59
                1976 Ebola Outbreak First Identified
                1:00
                Recent Outbreak in Zaire
                2:15
                Three Countries Most Affected Today
                2:39
                Amount of Hospitals in Those Countries
                3:40
                Ebola Virus Ecology
                4:14
                Thought to Just Infect Warm Blooded Animals
                4:24
                Epidemic Starts When Virus Infects Humans
                4:45
                Ebola Virus Infection
                5:55
                Virus Comes From Animal and Infects Human
                5:57
                Infected Cells
                6:10
                Endothelial Cell Gaps Causes Leakage of Blood and Virus
                6:35
                Ebola Virus Symptoms
                7:37
                Fever
                7:43
                Early Signs
                7:54
                Big Sign of Being Infected: Travel History
                8:18
                Key About the Symptom Emerging
                9:40
                Timeline of Ebola Virus Symptoms
                11:21
                Day 2: First Symptoms
                11:36
                Day 10: High Fever and Vomiting
                12:29
                Day 11: Brain Damage and Bleeding
                13:13
                Day 12: Loss of Consciousness
                13:44
                Ebola Virus Characteristics
                14:14
                Filovirus
                14:27
                Enveloped, Helical Viruses
                14:31
                Ebola and Marburg Viruses
                14:36
                Morphology of Helical Ebola Virus
                14:52
                Capsid
                14:56
                Nucleic Acid
                15:04
                Ebola Virus Structure
                15:38
                Outside of the Structure
                15:42
                Inside the Envelope
                15:56
                Virus Can Recreate Itself in the Cytoplasm
                16:54
                RNA Viral Replication
                18:04
                Negative and Positive Strand
                18:32
                Ebola Virus Entry
                20:26
                Cell the Virus Penetrates
                21:18
                Inflammatory Reaction
                21:45
                Viruses Released Into Individuals Body
                22:23
                Ebola Virus: Immune Reaction
                23:08
                Survivors
                23:20
                Individuals Who Die From Ebola
                23:33
                Effective Dose
                24:03
                Host Immune Response to Ebola
                24:36
                Monocyte
                24:44
                Cytokines Storm
                25:01
                Ebola Virus Pathogenisis
                25:40
                Infection
                25:46
                Neutrophil
                25:56
                Depletion of Natural Killer Cells
                26:06
                Ebola Virus Can Serve to Surpress the Immune Reaction
                26:37
                How Contagious is Ebola?
                27:49
                Not Very Contagious, But Very Infectious
                27:58
                In Relation to Other Diseases
                28:43
                Ebola Transmission
                29:24
                Patient Zero Thought to be Infected by Animal
                29:28
                Eating Bushmeat In West Africa
                29:46
                Ebola Spreads by Direct Contact
                30:16
                Ebola in Healthcare Settings
                31:13
                Healthcare Workers at Higher Risk Because They Handle Body Fluids
                31:22
                Precautions
                32:07
                Treatment of Ebola
                34:13
                No Vaccine, but There Are Experimental Treatments (ZMAPP)
                34:18
                Basic Interventions When Done Early, Can Improve Chances of Survival
                36:27
                Example 1
                37:41
                Example 2
                39:18
                Example 3
                41:05
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