INSTRUCTORS Carleen Eaton Grant Fraser

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Dr. Carleen Eaton

Dr. Carleen Eaton

Conic Sections

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Table of Contents

Section 1: Equations and Inequalities
Expressions and Formulas

22m 23s

Intro
0:00
Order of Operations
0:19
Variable
0:27
Algebraic Expression
0:46
Term
0:57
Example: Algebraic Expression
1:25
Evaluate Inside Grouping Symbols
1:55
Evaluate Powers
2:30
Multiply/Divide Left to Right
2:55
Add/Subtract Left to Right
3:35
Monomials
4:40
Examples of Monomials
4:52
Constant
5:27
Coefficient
5:46
Degree
6:25
Power
7:15
Polynomials
8:02
Examples of Polynomials
8:24
Binomials, Trinomials, Monomials
8:53
Term
9:21
Like Terms
10:02
Formulas
11:00
Example: Pythagorean Theorem
11:15
Example 1: Evaluate the Algebraic Expression
11:50
Example 2: Evaluate the Algebraic Expression
14:38
Example 3: Area of a Triangle
19:11
Example 4: Fahrenheit to Celsius
20:41
Properties of Real Numbers

20m 15s

Intro
0:00
Real Numbers
0:07
Number Line
0:15
Rational Numbers
0:46
Irrational Numbers
2:24
Venn Diagram of Real Numbers
4:03
Irrational Numbers
5:00
Rational Numbers
5:19
Real Number System
5:27
Natural Numbers
5:32
Whole Numbers
5:53
Integers
6:19
Fractions
6:46
Properties of Real Numbers
7:15
Commutative Property
7:34
Associative Property
8:07
Identity Property
9:04
Inverse Property
9:53
Distributive Property
11:03
Example 1: What Set of Numbers?
12:21
Example 2: What Properties Are Used?
13:56
Example 3: Multiplicative Inverse
16:00
Example 4: Simplify Using Properties
17:18
Solving Equations

19m 10s

Intro
0:00
Translations
0:06
Verbal Expressions and Algebraic Expressions
0:13
Example: Sum of Two Numbers
0:19
Example: Square of a Number
1:33
Properties of Equality
3:20
Reflexive Property
3:30
Symmetric Property
3:42
Transitive Property
4:01
Addition Property
5:01
Subtraction Property
5:37
Multiplication Property
6:02
Division Property
6:30
Solving Equations
6:58
Example: Using Properties
7:18
Solving for a Variable
8:25
Example: Solve for Z
8:34
Example 1: Write Algebraic Expression
10:15
Example 2: Write Verbal Expression
11:31
Example 3: Solve the Equation
14:05
Example 4: Simplify Using Properties
17:26
Solving Absolute Value Equations

17m 31s

Intro
0:00
Absolute Value Expressions
0:09
Distance from Zero
0:18
Example: Absolute Value Expression
0:24
Absolute Value Equations
1:50
Example: Absolute Value Equation
2:00
Example: Isolate Expression
3:13
No Solution
3:46
Empty Set
3:58
Example: No Solution
4:12
Number of Solutions
4:46
Check Each Solution
4:57
Example: Two Solutions
5:05
Example: No Solution
6:18
Example: One Solution
6:28
Example 1: Evaluate for X
7:16
Example 2: Write Verbal Expression
9:08
Example 3: Solve the Equation
12:18
Example 4: Simplify Using Properties
13:36
Solving Inequalities

17m 14s

Intro
0:00
Properties of Inequalities
0:08
Addition Property
0:17
Example: Using Numbers
0:30
Subtraction Property
1:03
Example: Using Numbers
1:19
Multiplication Properties
1:44
C>0 (Positive Number)
1:50
Example: Using Numbers
2:05
C<0 (Negative Number)
2:40
Example: Using Numbers
3:10
Division Properties
4:11
C>0 (Positive Number)
4:15
Example: Using Numbers
4:27
C<0 (Negative Number)
5:21
Example: Using Numbers
5:32
Describing the Solution Set
6:10
Example: Set Builder Notation
6:26
Example: Graph (Closed Circle)
7:08
Example: Graph (Open Circle)
7:30
Example 1: Solve the Inequality
7:58
Example 2: Solve the Inequality
9:06
Example 3: Solve the Inequality
10:10
Example 4: Solve the Inequality
13:12
Solving Compound and Absolute Value Inequalities

25m

Intro
0:00
Compound Inequalities
0:08
And and Or
0:13
Example: And
0:22
Example: Or
1:12
And Inequality
1:41
Intersection
1:49
Example: Numbers
2:08
Example: Inequality
2:43
Or Inequality
4:35
Example: Union
4:45
Example: Inequality
5:53
Absolute Value Inequalities
7:19
Definition of Absolute Value
7:33
Examples: Compound Inequalities
8:30
Example: Complex Inequality
12:21
Example 1: Solve the Inequality
12:54
Example 2: Solve the Inequality
17:21
Example 3: Solve the Inequality
18:54
Example 4: Solve the Inequality
22:15
Section 2: Linear Relations and Functions
Relations and Functions

32m 5s

Intro
0:00
Coordinate Plane
0:20
X-Coordinate and Y-Coordinate
0:30
Example: Coordinate Pairs
0:37
Quadrants
1:20
Relations
2:14
Domain and Range
2:19
Set of Ordered Pairs
2:29
As a Table
2:51
Functions
4:21
One Element in Range
4:32
Example: Mapping
4:43
Example: Table and Map
6:26
One-to-One Functions
8:01
Example: One-to-One
8:22
Example: Not One-to-One
9:18
Graphs of Relations
11:01
Discrete and Continuous
11:12
Example: Discrete
11:22
Example: Continous
12:30
Vertical Line Test
14:09
Example: S Curve
14:29
Example: Function
16:15
Equations, Relations, and Functions
17:03
Independent Variable and Dependent Variable
17:16
Function Notation
19:11
Example: Function Notation
19:23
Example 1: Domain and Range
20:51
Example 2: Discrete or Continous
23:03
Example 3: Discrete or Continous
25:53
Example 4: Function Notation
30:05
Linear Equations

14m 46s

Intro
0:00
Linear Equations and Functions
0:07
Linear Equation
0:19
Example: Linear Equation
0:29
Example: Linear Function
1:07
Standard Form
2:02
Integer Constants with No Common Factor
2:08
Example: Standard Form
2:27
Graphing with Intercepts
4:05
X-Intercept and Y-Intercept
4:12
Example: Intercepts
4:26
Example: Graphing
5:14
Example 1: Linear Function
7:53
Example 2: Linear Function
9:10
Example 3: Standard Form
10:04
Example 4: Graph with Intercepts
12:25
Slope

23m 7s

Intro
0:00
Definition of Slope
0:07
Change in Y / Change in X
0:26
Example: Slope of Graph
0:37
Interpretation of Slope
3:07
Horizontal Line (0 Slope)
3:13
Vertical Line (Undefined Slope)
4:52
Rises to Right (Positive Slope)
6:36
Falls to Right (Negative Slope)
6:53
Parallel Lines
7:18
Example: Not Vertical
7:30
Example: Vertical
7:58
Perpendicular Lines
8:31
Example: Perpendicular
8:42
Example 1: Slope of Line
10:32
Example 2: Graph Line
11:45
Example 3: Parallel to Graph
13:37
Example 4: Perpendicular to Graph
17:57
Writing Linear Functions

23m 5s

Intro
0:00
Slope Intercept Form
0:11
m and b
0:28
Example: Graph Using Slope Intercept
0:43
Point Slope Form
2:41
Relation to Slope Formula
3:03
Example: Point Slope Form
4:36
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
6:28
Review of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
6:31
Example: Parallel
7:50
Example: Perpendicular
9:58
Example 1: Slope Intercept Form
11:07
Example 2: Slope Intercept Form
13:07
Example 3: Parallel
15:49
Example 4: Perpendicular
18:42
Special Functions

31m 5s

Intro
0:00
Step Functions
0:07
Example: Apple Prices
0:30
Absolute Value Function
4:55
Example: Absolute Value
5:05
Piecewise Functions
9:08
Example: Piecewise
9:27
Example 1: Absolute Value Function
14:00
Example 2: Absolute Value Function
20:39
Example 3: Piecewise Function
22:26
Example 4: Step Function
25:25
Graphing Inequalities

21m 42s

Intro
0:00
Graphing Linear Inequalities
0:07
Shaded Region
0:19
Using Test Points
0:32
Graph Corresponding Linear Function
0:46
Dashed or Solid Lines
0:59
Use Test Point
1:21
Example: Linear Inequality
1:58
Graphing Absolute Value Inequalities
4:50
Graph Corresponding Equations
4:59
Use Test Point
5:20
Example: Absolute Value Inequality
5:38
Example 1: Linear Inequality
9:17
Example 2: Linear Inequality
11:56
Example 3: Linear Inequality
14:29
Example 4: Absolute Value Inequality
17:06
Section 3: Systems of Equations and Inequalities
Solving Systems of Equations by Graphing

17m 13s

Intro
0:00
Systems of Equations
0:09
Example: Two Equations
0:24
Solving by Graphing
0:53
Point of Intersection
1:09
Types of Systems
2:29
Independent (Single Solution)
2:34
Dependent (Infinite Solutions)
3:05
Inconsistent (No Solution)
4:23
Example 1: Solve by Graphing
5:20
Example 2: Solve by Graphing
9:10
Example 3: Solve by Graphing
12:27
Example 4: Solve by Graphing
14:54
Solving Systems of Equations Algebraically

23m 53s

Intro
0:00
Solving by Substitution
0:08
Example: System of Equations
0:36
Solving by Multiplication
7:22
Extra Step of Multiplying
7:38
Example: System of Equations
8:00
Inconsistent and Dependent Systems
11:14
Variables Drop Out
11:48
Inconsistent System (Never True)
12:01
Constant Equals Constant
12:53
Dependent System (Always True)
13:11
Example 1: Solve Algebraically
13:58
Example 2: Solve Algebraically
15:52
Example 3: Solve Algebraically
17:54
Example 4: Solve Algebraically
21:40
Solving Systems of Inequalities By Graphing

27m 12s

Intro
0:00
Solving by Graphing
0:08
Graph Each Inequality
0:25
Overlap
0:35
Corresponding Linear Equations
1:03
Test Point
1:23
Example: System of Inequalities
1:51
No Solution
7:06
Empty Set
7:26
Example: No Solution
7:34
Example 1: Solve by Graphing
10:27
Example 2: Solve by Graphing
13:30
Example 3: Solve by Graphing
17:19
Example 4: Solve by Graphing
23:23
Solving Systems of Equations in Three Variables

28m 53s

Intro
0:00
Solving Systems in Three Variables
0:17
Triple of Values
0:31
Example: Three Variables
0:56
Number of Solutions
5:55
One Solution
6:08
No Solution
6:24
Infinite Solutions
7:06
Example 1: Solve 3 Variables
7:59
Example 2: Solve 3 Variables
13:50
Example 3: Solve 3 Variables
19:54
Example 4: Solve 3 Variables
25:50
Section 4: Matrices
Basic Matrix Concepts

11m 34s

Intro
0:00
What is a Matrix
0:26
Brackets
0:46
Designation
1:21
Element
1:47
Matrix Equations
1:59
Dimensions
2:27
Rows (m) and Columns (n)
2:37
Examples: Dimensions
2:43
Special Matrices
4:22
Row Matrix
4:32
Column Matrix
5:00
Zero Matrix
6:00
Equal Matrices
6:30
Example: Corresponding Elements
6:36
Example 1: Matrix Dimension
8:12
Example 2: Matrix Dimension
9:03
Example 3: Zero Matrix
9:38
Example 4: Row and Column Matrix
10:26
Matrix Operations

21m 36s

Intro
0:00
Matrix Addition
0:18
Same Dimensions
0:25
Example: Adding Matrices
1:04
Matrix Subtraction
3:42
Same Dimensions
3:48
Example: Subtracting Matrices
4:04
Scalar Multiplication
6:08
Scalar Constant
6:24
Example: Multiplying Matrices
6:32
Properties of Matrix Operations
8:23
Commutative Property
8:41
Associative Property
9:08
Distributive Property
9:44
Example 1: Matrix Addition
10:24
Example 2: Matrix Subtraction
11:58
Example 3: Scalar Multiplication
14:23
Example 4: Matrix Properties
16:09
Matrix Multiplication

29m 36s

Intro
0:00
Dimension Requirement
0:17
n = p
0:24
Resulting Product Matrix (m x q)
1:21
Example: Multiplication
1:54
Matrix Multiplication
3:38
Example: Matrix Multiplication
4:07
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
10:46
Associative Property
11:00
Associative Property (Scalar)
11:28
Distributive Property
12:06
Distributive Property (Scalar)
12:30
Example 1: Possible Matrices
13:31
Example 2: Multiplying Matrices
17:08
Example 3: Multiplying Matrices
20:41
Example 4: Matrix Properties
24:41
Determinants

33m 13s

Intro
0:00
What is a Determinant
0:13
Square Matrices
0:23
Vertical Bars
0:41
Determinant of a 2x2 Matrix
1:21
Second Order Determinant
1:37
Formula
1:45
Example: 2x2 Determinant
1:58
Determinant of a 3x3 Matrix
2:50
Expansion by Minors
3:08
Third Order Determinant
3:19
Expanding Row One
4:06
Example: 3x3 Determinant
6:40
Diagonal Method for 3x3 Matrices
13:24
Example: Diagonal Method
13:36
Example 1: Determinant of 2x2
18:59
Example 2: Determinant of 3x3
20:03
Example 3: Determinant of 3x3
25:35
Example 4: Determinant of 3x3
29:22
Cramer's Rule

28m 25s

Intro
0:00
System of Two Equations in Two Variables
0:16
One Variable
0:50
Determinant of Denominator
1:14
Determinants of Numerators
2:23
Example: System of Equations
3:34
System of Three Equations in Three Variables
7:06
Determinant of Denominator
7:17
Determinants of Numerators
7:52
Example 1: Two Equations
8:57
Example 2: Two Equations
13:21
Example 3: Three Equations
17:11
Example 4: Three Equations
23:43
Identity and Inverse Matrices

22m 25s

Intro
0:00
Identity Matrix
0:13
Example: 2x2 Identity Matrix
0:30
Example: 4x4 Identity Matrix
0:50
Properties of Identity Matrices
1:24
Example: Multiplying Identity Matrix
2:52
Matrix Inverses
5:30
Writing Matrix Inverse
6:07
Inverse of a 2x2 Matrix
6:39
Example: 2x2 Matrix
7:31
Example 1: Inverse Matrix
10:18
Example 2: Find the Inverse Matrix
13:04
Example 3: Find the Inverse Matrix
17:53
Example 4: Find the Inverse Matrix
20:44
Solving Systems of Equations Using Matrices

22m 32s

Intro
0:00
Matrix Equations
0:11
Example: System of Equations
0:21
Solving Systems of Equations
4:01
Isolate x
4:16
Example: Using Numbers
5:10
Multiplicative Inverse
5:54
Example 1: Write as Matrix Equation
7:18
Example 2: Use Matrix Equations
9:12
Example 3: Use Matrix Equations
15:06
Example 4: Use Matrix Equations
19:35
Section 5: Quadratic Functions and Inequalities
Graphing Quadratic Functions

31m 48s

Intro
0:00
Quadratic Functions
0:12
A is Zero
0:27
Example: Parabola
0:45
Properties of Parabolas
2:08
Axis of Symmetry
2:11
Vertex
2:32
Example: Parabola
2:48
Minimum and Maximum Values
9:02
Positive or Negative
9:28
Upward or Downward
9:58
Example: Minimum
10:31
Example: Maximum
11:16
Example 1: Axis of Symmetry, Vertex, Graph
12:41
Example 2: Axis of Symmetry, Vertex, Graph
17:25
Example 3: Minimum or Maximum
21:47
Example 4: Minimum or Maximum
27:09
Solving Quadratic Equations by Graphing

27m 3s

Intro
0:00
Quadratic Equations
0:16
Standard Form
0:18
Example: Quadratic Equation
0:47
Solving by Graphing
1:41
Roots (x-Intercepts)
1:48
Example: Number of Solutions
2:12
Estimating Solutions
9:23
Example: Integer Solutions
9:30
Example: Estimating
9:53
Example 1: Solve by Graphing
10:52
Example 2: Solve by Graphing
15:10
Example 1: Solve by Graphing
17:50
Example 1: Solve by Graphing
20:54
Solving Quadratic Equations by Factoring

19m 53s

Intro
0:00
Factoring Techniques
0:15
Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
0:37
Difference of Two Squares
1:48
Perfect Square Trinomials
2:30
General Trinomials
3:09
Zero Product Rule
5:22
Example: Zero Product
5:53
Example 1: Solve by Factoring
7:46
Example 1: Solve by Factoring
9:48
Example 1: Solve by Factoring
12:34
Example 1: Solve by Factoring
15:28
Imaginary and Complex Numbers

35m 45s

Intro
0:00
Properties of Square Roots
0:10
Product Property
0:26
Example: Product Property
0:56
Quotient Property
2:17
Example: Quotient Property
2:35
Imaginary Numbers
3:12
Imaginary i
3:51
Examples: Imaginary Number
4:22
Complex Numbers
7:23
Real Part and Imaginary Part
7:33
Examples: Complex Numbers
7:57
Equality
9:37
Example: Equal Complex Numbers
9:52
Addition and Subtraction
10:12
Examples: Adding Complex Numbers
10:25
Complex Plane
13:32
Horizontal Axis (Real)
13:49
Vertical Axis (Imaginary)
13:59
Example: Labeling
14:11
Multiplication
15:57
Example: FOIL Method
16:03
Division
18:37
Complex Conjugates
18:45
Conjugate Pairs
19:10
Example: Dividing Complex Numbers
20:00
Example 1: Simplify Complex Number
24:50
Example 2: Simplify Complex Number
27:56
Example 3: Multiply Complex Numbers
29:27
Example 3: Dividing Complex Numbers
31:48
Completing the Square

27m 11s

Intro
0:00
Square Root Property
0:12
Example: Perfect Square
0:38
Example: Perfect Square Trinomial
3:00
Completing the Square
4:39
Constant Term
4:50
Example: Complete the Square
5:04
Solve Equations
6:42
Add to Both Sides
6:59
Example: Complete the Square
7:07
Equations Where a Not Equal to 1
10:58
Divide by Coefficient
11:08
Example: Complete the Square
11:24
Complex Solutions
14:05
Real and Imaginary
14:14
Example: Complex Solution
14:35
Example 1: Square Root Property
18:31
Example 2: Complete the Square
19:15
Example 3: Complete the Square
20:40
Example 4: Complete the Square
23:56
Quadratic Formula and the Discriminant

22m 48s

Intro
0:00
Quadratic Formula
0:21
Standard Form
0:29
Example: Quadratic Formula
0:57
One Rational Root
3:00
Example: One Root
3:31
Complex Solutions
6:16
Complex Conjugate
6:28
Example: Complex Solution
7:15
Discriminant
9:42
Positive Discriminant
10:03
Perfect Square (Rational)
10:51
Not Perfect Square (2 Irrational)
11:27
Negative Discriminant
12:28
Zero Discriminant
12:57
Example 1: Quadratic Formula
13:50
Example 2: Quadratic Formula
16:03
Example 3: Quadratic Formula
19:00
Example 4: Discriminant
21:33
Analyzing the Graphs of Quadratic Functions

30m 7s

Intro
0:00
Vertex Form
0:12
H and K
0:32
Axis of Symmetry
0:36
Vertex
0:42
Example: Origin
1:00
Example: k = 2
2:12
Example: h = 1
4:27
Significance of Coefficient a
7:13
Example: |a| > 1
7:25
Example: |a| < 1
8:18
Example: |a| > 0
8:51
Example: |a| < 0
9:05
Writing Quadratic Equations in Vertex Form
10:22
Standard Form to Vertex Form
10:35
Example: Standard Form
11:02
Example: a Term Not 1
14:42
Example 1: Vertex Form
19:47
Example 2: Vertex Form
22:09
Example 3: Vertex Form
24:32
Example 4: Vertex Form
28:23
Graphing and Solving Quadratic Inequalities

27m 5s

Intro
0:00
Graphing Quadratic Inequalities
0:11
Test Point
0:18
Example: Quadratic Inequality
0:29
Solving Quadratic Inequalities
3:57
Example: Parameter
4:24
Example 1: Graph Inequality
11:16
Example 2: Solve Inequality
14:27
Example 3: Graph Inequality
19:14
Example 4: Solve Inequality
23:48
Section 6: Polynomial Functions
Properties of Exponents

19m 29s

Intro
0:00
Simplifying Exponential Expressions
0:09
Monomial Simplest Form
0:19
Negative Exponents
1:07
Examples: Simple
1:34
Properties of Exponents
3:06
Negative Exponents
3:13
Mutliplying Same Base
3:24
Dividing Same Base
3:45
Raising Power to a Power
4:33
Parentheses (Multiplying)
5:11
Parentheses (Dividing)
5:47
Raising to 0th Power
6:15
Example 1: Simplify Exponents
7:59
Example 2: Simplify Exponents
10:41
Example 3: Simplify Exponents
14:11
Example 4: Simplify Exponents
18:04
Operations on Polynomials

13m 27s

Intro
0:00
Adding and Subtracting Polynomials
0:13
Like Terms and Like Monomials
0:23
Examples: Adding Monomials
1:14
Multiplying Polynomials
3:40
Distributive Property
3:44
Example: Monomial by Polynomial
4:06
Example 1: Simplify Polynomials
5:47
Example 2: Simplify Polynomials
6:28
Example 3: Simplify Polynomials
8:38
Example 4: Simplify Polynomials
10:47
Dividing Polynomials

31m 11s

Intro
0:00
Dividing by a Monomial
0:13
Example: Numbers
0:26
Example: Polynomial by a Monomial
1:18
Long Division
2:28
Remainder Term
2:41
Example: Dividing with Numbers
3:04
Example: With Polynomials
5:01
Example: Missing Terms
7:58
Synthetic Division
11:44
Restriction
12:04
Example: Divisor in Form
12:20
Divisor in Synthetic Division
15:54
Example: Coefficient to 1
16:07
Example 1: Divide Polynomials
17:10
Example 2: Divide Polynomials
19:08
Example 3: Synthetic Division
21:42
Example 4: Synthetic Division
25:09
Polynomial Functions

22m 30s

Intro
0:00
Polynomial in One Variable
0:13
Leading Coefficient
0:27
Example: Polynomial
1:18
Degree
1:31
Polynomial Functions
2:57
Example: Function
3:13
Function Values
3:33
Example: Numerical Values
3:53
Example: Algebraic Expressions
5:11
Zeros of Polynomial Functions
5:50
Odd Degree
6:04
Even Degree
7:29
End Behavior
8:28
Even Degrees
9:09
Example: Leading Coefficient +/-
9:23
Odd Degrees
12:51
Example: Leading Coefficient +/-
13:00
Example 1: Degree and Leading Coefficient
15:03
Example 2: Polynomial Function
15:56
Example 3: Polynomial Function
17:34
Example 4: End Behavior
19:53
Analyzing Graphs of Polynomial Functions

33m 29s

Intro
0:00
Graphing Polynomial Functions
0:11
Example: Table and End Behavior
0:39
Location Principle
4:43
Zero Between Two Points
5:03
Example: Location Principle
5:21
Maximum and Minimum Points
8:40
Relative Maximum and Relative Minimum
9:16
Example: Number of Relative Max/Min
11:11
Example 1: Graph Polynomial Function
11:57
Example 2: Graph Polynomial Function
16:19
Example 3: Graph Polynomial Function
23:27
Example 4: Graph Polynomial Function
28:35
Solving Polynomial Functions

21m 10s

Intro
0:00
Factoring Polynomials
0:06
Greatest Common Factor (GCF)
0:25
Difference of Two Squares
1:14
Perfect Square Trinomials
2:07
General Trinomials
2:57
Grouping
4:32
Sum and Difference of Two Cubes
6:03
Examples: Two Cubes
6:14
Quadratic Form
8:22
Example: Quadratic Form
8:44
Example 1: Factor Polynomial
12:03
Example 2: Factor Polynomial
13:54
Example 3: Quadratic Form
15:33
Example 4: Solve Polynomial Function
17:24
Remainder and Factor Theorems

31m 21s

Intro
0:00
Remainder Theorem
0:07
Checking Work
0:22
Dividend and Divisor in Theorem
1:12
Example: f(a)
2:05
Synthetic Substitution
5:43
Example: Polynomial Function
6:15
Factor Theorem
9:54
Example: Numbers
10:16
Example: Confirm Factor
11:27
Factoring Polynomials
14:48
Example: 3rd Degree Polynomial
15:07
Example 1: Remainder Theorem
19:17
Example 2: Other Factors
21:57
Example 3: Remainder Theorem
25:52
Example 4: Other Factors
28:21
Roots and Zeros

31m 27s

Intro
0:00
Number of Roots
0:08
Not Nature of Roots
0:18
Example: Real and Complex Roots
0:25
Descartes' Rule of Signs
2:05
Positive Real Roots
2:21
Example: Positve
2:39
Negative Real Roots
5:44
Example: Negative
6:06
Finding the Roots
9:59
Example: Combination of Real and Complex
10:07
Conjugate Roots
13:18
Example: Conjugate Roots
13:50
Example 1: Solve Polynomial
16:03
Example 2: Solve Polynomial
18:36
Example 3: Possible Combinations
23:13
Example 4: Possible Combinations
27:11
Rational Zero Theorem

31m 16s

Intro
0:00
Equation
0:08
List of Possibilities
0:16
Equation with Constant and Leading Coefficient
1:04
Example: Rational Zero
2:46
Leading Coefficient Equal to One
7:19
Equation with Leading Coefficient of One
7:34
Example: Coefficient Equal to 1
8:45
Finding Rational Zeros
12:58
Division with Remainder Zero
13:32
Example 1: Possible Rational Zeros
14:20
Example 2: Possible Rational Zeros
16:02
Example 3: Possible Rational Zeros
19:58
Example 4: Find All Zeros
22:06
Section 7: Radical Expressions and Inequalities
Operations on Functions

34m 30s

Intro
0:00
Arithmetic Operations
0:07
Domain
0:16
Intersection
0:24
Denominator is Zero
0:49
Example: Operations
1:02
Composition of Functions
7:18
Notation
7:48
Right to Left
8:18
Example: Composition
8:48
Composition is Not Commutative
17:23
Example: Not Commutative
17:51
Example 1: Function Operations
20:55
Example 2: Function Operations
24:34
Example 3: Compositions
27:51
Example 4: Function Operations
31:09
Inverse Functions and Relations

22m 42s

Intro
0:00
Inverse of a Relation
0:14
Example: Ordered Pairs
0:56
Inverse of a Function
3:24
Domain and Range Switched
3:52
Example: Inverse
4:28
Procedure to Construct an Inverse Function
6:42
f(x) to y
6:42
Interchange x and y
6:59
Solve for y
7:06
Write Inverse f(x) for y
7:14
Example: Inverse Function
7:25
Example: Inverse Function 2
8:48
Inverses and Compositions
10:44
Example: Inverse Composition
11:46
Example 1: Inverse Relation
14:49
Example 2: Inverse of Function
15:40
Example 3: Inverse of Function
17:06
Example 4: Inverse Functions
18:55
Square Root Functions and Inequalities

30m 4s

Intro
0:00
Square Root Functions
0:07
Examples: Square Root Function
0:16
Example: Not Square Root Function
0:46
Radicand
1:12
Example: Restriction
1:31
Graphing Square Root Functions
3:42
Example: Graphing
3:49
Square Root Inequalities
8:47
Same Technique
9:00
Example: Square Root Inequality
9:20
Example 1: Graph Square Root Function
15:19
Example 2: Graph Square Root Function
18:03
Example 3: Graph Square Root Function
22:41
Example 4: Square Root Inequalities
25:37
nth Roots

20m 46s

Intro
0:00
Definition of the nth Root
0:07
Example: 5th Root
0:20
Example: 6th Root
0:51
Principal nth Root
1:39
Example: Principal Roots
2:06
Using Absolute Values
5:58
Example: Square Root
6:18
Example: 6th Root
8:40
Example: Negative
10:15
Example 1: Simplify Radicals
12:23
Example 2: Simplify Radicals
13:29
Example 3: Simplify Radicals
16:07
Example 4: Simplify Radicals
18:18
Operations with Radical Expressions

41m 11s

Intro
0:00
Properties of Radicals
0:16
Quotient Property
0:29
Example: Quotient
1:00
Example: Product Property
1:47
Simplifying Radical Expressions
3:24
Radicand No nth Powers
3:47
Radicand No Fractions
6:33
No Radicals in Denominator
7:16
Rationalizing Denominators
8:27
Example: Radicand nth Power
9:05
Conjugate Radical Expressions
11:47
Conjugates
12:07
Example: Conjugate Radical Expression
13:11
Adding and Subtracting Radicals
16:12
Same Index, Same Radicand
16:20
Example: Like Radicals
16:28
Multiplying Radicals
19:04
Distributive Property
19:10
Example: Multiplying Radicals
19:20
Example 1: Simplify Radical
24:11
Example 2: Simplify Radicals
28:43
Example 3: Simplify Radicals
32:00
Example 4: Simplify Radical
36:34
Rational Exponents

30m 45s

Intro
0:00
Definition 1
0:20
Example: Using Numbers
0:39
Example: Non-Negative
2:46
Example: Odd
3:34
Definition 2
4:32
Restriction
4:52
Example: Relate to Definition 1
5:04
Example: m Not 1
5:31
Simplifying Expressions
7:53
Multiplication
8:31
Division
9:29
Multiply Exponents
10:08
Raised Power
11:05
Zero Power
11:29
Negative Power
11:49
Simplified Form
13:52
Complex Fraction
14:16
Negative Exponents
14:40
Example: More Complicated
15:14
Example 1: Write as Radical
19:03
Example 2: Write with Rational Exponents
20:40
Example 3: Complex Fraction
22:09
Example 4: Complex Fraction
26:22
Solving Radical Equations and Inequalities

31m 27s

Intro
0:00
Radical Equations
0:11
Variables in Radicands
0:22
Example: Radical Equation
1:06
Example: Complex Equation
2:42
Extraneous Roots
7:21
Squaring Technique
7:35
Double Check
7:44
Example: Extraneous
8:21
Eliminating nth Roots
10:04
Isolate and Raise Power
10:14
Example: nth Root
10:27
Radical Inequalities
11:27
Restriction: Index is Even
11:53
Example: Radical Inequality
12:29
Example 1: Solve Radical Equation
15:41
Example 2: Solve Radical Equation
17:44
Example 3: Solve Radical Inequality
20:24
Example 4: Solve Radical Equation
24:34
Section 8: Rational Equations and Inequalities
Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions

40m 54s

Intro
0:00
Simplifying Rational Expressions
0:22
Algebraic Fraction
0:29
Examples: Rational Expressions
0:49
Example: GCF
1:33
Example: Simplify Rational Expression
2:26
Factoring -1
4:04
Example: Simplify with -1
4:19
Multiplying and Dividing Rational Expressions
6:59
Multiplying and Dividing
7:28
Example: Multiplying Rational Expressions
8:36
Example: Dividing Rational Expressions
11:20
Factoring
14:01
Factoring Polynomials
14:19
Example: Factoring
14:35
Complex Fractions
18:22
Example: Numbers
18:37
Example: Algebraic Complex Fractions
19:25
Example 1: Simplify Rational Expression
25:56
Example 2: Simplify Rational Expression
29:34
Example 3: Simplify Rational Expression
31:39
Example 4: Simplify Rational Expression
37:50
Adding and Subtracting Rational Expressions

55m 4s

Intro
0:00
Least Common Multiple (LCM)
0:27
Examples: LCM of Numbers
0:43
Example: LCM of Polynomials
4:02
Adding and Subtracting
7:55
Least Common Denominator (LCD)
8:07
Example: Numbers
8:17
Example: Rational Expressions
11:03
Equivalent Fractions
15:22
Simplifying Complex Fractions
21:19
Example: Previous Lessons
21:36
Example: More Complex
22:53
Example 1: Find LCM
28:30
Example 2: Add Rational Expressions
31:44
Example 3: Subtract Rational Expressions
39:18
Example 4: Simplify Rational Expression
38:26
Graphing Rational Functions

57m 13s

Intro
0:00
Rational Functions
0:18
Restriction
0:34
Example: Rational Function
0:51
Breaks in Continuity
2:52
Example: Continuous Function
3:10
Discontinuities
3:30
Example: Excluded Values
4:37
Graphs and Discontinuities
5:02
Common Binomial Factor (Hole)
5:08
Example: Common Factor
5:31
Asymptote
10:06
Example: Vertical Asymptote
11:08
Horizontal Asymptotes
20:00
Example: Horizontal Asymptote
20:25
Example 1: Holes and Vertical Asymptotes
26:12
Example 2: Graph Rational Faction
28:35
Example 3: Graph Rational Faction
39:23
Example 4: Graph Rational Faction
47:28
Direct, Joint, and Inverse Variation

20m 21s

Intro
0:00
Direct Variation
0:07
Constant of Variation
0:25
Graph of Constant Variation
1:26
Slope is Constant k
1:35
Example: Straight Lines
1:41
Joint Variation
2:48
Three Variables
2:52
Inverse Variation
3:38
Rewritten Form
3:52
Examples in Biology
4:22
Graph of Inverse Variation
4:51
Asymptotes are Axes
5:12
Example: Inverse Variation
5:40
Proportions
10:11
Direct Variation
10:25
Inverse Variation
11:32
Example 1: Type of Variation
12:42
Example 2: Direct Variation
14:13
Example 3: Joint Variation
16:24
Example 4: Graph Rational Faction
18:50
Solving Rational Equations and Inequalities

55m 14s

Intro
0:00
Rational Equations
0:15
Example: Algebraic Fraction
0:26
Least Common Denominator
0:49
Example: Simple Rational Equation
1:22
Example: Solve Rational Equation
5:40
Extraneous Solutions
9:31
Doublecheck
10:00
No Solution
10:38
Example: Extraneous
10:44
Rational Inequalities
14:01
Excluded Values
14:31
Solve Related Equation
14:49
Find Intervals
14:58
Use Test Values
15:25
Example: Rational Inequality
15:51
Example: Rational Inequality 2
17:07
Example 1: Rational Equation
28:50
Example 2: Rational Equation
33:51
Example 3: Rational Equation
38:19
Example 4: Rational Inequality
46:49
Section 9: Exponential and Logarithmic Relations
Exponential Functions

35m 58s

Intro
0:00
What is an Exponential Function?
0:12
Restriction on b
0:31
Base
0:46
Example: Exponents as Bases
0:56
Variables as Exponents
1:12
Example: Exponential Function
1:50
Graphing Exponential Functions
2:33
Example: Using Table
2:49
Properties
11:52
Continuous and One to One
12:00
Domain is All Real Numbers
13:14
X-Axis Asymptote
13:55
Y-Intercept
14:02
Reflection Across Y-Axis
14:31
Growth and Decay
15:06
Exponential Growth
15:10
Real Life Examples
15:41
Example: Growth
15:52
Example: Decay
16:12
Real Life Examples
16:30
Equations
17:32
Bases are Same
18:05
Examples: Variables as Exponents
18:20
Inequalities
21:29
Property
21:51
Example: Inequality
22:37
Example 1: Graph Exponential Function
24:05
Example 2: Growth or Decay
27:50
Example 3: Exponential Equation
29:31
Example 4: Exponential Inequality
32:54
Logarithms and Logarithmic Functions

45m 54s

Intro
0:00
What are Logarithms?
0:08
Restrictions
0:15
Written Form
0:26
Logarithms are Exponents
0:52
Example: Logarithms
1:49
Logarithmic Functions
5:14
Same Restrictions
5:30
Inverses
5:53
Example: Logarithmic Function
6:24
Graph of the Logarithmic Function
9:20
Example: Using Table
9:35
Properties
15:09
Continuous and One to One
15:14
Domain
15:36
Range
15:56
Y-Axis is Asymptote
16:02
X Intercept
16:12
Inverse Property
16:57
Compositions of Functions
17:10
Equations
18:30
Example: Logarithmic Equation
19:13
Inequalities
20:36
Properties
20:47
Example: Logarithmic Inequality
21:40
Equations with Logarithms on Both Sides
24:43
Property
24:51
Example: Both Sides
25:23
Inequalities with Logarithms on Both Sides
26:52
Property
27:02
Example: Both Sides
28:05
Example 1: Solve Log Equation
31:52
Example 2: Solve Log Equation
33:53
Example 3: Solve Log Equation
36:15
Example 4: Solve Log Inequality
39:19
Properties of Logarithms

28m 43s

Intro
0:00
Product Property
0:08
Example: Product
0:46
Quotient Property
2:40
Example: Quotient
2:59
Power Property
3:51
Moved Exponent
4:07
Example: Power
4:37
Equations
5:15
Example: Use Properties
5:58
Example 1: Simplify Log
11:17
Example 2: Single Log
15:54
Example 3: Solve Log Equation
18:48
Example 4: Solve Log Equation
22:13
Common Logarithms

25m 23s

Intro
0:00
What are Common Logarithms?
0:10
Real World Applications
0:16
Base Not Written
0:27
Example: Base 10
0:39
Equations
1:47
Example: Same Base
1:56
Example: Different Base
2:37
Inequalities
6:07
Multiplying/Dividing Inequality
6:21
Example: Log Inequality
6:54
Change of Base
12:45
Base 10
13:24
Example: Change of Base
14:05
Example 1: Log Equation
15:21
Example 2: Common Logs
17:13
Example 3: Log Equation
18:22
Example 4: Log Inequality
21:52
Base e and Natural Logarithms

21m 14s

Intro
0:00
Number e
0:09
Natural Base
0:21
Growth/Decay
0:33
Example: Exponential Function
0:53
Natural Logarithms
1:11
ln x
1:19
Inverse and Identity Function
1:39
Example: Inverse Composition
1:55
Equations and Inequalities
4:39
Extraneous Solutions
5:30
Examples: Natural Log Equations
5:48
Example 1: Natural Log Equation
9:08
Example 2: Natural Log Equation
10:37
Example 3: Natural Log Inequality
16:54
Example 4: Natural Log Inequality
18:16
Exponential Growth and Decay

24m 30s

Intro
0:00
Decay
0:17
Decreases by Fixed Percentage
0:23
Rate of Decay
0:56
Example: Finance
1:34
Scientific Model of Decay
3:37
Exponential Decay
3:45
Radioactive Decay
4:13
Example: Half Life
5:33
Growth
9:06
Increases by Fixed Percentage
9:18
Example: Finance
10:09
Scientific Model of Growth
11:35
Population Growth
12:04
Example: Growth
12:20
Example 1: Computer Price
14:00
Example 2: Stock Price
15:46
Example 3: Medicine Disintegration
19:10
Example 4: Population Growth
22:33
Section 10: Conic Sections
Midpoint and Distance Formulas

32m 42s

Intro
0:00
Midpoint Formula
0:15
Example: Midpoint
0:30
Distance Formula
2:30
Example: Distance
2:52
Example 1: Midpoint and Distance
4:58
Example 2: Midpoint and Distance
8:07
Example 3: Median Length
18:51
Example 4: Perimeter and Area
23:36
Parabolas

41m 27s

Intro
0:00
What is a Parabola?
0:20
Definition of a Parabola
0:29
Focus
0:59
Directrix
1:15
Axis of Symmetry
3:08
Vertex
3:33
Minimum or Maximum
3:44
Standard Form
4:59
Horizontal Parabolas
5:08
Vertex Form
5:19
Upward or Downward
5:41
Example: Standard Form
6:06
Graphing Parabolas
8:31
Shifting
8:51
Example: Completing the Square
9:22
Symmetry and Translation
12:18
Example: Graph Parabola
12:40
Latus Rectum
17:13
Length
18:15
Example: Latus Rectum
18:35
Horizontal Parabolas
18:57
Not Functions
20:08
Example: Horizontal Parabola
21:21
Focus and Directrix
24:11
Horizontal
24:48
Example 1: Parabola Standard Form
25:12
Example 2: Graph Parabola
30:00
Example 3: Graph Parabola
33:13
Example 4: Parabola Equation
37:28
Circles

21m 3s

Intro
0:00
What are Circles?
0:08
Example: Equidistant
0:17
Radius
0:32
Equation of a Circle
0:44
Example: Standard Form
1:11
Graphing Circles
1:47
Example: Circle
1:56
Center Not at Origin
3:07
Example: Completing the Square
3:51
Example 1: Equation of Circle
6:44
Example 2: Center and Radius
11:51
Example 3: Radius
15:08
Example 4: Equation of Circle
16:57
Ellipses

46m 51s

Intro
0:00
What Are Ellipses?
0:11
Foci
0:23
Properties of Ellipses
1:43
Major Axis, Minor Axis
1:47
Center
1:54
Length of Major Axis and Minor Axis
3:21
Standard Form
5:33
Example: Standard Form of Ellipse
6:09
Vertical Major Axis
9:14
Example: Vertical Major Axis
9:46
Graphing Ellipses
12:51
Complete the Square and Symmetry
13:00
Example: Graphing Ellipse
13:16
Equation with Center at (h, k)
19:57
Horizontal and Vertical
20:14
Difference
20:27
Example: Center at (h, k)
20:55
Example 1: Equation of Ellipse
24:05
Example 2: Equation of Ellipse
27:57
Example 3: Equation of Ellipse
32:32
Example 4: Graph Ellipse
38:27
Hyperbolas

38m 15s

Intro
0:00
What are Hyperbolas?
0:12
Two Branches
0:18
Foci
0:38
Properties
2:00
Transverse Axis and Conjugate Axis
2:06
Vertices
2:46
Length of Transverse Axis
3:14
Distance Between Foci
3:31
Length of Conjugate Axis
3:38
Standard Form
5:45
Vertex Location
6:36
Known Points
6:52
Vertical Transverse Axis
7:26
Vertex Location
7:50
Asymptotes
8:36
Vertex Location
8:56
Rectangle
9:28
Diagonals
10:29
Graphing Hyperbolas
12:58
Example: Hyperbola
13:16
Equation with Center at (h, k)
16:32
Example: Center at (h, k)
17:21
Example 1: Equation of Hyperbola
19:20
Example 2: Equation of Hyperbola
22:48
Example 3: Graph Hyperbola
26:05
Example 4: Equation of Hyperbola
36:29
Conic Sections

18m 43s

Intro
0:00
Conic Sections
0:16
Double Cone Sections
0:24
Standard Form
1:27
General Form
1:37
Identify Conic Sections
2:16
B = 0
2:50
X and Y
3:22
Identify Conic Sections, Cont.
4:46
Parabola
5:17
Circle
5:51
Ellipse
6:31
Hyperbola
7:10
Example 1: Identify Conic Section
8:01
Example 2: Identify Conic Section
11:03
Example 3: Identify Conic Section
11:38
Example 4: Identify Conic Section
14:50
Solving Quadratic Systems

47m 4s

Intro
0:00
Linear Quadratic Systems
0:22
Example: Linear Quadratic System
0:45
Solutions
2:49
Graphs of Possible Solutions
3:10
Quadratic Quadratic System
4:10
Example: Elimination
4:21
Solutions
11:39
Example: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 Solutions
11:50
Systems of Quadratic Inequalities
12:48
Example: Quadratic Inequality
13:09
Example 1: Solve Quadratic System
21:42
Example 2: Solve Quadratic System
29:13
Example 3: Solve Quadratic System
35:02
Example 4: Solve Quadratic Inequality
40:29
Section 11: Sequences and Series
Arithmetic Sequences

21m 16s

Intro
0:00
Sequences
0:10
General Form of Sequence
0:16
Example: Finite/Infinite Sequences
0:33
Arithmetic Sequences
0:28
Common Difference
2:41
Example: Arithmetic Sequence
2:50
Formula for the nth Term
3:51
Example: nth Term
4:32
Equation for the nth Term
6:37
Example: Using Formula
6:56
Arithmetic Means
9:47
Example: Arithmetic Means
10:16
Example 1: nth Term
12:38
Example 2: Arithmetic Means
13:49
Example 3: Arithmetic Means
16:12
Example 4: nth Term
18:26
Arithmetic Series

21m 36s

Intro
0:00
What are Arithmetic Series?
0:11
Common Difference
0:28
Example: Arithmetic Sequence
0:43
Example: Arithmetic Series
1:09
Finite/Infinite Series
1:36
Sum of Arithmetic Series
2:27
Example: Sum
3:21
Sigma Notation
5:53
Index
6:14
Example: Sigma Notation
7:14
Example 1: First Term
9:00
Example 2: Three Terms
10:52
Example 3: Sum of Series
14:14
Example 4: Sum of Series
18:13
Geometric Sequences

23m 3s

Intro
0:00
Geometric Sequences
0:11
Common Difference
0:38
Common Ratio
1:08
Example: Geometric Sequence
2:38
nth Term of a Geometric Sequence
4:41
Example: nth Term
4:56
Geometric Means
6:51
Example: Geometric Mean
7:09
Example 1: 9th Term
12:04
Example 2: Geometric Means
15:18
Example 3: nth Term
18:32
Example 4: Three Terms
20:59
Geometric Series

22m 43s

Intro
0:00
What are Geometric Series?
0:11
List of Numbers
0:24
Example: Geometric Series
1:12
Sum of Geometric Series
2:16
Example: Sum of Geometric Series
2:41
Sigma Notation
4:21
Lower Index, Upper Index
4:38
Example: Sigma Notation
4:57
Another Sum Formula
6:08
Example: n Unknown
6:28
Specific Terms
7:41
Sum Formula
7:56
Example: Specific Term
8:11
Example 1: Sum of Geometric Series
10:02
Example 2: Sum of 8 Terms
14:15
Example 3: Sum of Geometric Series
18:23
Example 4: First Term
20:16
Infinite Geometric Series

18m 32s

Intro
0:00
What are Infinite Geometric Series
0:10
Example: Finite
0:29
Example: Infinite
0:51
Partial Sums
1:09
Formula
1:37
Sum of an Infinite Geometric Series
2:39
Convergent Series
2:58
Example: Sum of Convergent Series
3:28
Sigma Notation
7:31
Example: Sigma
8:17
Repeating Decimals
8:42
Example: Repeating Decimal
8:53
Example 1: Sum of Infinite Geometric Series
12:15
Example 2: Repeating Decimal
13:24
Example 3: Sum of Infinite Geometric Series
15:14
Example 4: Repeating Decimal
16:48
Recursion and Special Sequences

14m 34s

Intro
0:00
Fibonacci Sequence
0:05
Background of Fibonacci
0:23
Recursive Formula
0:37
Fibonacci Sequence
0:52
Example: Recursive Formula
2:18
Iteration
3:49
Example: Iteration
4:30
Example 1: Five Terms
7:08
Example 2: Three Terms
9:00
Example 3: Five Terms
10:38
Example 4: Three Iterates
12:41
Binomial Theorem

48m 30s

Intro
0:00
Pascal's Triangle
0:06
Expand Binomial
0:13
Pascal's Triangle
4:26
Properties
6:52
Example: Properties of Binomials
6:58
Factorials
9:11
Product
9:28
Example: Factorial
9:45
Binomial Theorem
11:08
Example: Binomial Theorem
13:48
Finding a Specific Term
18:36
Example: Specific Term
19:26
Example 1: Expand
24:39
Example 2: Fourth Term
30:26
Example 3: Five Terms
36:13
Example 4: Three Iterates
45:07
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Lecture Comments (6)

1 answer

Last reply by: JIE LIU
Sun Dec 26, 2021 9:28 PM

Post by JIE LIU on December 26, 2021

how can we know the each denominator is "a" or "b"?

1 answer

Last reply by: Rafael Mojica
Sun Jul 26, 2015 2:46 PM

Post by Andy Choi on July 26, 2015

i don't understand what 'b' is in the first example. Could you specify?

1 answer

Last reply by: Dr Carleen Eaton
Wed Dec 28, 2011 9:17 PM

Post by Jonathan Taylor on December 27, 2011

Dr Carleen ex.1 are u sure' it seem like it should be a circle rather then ellipse

Conic Sections

  • Know how to put an equation in standard form by completing the square. Be able to identify which conic section is the graph of the equation.
  • Know how to analyze a general equation of degree 2 to determine which conic section is the graph of the equation.

Conic Sections

Write in standard form and identify the conic section
x2 − 2x + y + 6 = 0
  • Since only one of the variables is raised to the second power, this is a Parabola
  • Isolate the x terms to one side of the equation.
  • y + 6 = − x2 + 2x
  • Factor a negative in order to complete the square
  • y + 6 = − (x2 − 2x)
  • y + 6 − [(b2)/4] = − (x2 − 2x + [(b2)/4])
  • y + 6 − [(( − 2)2)/4] = − (x2 − 2x + [(( − 2)2)/4])
  • y + 6 − [4/4] = − (x2 − 2x + [4/4])
  • y + 6 − 1 = − (x2 − 2x + 1)
  • y + 5 = − (x − 1)2
y = − (x − 1)2 − 5
Write in standard form and identify the conic section
x + 2y2 + 20y + 48 = 0
  • Since only one of the variables is raised to the second power, this is a Parabola
  • Isolate the y terms to one side of the equation.
  • x + 48 = − 2y2 − 20y
  • Factor a − 2 in order to complete the square
  • x + 48 = − 2(y2 + 10y)
  • x + 48 + − 2([(b2)/4]) = − 2(y2 + 10y + [(b2)/4])
  • x + 48 + − 2([(102)/4]) = − 2(y2 + 10y + [(102)/4])
  • x + 48 + − 2([100/4]) = − 2(y2 + 10y + [100/4])
  • x + 48 + − 2(25) = − 2(y2 + 10y + 25)
  • x − 2 = − 2(y + 5)2
x = − 2(y + 5)2 + 2
Write in standard form and identify the conic section
x2 + y2 − 6x − 2y + 6 = 0
  • Since both x and y are raised to the second power, complete the square twice to see which conic
  • section this belongs to
  • Group the x and y terms together, move the constant to the other side of the equation
  • (x2 − 6x) + (y2 − 2y) = − 6
  • Complete the square for both the x and y variables
  • (x2 − 6x + [(b2)/4]) + (y2 − 2y + [(b2)/4]) = − 6 + [(b2)/4] + [(b2)/4]
  • (x2 − 6x + [(( − 6)2)/4]) + (y2 − 2y + [(( − 2)2)/4]) = − 6 + [(( − 6)2)/4] + [(( − 2)2)/4]
  • (x2 − 6x + [36/4]) + (y2 − 2y + [4/4]) = − 6 + [36/4] + [4/4]
  • (x2 − 6x + 9) + (y2 − 2y + 1) = 4
  • (x − 3)2 + (y − 1)2 = 4
This conic section is a circle
Write in standard form and identify the conic section
x2 + y2 + 6x − 8y + 21 = 0
  • Since both x and y are raised to the second power, complete the square twice to see which conic
  • section this belongs to
  • Group the x and y terms together, move the constant to the other side of the equation
  • (x2 + 6x) + (y2 − 8y) = − 21
  • Complete the square for both the x and y variables
  • (x2 + 6x + [(b2)/4]) + (y2 − 8y + [(b2)/4]) = − 21 + [(b2)/4] + [(b2)/4]
  • (x2 + 6x + [((6)2)/4]) + (y2 − 8y + [(( − 8)2)/4]) = − 21 + [((6)2)/4] + [(( − 8)2)/4]
  • (x2 + 6x + [36/4]) + (y2 − 8y + [64/4]) = − 21 + [36/4] + [64/4]
  • (x2 + 6x + 9) + (y2 − 8y + 16) = − 21 + 9 + 16
  • (x + 3)2 + (y − 4)2 = 4
This conic section is a circle
Write in standard form and identify the conic section
2x2 + 2y2 + 14x − 14y + 31 = 0
  • Since both x and y are raised to the second power, complete the square twice to see which conic
  • section this belongs to
  • Group the x and y terms together, move the constant to the other side of the equation
  • (2x2 + 14x) + (2y2 − 14y) = − 31
  • Complete the square for both the x and y variables, factor out a 2 from both x an y first
  • 2(x2 + 7x + [(b2)/4]) + 2(y2 − 7y + [(b2)/4]) = − 31 + [(b2)/4] + [(b2)/4]
  • 2(x2 + 7x + [(72)/4]) + 2(y2 − 7y + [( − 72)/4]) = − 31 + 2( [(b2)/4] ) + 2( [(b2)/4] )
  • 2(x2 + 7x + [49/4]) + 2(y2 − 7y + [49/4]) = − 31 + 2( [49/4] ) + 2( [49/4] )
  • 2(x2 + 7x + [49/4]) + 2(y2 − 7y + [49/4]) = 18
  • 2(x + [7/2])2 + 2(y − [7/2])2 = 18
  • [(2(x + [7/2])2)/2] + [(2(y − [7/2])2)/2] = [18/2]
  • (x + [7/2])2 + (y − [7/2])2 = 9
This conic section is a circle
Write in standard form and identify the conic section
x2 − 2y2 − 20 = 0
  • Move the constant to the other side of the equation
  • x2 − 2y2 = 20
  • Divide both sides by 20
[(x2)/20] − [(2y2)/20] = [20/20]
[(x2)/20] − [(y2)/10] = 1
This conic section is a hyperbola.
Write in standard form and identify the conic section
− x2 + y2 + 4y + 3 = 0
  • Move the constant to the other side of the equation, group the variables
  • (y2 + 4y) − x2 = − 3
  • Complete the square for y
  • (y2 + 4y + [(b2)/4]) − x2 = − 3 + [(b2)/4]
  • (y2 + 4y + [(42)/4]) − x2 = − 3 + [(42)/4]
  • (y2 + 4y + [16/4]) − x2 = − 3 + [16/4]
  • (y2 + 4y + 4) − x2 = 1
  • (y + 2)2 − x2 = 1
This conic section is a hyperbola.
Write in standard form and identify the conic section
16x2 + 9y2 + 128x − 36y + 148 = 0
  • Move the constant to the other side of the equation, group the variables
  • (16x2 + 128x) + (9y2 − 36y) = − 148
  • Complete the square for x and y, factor out the coefficient first
  • 16(x2 + 8x) + 9(y2 − 4y) = − 148
  • 16(x2 + 8x + [(b2)/4]) + 9(y2 − 4y + [(b2)/4]) = − 148 + 16( [(b2)/4] ) + 9( [(b2)/4] )
  • 16(x2 + 8x + [(82)/4]) + 9(y2 − 4y + [(( − 4)2)/4]) = − 148 + 16( [(82)/4] ) + 9( [(( − 4)2)/4] )
  • 16(x2 + 8x + [64/4]) + 9(y2 − 4y + [16/4]) = − 148 + 16( [64/4] ) + 9( [16/4] )
  • 16(x2 + 8x + 16) + 9(y2 − 4y + 4) = − 148 + 16( 16 ) + 9( 4 )
  • 16(x + 4)2 + 9(y − 2)2 = 144
  • Divide both sides by 144
  • [(16(x + 4)2)/144] + [(9(y − 2)2)/144] = [144/144]
  • This conic section is an ellipse
[((x + 4)2)/9] + [((y − 2)2)/16] = 1
Write in standard form and identify the conic section
9x2 + 25y2 + 36x + 50y − 164 = 0
  • Move the constant to the other side of the equation, group the variables
  • (9x2 + 36x) + (25y2 + 50y) = 164
  • Complete the square for x and y, factor out the coefficient first
  • 9(x2 + 4x) + 25(y2 + 2y) = 164
  • 9(x2 + 4x + ( [(b2)/4] )) + 25(y2 + 2y + ( [(b2)/4] )) = 164 + 9( [(b2)/4] ) + 25( [(b2)/4] )
  • 9(x2 + 4x + ( [(42)/4] )) + 25(y2 + 2y + ( [(22)/4] )) = 164 + 9( [(42)/4] ) + 25( [(22)/4] )
  • 9(x2 + 4x + ( [16/4] )) + 25(y2 + 2y + ( [4/4] )) = 164 + 9( [16/4] ) + 25( [4/4] )
  • 9(x2 + 4x + 4) + 25(y2 + 2y + 1) = 164 + 9( 4 ) + 25( 1 )
  • 9(x + 2)2 + 25(y + 1)2 = 225
  • Divide both sides by 225
  • [(9(x + 2)2)/225] + [(25(y + 1)2)/225] = [225/225]
  • This conic section is an ellipse
[((x + 2)2)/25] + [((y + 1)2)/9] = 1
Write in standard form and identify the conic section
x2 + 10x + y + 29 = 0
  • Move the constant to the other side of the equation, group the variables
  • y + 29 = − x2 − 10x
  • Complete the square for x , factor out the coefficient first
  • y + 29 = − (x2 + 10x)
  • y + 29 − ( [(b2)/4] ) = − (x2 + 10x + ( [(b2)/4] ))
  • y + 29 − ( [(102)/4] ) = − (x2 + 10x + ( [(102)/4] ))
  • y + 29 − ( [100/4] ) = − (x2 + 10x + ( [100/4] ))
  • y + 29 − ( 25 ) = − (x2 + 10x + ( 25 ))
  • y + 4 = − (x + 5)2
  • Subtract 4 from both sides
  • y = − (x + 5)2 − 4
  • This conic section is a parabola
y = − (x + 5)2 − 4

*These practice questions are only helpful when you work on them offline on a piece of paper and then use the solution steps function to check your answer.

Answer

Conic Sections

Lecture Slides are screen-captured images of important points in the lecture. Students can download and print out these lecture slide images to do practice problems as well as take notes while watching the lecture.

  • Intro 0:00
  • Conic Sections 0:16
    • Double Cone Sections
  • Standard Form 1:27
    • General Form
  • Identify Conic Sections 2:16
    • B = 0
    • X and Y
  • Identify Conic Sections, Cont. 4:46
    • Parabola
    • Circle
    • Ellipse
    • Hyperbola
  • Example 1: Identify Conic Section 8:01
  • Example 2: Identify Conic Section 11:03
  • Example 3: Identify Conic Section 11:38
  • Example 4: Identify Conic Section 14:50

Transcription: Conic Sections

Welcome to Educator.com.0000

In the past four lectures, we have discussed various conic sections: parabolas, circles, ellipses, and hyperbolas.0003

And this lecture is designed to bring that information together and to give you some context about this.0010

First of all, what are conic sections? We know we can name them; we know what they are; but where do they come from?0016

Well, they are literally sections of a cone: when you take a double cone (it is actually a double cone, as follows, with the points together),0023

and you section them (sectioning is slicing)--when you take slices of them, using a plane, you come up with these four types of curves.0034

So, as you can see, when you take a plane and section, or slice, the cone across, you are going to end up with a circle.0043

If you tip that plane at an angle, the result is an ellipse.0054

If you encompass the edge of the come, you end up with a parabola.0065

And if you slice through in such a way that you capture the edges of both cones, then you end up with a hyperbola; and there you can see the two branches.0071

So, this is where conic sections come from; and they have many applications in science.0079

We have talked about the standard form of each conic section (for example, the standard form of a circle, or the standard form of an ellipse).0087

This standard form that I am talking about now is a very general form.0095

It gives you a general equation, ax2 + bxy + cy2 + dx + ey + f = 0.0098

So, what we are going to do in a minute is talk about how you can look at this general form and determine0109

which type of conic section you are working with, so that you can put the equation0115

in the standard form particular to that type of conic section.0119

And as we have been going through, I have mentioned some ways that you can tell, if you just have an equation in the general form,0124

what type of conic section you are working with; and now I am going to bring that all together.0131

OK, if b = 0, we can analyze that standard form of the conic section to determine what type of conic section the equation represents.0137

Looking back at that general standard form again, ax2 + bxy + cy2 + dx + ey + f = 0.0146

Here, we are having the limitation that b = 0.0168

And throughout this course, when we work with conic sections, we have only worked with ones where b is 0.0171

When b is 0, you end up with this.0178

Once you have this standard form, then you can go ahead and analyze it in ways we are going to discuss in a minute0192

to determine which type of conic section you have (what the equation describes).0197

But let's talk for a minute about what the xy tells you.0201

So far, we have worked with shapes such as parabolas; and some were oriented vertically; some, horizontally.0204

We also worked with ellipses (some had a horizontal major axis; some had a vertical major axis); and the same with hyperbolas.0215

So, even though the center may have been shifted, these were all either strictly vertical or strictly horizontal.0230

What this bxy term does is rotates it so that instead of, say, having an ellipse that has0237

a completely vertical major axis or horizontal major axis, you could end up with an ellipse like this--0243

the major axis is at an angle--or a parabola that is like this.0250

And that is definitely more complicated to work with; and it doesn't allow us to complete the square, then,0259

to shift an equation from the general form to a specific standard form.0265

So, later on, if you continue on in math, you may end up working with these shapes.0270

But for this course, we are limiting it to conic sections that are either vertical or horizontal; but they are not tipped at any other type of angle.0274

In order to identify conic sections, you need to look at the coefficients of the x2 and y2 terms.0286

So, let's rewrite this; and again, the assumption is that b = 0.0293

So, I am just going to have ax2 + cy2 + dx + ey + f = 0.0299

Parabola: Recall that, with a parabola, you have an x2 term or a y2 term, but not both.0310

Therefore, either a is 0 (so this drops out) or c is 0 (so this drops out).0325

An example would be something like x = 3y2 + 2y + 6.0331

Or you might have y = 2x2 - 4x + 8.0338

So, neither of these has both an x2 and a y2 term in the same equation.0344

For a circle, recall that what you are going to end up with is an x2 and a y2 term0352

on the same side of the equation, with the same sign; and they are going to have the same coefficients.0361

Therefore, a is going to equal c.0366

An example would be x2 + y2 + 3x - 5y - 10 = 0.0369

Here, a equals 1, and c equals 1; those are the same coefficients; x2 and y20378

have the same sign and the same side of the equation; so it is a circle.0386

If we are working with an ellipse, this time the x2 term and y2 terms are going to be0392

on the same side of the equation, with the same sign (like with the circle), but a and c are different.0399

They are unequal; that tells me that I am working with an ellipse.0405

For example, 12x2 + 9y2 + 25x + 28y + 40 = 0.0409

Here, I have a = 12 and c = 9; so this is the equation describing an ellipse.0423

Finally, with a hyperbola, these are pretty straightforward to recognize, because you are going to have0431

an x2 term and a y2 term, but they are going to have opposite signs.0436

Their coefficients will have opposite signs.0440

For example, 4x2 - 8y2 + 10x + 6y - 34 = 0.0443

So, I have a = 4 and c = -8; since a and c have opposite signs, this is an equation describing a hyperbola.0458

You can use these rules to allow you to identify conic sections when you are given an equation in what we are going to call "general form."0467

It is standard form, but it is a very general standard form for any type of conic section.0476

OK, now we are going to work on identifying the various conic sections by looking at their equations.0481

First, write in standard form, and identify the conic section.0488

OK, so general standard form is what I am talking about right now: it is x2 + 2y2.0495

I need to subtract 4x from both sides, subtract 12, and set everything equal to 0.0503

What this tells me is that I have a = 1 and c = 2.0510

Since a = 1 and c = 2, these have the same sign (the x2 and the y2 terms); but they have different coefficients.0515

And that means that what I am working with is an ellipse.0525

You could go on, then, and write this in the specific standard form for an ellipse.0531

Let's do that by completing the square: start out by grouping...let's rewrite it here.0537

And then, let's group the x and the y terms; so x2 terms group together; y terms group together.0545

And now, add 12 to both sides to move that over, to make completing the square a little bit easier.0555

To complete the square for x2 - 4x, I need to add b2/4.0563

b2/4 is equal to 42/4, is 16/4; it is 4.0571

So, I add x2 - 4x + 4; and it is very important to remember to add the 4 to the right side, as well.0582

There is no factor out here; I don't need to multiply--it is just 1; so 4 times 1 is 4; that gives me 12 + 4.0592

All right, that is x2 - 4x + 4 + 2y2 = 16.0601

This can be rewritten as (x - 2)2 + 2y2 = 16.0609

But recall, in standard form for an ellipse, you need to have a 1 on the right.0616

So, rewrite this up here, and then divide both sides by 16.0622

This is just (x - 2)2/16; this will cancel; this will become 8; and then 16/16 is 1.0633

So, we started out with this equation, put it into the general standard form to identify that this is an ellipse,0645

and then went on to complete the square; and now I have it written in standard form specifically for an ellipse,0652

which is much more useful when you are working with that and trying to graph.0657

This time, without completing the square, all we are going to do is identify the conic section.0664

And this is already in standard form; therefore, a = 2; c = -3.0668

Since a and c have opposite signs, this is the equation for a hyperbola.0678

I have an x2 term and a y2 term, both, so it is not a parabola.0687

They have opposite signs; therefore, it must describe a hyperbola.0691

OK, write in standard form and identify the conic section.0698

Right now, this is not in any type of standard form; so I am going to work with the general standard form.0702

First, I am going to subtract 36x2 from both sides.0708

Then, I am going to subtract 128 from both sides.0717

This means that I have a = -36, and c = 16; since these two are opposite signs, this is an equation describing a hyperbola.0727

OK, now, let's go ahead and put this in standard form specific to a hyperbola.0741

And let's start out by moving this 128 back over to the right; this is actually 32.0747

Next, I do have a common factor of 4, so I am going to divide both sides by that, so that I am working with smaller numbers.0763

That is -9x2 + 4y2 + 8y =...128/4 would give 32.0770

All right, now to make this already move it more towards looking like a hyperbola, I am going to put the positive terms here in front:0786

4y2 + 8y - 9x2, because I am going to have a difference.0793

To complete the square, I first need to factor out that 4; then I need to add b2/4 to this expression.0801

This is going to equal 22/4; that is 4/4, which is 1.0816

Here is where I need to be careful, because I need to make sure I add 4 times 1 to the right, which is 4, to keep the equation balanced.0825

At this point, I am going to rewrite this as (y + 1)2 - 9x2 = 36.0837

The last step is: I want the right side to be 1, so I am going to divide both sides by 36.0844

4 goes into 36 nine times; 9 goes into 36 four times; and then this cancels out to 1.0860

OK, so I started out with an equation that wasn't in any kind of standard form.0872

I put it in general standard form, and then determined it was a hyperbola, completed the square, and ended up0876

with an equation in the standard form for a hyperbola, so that I can use that to graph the hyperbola, if needed.0882

Write in standard form and identify the conic section.0891

So, this is almost in the general standard form, but not quite.0894

I have 4x2; I need to move this -3y2 next, then -16x - 18y - 12 = 0.0897

Now, I can easily see that a = 4 and c = -3; since these have opposite signs, that means that this is an equation describing a hyperbola.0907

OK, the next task is to complete the square.0921

I am going to first add 12 to both sides to remove the constant from the left side.0926

Then, I am going to group the x terms, which is 4x2 - 16x.0937

And then, I have a -3y2 - 18y, and that all equals 12.0946

I have a leading coefficient that is something other than 1, so I am going to factor out the 4, leaving behind x2 - 4x.0955

Here, I need to factor out a -3; that is going to leave behind y2 + 6y.0965

You need to be careful with the signs here; just double-checking: -3 times y2 is -3y2.0969

-3 times positive 6y is -18y, when you factor out with that negative sign; equals 12.0976

Completing the square: b2/4, in this case, is 42/4, is 16/4; that is 4.0987

So, I am going to add 4 here; I am also going to add 4 times 4, or 16, to the right, to keep the equation balanced.0998

For the y expression, I have y2 + 6y; therefore, b2/4 = 62/4, which is 36/4, which is 9.1012

-3 times 9 is -27; so I am going to subtract 27 from the right side, again keeping the equation balanced.1029

I am rewriting this as (x - 2)2 - 3(y + 3)2 = 16 + 12, is 28, minus 27; conveniently, I end up with a 1 on the right.1041

Now, this is almost in standard form; generally, with standard form for a hyperbola, this term will be in the denominator.1059

So, it is possible to rewrite it like this; and it might be easier to look at it that way,1071

so that you can immediately know that this is a2, instead of having to think it out.1077

Putting it in truly standard form is also a good idea, because recall that, if I have the numerator divided by 1/4, that is the same as this times 4.1082

And that tells me that I have a hyperbola with a center at (2,-3); you have to watch out for this positive sign.1096

And it has a horizontal transverse axis.1103

So, today we learned exactly what conic sections are, where they come from,1109

and how to look at an equation and determine what type of conic section it describes.1114

Thanks for visiting Educator.com; see you again soon!1120

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