AP U.S. History A Comparison of Colonization and Settlement Patterns

Hello, and welcome back to www.educator.com.0000

Today, we are talking about the comparison of colonization and settlement patterns.0003

We are going to continue comparing and contrasting how different European countries colonized and settled the new world.0012

In particular, in North America, what will become the United States.0021

The areas of focus for today will be New Spain.0025

Of course, whenever you see the term New, which in Spanish would be nuevo,0031

the idea is that they are expanding their empires in the Americas and creating these new settlements, these new colonies,0037

to provide wealth, status, and also to spread culture for the mother country.0048

New Spain, we will also going to talk about New France, New Netherland for the Dutch.0056

We are also going to talk about some of the early English settlements in what will become New York and New Jersey.0065

This topic is an important topic that would not certainly be covered on the AP U.S. History exam.0076

One thing that you should try to keep in mind when you are learning about these various settlements0083

is how they compare to the other European settlements and analyze as you go along.0089

Like what worked, what did not work, what were the strengths and weaknesses of each, what were the similarities, etc.0096

Let us get into it.0104

First, we are going to talk about the Spanish settlements.0108

Again, do keep in mind that the Spanish adventurers were really the first to explore what will become the Southern and Western United States.0111

Oftentimes, we think of the history of the United States from east to west, but in fact,0126

it starts in many ways from the southwest, as well as the southeast but certainly in the southwest.0134

Numerous explorers and conquistadors or conquerors that explored,0144

as we know Central and South America, what will become Mexico, and also in North America.0152

There are tons of them to memorize.0161

I would not focus on memorizing every single explorer.0165

But you should be familiar with the few of the main ones.0168

I’m just going to highlight a few here and also show you a map of some of the major explorers at the time.0172

Especially, the 1500’s for the Spaniards.0180

The first one I would like to talk about is Francisco Vasquez de Coronado.0183

He was an explorer and a conquistador.0189

His goal really was to find the legendary seven golden cities of Sibila.0194

But instead, during his ventures, he is going to discover the Grand Canyon,0200

the Pueblo peoples of the southwest, and a lot of buffalo as well, and the Kansas grasslands.0206

He apparently went on this very long venture and one of the local native people promised that there would be this flourishing city,0218

admitted along the trip that he had lied and this really angered Coronado.0229

He actually had him killed.0236

You did not want to mess with Coronado, he was a pretty tough guy.0239

But he was really disappointed to see that there were not these lavish civilizations0243

that the previous Spanish explorers had discovered with the Aztecs in Mexico.0251

He is going to be disappointed.0262

However, that is not going to stop their quest for gold.0265

That is really the goal of these explorers and conquistadors.0269

They want to find gold.0274

We will also see they want to spread Catholicism.0277

Gold is a huge motivator for these conquistadors.0280

Another example of one of the main explorers was Hernan de Soto.0285

He explored Florida and Alabama, and fought against Apalachee people and Cruza peoples,0291

but did not have luck as well finding any gold.0299

At first, this is going to be rough going for the Spanish explorers.0304

There will be several failed attempts because they are attacked by Native American people and their settlements are not very permanent.0310

Until we see in 1565, Spain does eventually establish its first permanent settlement in North America which in St. Augustine in Florida.0322

Before I show you the actual fort of, that still remains in St. Augustine,0343

I’m going to actually show you a map to show the extent to which there were so many Spanish explorers.0350

Again, I cannot go through all of these but there are several of them, as you can see.0358

For instance, again, we were talking about Coronado.0363

You could see here in brown, this is the region that he had explored into what we will call the Great Plains into Kansas,0367

all the way through Arizona which is in New Mexico, and all the way into parts of Mexico as well.0377

We will also talk about a little bit, Cabiza de Vadca here in orange.0387

He explored, you could see parts of Texas and into Mexico as well,0394

and part of the Gulf of Mexico and even a little bit of Florida on the West Coast.0403

Onate in pink, you can see in Arizona and New Mexico, and even in parts of Kansas into the Great Plains.0413

He also wanted to find gold and establish settlements.0425

Ponce de Leon was a pretty famous one in yellow.0431

He was really instrumental in exploring parts of Eastern Florida and also settling Puerto Rico,0436

which is now a commonwealth of the United States in the Caribbean.0446

You could see that the Spaniards did penetrate quite a bit, in both southeastern and southwestern part of the United States0453

and even all the way to the West Coast, Cabrial, and others, as you could see the coast of California.0464

They will eventually make some settlements with missions and so forth.0473

At first, it is going to be pretty slow going.0481

Here is an example of an actual fortified fort in St. Augustine.0484

As you can see, they had to really create a very stable structure that would be able to withstand Native American attacks.0492

Here is an aerial view so you could see the design of the fort.0502

Here is the location of St. Augustine.0506

While I think of it, one thing to keep in mind with a lot of the Spanish settlements, is they will be named after saints,0510

which exemplifies the importance of the Catholic religion and leaving a mark of a Catholic name on the place.0519

We will see that one of the major challenges for the Spaniards and0532

for other European explorers is that they are going to be attacked by native peoples.0536

That is what is going to cause a lot of problems for them.0546

We are going to see, yes, because most of Spain’s early military outposts were destroyed by Indian attacks,0552

they had to strengthen their approach and their policy.0558

They eventually end up instituting what was known as the comprehensive orders of new discoveries.0563

This was really a harsh policy.0570

You may actually want to write that down.0573

The Spaniards were really known for being quite harsh with this type of policy.0582

The task is really to pacify Native American peoples in the hands of missionaries, whatever.0588

When they were settling and conquering Central America, they put most of their responsibility in the hands of the conquistadors,0597

who were definitely very harsh, who will use force, labor, and had a very heavy hand.0609

Now we are going to see a shift to more of a religious slant in emphasis.0616

They will put a lot of the responsibility on the missionaries.0623

These are the religious people who will look to convert and to subdue the Native American peoples.0626

They put the Franciscan friars in charge to help set up missions.0640

These were churches.0646

They were also part school as well, where they would try to impose Catholicism.0648

They would also try to teach them the Spanish language and Spanish ways, Spanish dress, and customs, and so forth.0655

They set up missions among the, we will see at first, the Apalachees in Florida.0664

Then, also the Pueblo peoples in New Mexico, in the southeast and in the southwest.0670

They did use force, they were not very nice about it.0676

Some were less heavy handed than others but kind of generally speaking, very forceful.0679

They forcefully imposed Catholicism on the native people.0687

In some cases, would even whip Indians who continued to practice polygamy.0691

They ruled with an iron fist and there were harsh consequences for native peoples, if they did not follow suit, if they did not go along.0698

In many cases too, because the Native Americans were poly atheistic,0708

they have different deities and different religious beliefs, spiritual beliefs,0715

the Spaniards would smash their idols which they believed was blasphemy.0721

They were very punitive for those who did not follow along.0728

Again, just symptomatic things to keep in mind that the Spaniards were pretty strong0734

and use force when necessary, according to their perspective.0741

Just some visuals to keep in mind here, as we talk about Spanish colonization.0749

Here is an example of a mission.0754

This one is the San Antonio mission.0757

As you could see, kind of the adobe style, this is a Spanish style mission that is kind of a typical.0761

There are some varieties but these are pretty frequent throughout this southwestern part of the United States and still around today.0769

You can see some of the imagery here, Catholic imagery, the importance of the saints to the Catholics.0779

The explorer who were on horseback, obviously, we know that horses were brought to the Americas0788

and that is going have a huge effect on changing the environment in many ways0795

and will certainly change transportation in the Americas.0802

This is Pope who we are going to talk about quite a bit.0809

He is a really important leader of the Pueblo people in the southwestern part of the United States.0813

He is going to be very crucial in terms of, this I will put here, Pope, sometimes kids have fun with his name Pope.0821

Hopefully, you can be above that.0837

Anyway, Pope was a really brave, extremely motivated, and spiritual man, and well revered leader.0841

Many of the Pueblo are going to look to him to help fight against the Spaniards.0855

Let us move on.0866

We are going to see that because of the harsh policies of the Spaniards, that Native Americans are going to start to rebel.0871

Although, many at first, tolerated the Franciscans, some went with the flow0879

and were open minded to many of the beliefs until they start to see that the Christian friars fail to prevent disease.0886

Disease is a major weapon against the Native Americans.0897

They just do not have the immunity to these diseases like smallpox that the Spaniards will bring.0902

That problem is going to make people start to question these Catholic beliefs.0908

Drought, that was a constant problem, Apache raids.0913

They were still faced with violence.0917

How can our prayers are not being answered?0919

They start to really question these Catholic beliefs and they did not buy into the faith0923

that the Franciscans are trying to instill in them.0930

Many return to their traditional religions and blamed the Spaniards for their ills, and some, yes, revolted.0934

In particular, we are going to see Pope, who I was talking about, who is really a well revered leader.0944

He is an Indian shaman, a holy man.0952

He is going to advocate that people go back to their roots.0955

Yes, that is eventually going to happen.0960

The Spaniards will continue to establish their missions.0963

In Santa Fe, for instance, which is established in 1610.0971

The Spaniards will continue to use the mission system and forced labor.0975

Then again, they are going to continue their coercive policies.0982

The Pueblo revolt, and eventually erupted in 1680, that was led by Pope.0987

Again, this was a very dramatic event.0993

He was able to unify many of the local Pueblo people and even some of the Apaches who had traditionally been enemies.0998

Ultimately, many historians would say that to a certain extent, Pope’s spiritual beliefs,1011

because you could see here he was a shaman, he also incorporated some Christian ideas apparently.1019

Because some of his promises did kind of embrace the Christian Trinity, so to speak.1024

He was very, almost apocalyptic, and promising that they would come back, that they would be born again,1033

the Pueblo people, if they banded together and stood up to the Spaniards.1047

That they would eventually overcome and come back, return to the traditional ways.1053

He was a huge motivator and inspiration to the people, and was pretty successful, at least temporarily.1058

This revolt was pretty serious and did some major damage to the Spaniards.1068

As you could see here, over 400 were killed.1072

This warfare is going to continue on for quite a few years.1078

This will eventually get really old.1083

The Spaniards will have better weaponry in the long run.1085

Disease, specially, will be the biggest weapon.1092

This is going to not last forever for the Pueblos.1098

The Pueblos will be eventually exhausted by constant warfare.1104

They join Spaniards to protect their lands against nomadic Indians.1110

We will see for a time period that the Spanish were driven from New Mexico until the early 1700’s,1118

when they were able to effectively reassert control over the region.1126

Again, very challenging for both parties involved.1133

We will see that eventually the Spaniards were able to reestablish themselves.1138

Just to kind of bring this all together and assess how the Spaniards did overall.1145

Some things to keep in mind.1154

There were heavy cost for expansion and exploration and creating these settlements.1156

This is going to be slow going for the Spaniards.1164

Heavy cost of expansion in Florida and Mexico, this will delay expansion in the other regions.1170

Some of those that I talked about like in Texas and in California.1178

We will see again a few settlements eventually by the early 1700’s, this is much later.1182

We will also see some in California and San Diego, San Francisco.1191

You will see the San in here for saint.1196

These today are huge cities that are still around, that have missions, again, named after Catholic saints.1201

This will be other important settlements in the long-term.1212

All in all, we will see that Spain was able to maintain its Northern empire1218

but it did not achieve religious conversion or a cultural assimilation of the Native American peoples.1224

We will see to some extent they will but this is not going to go over well.1235

This is going to be a hard fight.1241

Because they use so much force, there is really ultimately going to be a big backlash.1243

There will be a big backlash against the Spaniards, again, mixed results.1250

Spaniards did intermarry with Indians.1257

As a result, because of their beliefs, because of their point of view, their world view at the time,1261

that was certainly biased, that was you could say racist, absolutely.1269

They believe that people of European descent, of the Catholic religion were superior, were civilized.1275

Those who are not, especially Native American people, were uncivilized savages.1284

Really, less than human, they did not see them as equal.1290

That is something to keep in mind.1294

In any way, even though we will see it is mostly men, Spanish men that came to the New World.1296

Once they do end up settling, they establish a rigid class system that certainly is tied into and based on ethnicity and race.1305

Meaning, you are higher up the social ladder if you were of pure Spanish blood.1318

The more mixed you were, the lower on the social ladder you were.1328

I'm going to show you a visual, so you can see all the different categories of this social group.1334

The last point I just want to make is that even though Spain did have all of these challenges and all these problems,1341

and they did have to deal with a lot of violence and fighting against Native American peoples,1350

the amount of land that Spain did acquire and settle, that they claimed, was quite extensive.1355

Their influence certainly was pretty tremendous, that cannot be understated.1365

Here is the class system and racial categories that I was talking about.1374

Peninsulais would refer to people of the Iberian peninsula.1379

In this case, we are talking about Spain, we are talking about people of Spanish blood.1385

The Creoles would be the next level and these were often the people who were placed in power, specially once the settlements were established.1392

They would either be of Spanish descent or in some cases somewhat mixed, definitions do vary.1402

They would be of the native people, meaning they lived in the Americas but they were of Spanish ethnicity.1411

Then, Mestizos would be a mixture of Spanish and Indian people.1421

Indio, Indians, negro of African descent, which really brings up an important point that1428

the Spaniards along with the Portuguese were very much involved in the slave trade, at this point in history.1436

You will see slaves here as well.1447

This was happening way before the English and the Dutch will be really involved in the slave trade.1450

Now we are going to move on to the French.1461

The French explore and settle in North America.1466

Why are they interested and when did they become interested?1470

We will see that the French monarchy became interested in exploration in 1524.1475

They sponsored a voyage by Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazano,1483

who may have hoped he would find the Northwest passage from the Americas to Asia.1490

Various European countries, I should say states, empires, at this point in time, were really looking to invest in exploration.1496

They had to compete with Spain, with Portugal.1508

They are looking to make sure that they are in the game as well.1515

They would sometimes hire people from outside of their own empire.1519

That was pretty common at the time.1527

Verranzo was one of the important ones.1531

Another French claim was based on the voyages of Jacques Cartier.1533

He did quite a bit of exploring for the French.1539

He explored the St. Lawrence River extensively.1543

I have a map a little bit later on in the slide show where you could see that region.1549

It is really in between, if you can envision this, today’s Northern New York and Canada.1554

When these explorers make their ventures, they also add to people's knowledge of geography and1565

they take notes of the map, as they go on their ventures.1574

The first permanent settlement was Quebec, that was established in 1608.1582

This is in today’s Canada.1590

This was founded by Samuel de Champlain, who was later called the father of New France for his significant leadership role.1592

There is another place named after him, Lake Champlain, that really borders Vermont and today’s New York.1604

He did quite a bit of exploring for France, as well, and will be really significant.1614

We will see that France will have its foot in the North America, as well,1622

in parts of what is today’s Canada, the northeastern part of the United States.1629

We will also see in parts of the Mid-West and down into, as we will Mississippi river region and Louisiana.1635

In the North, we see, especially, that New France will become a very successful flourishing fur trading enterprise.1644

That is really where they are going to base their stability for quite awhile.1656

There are some other claims here too.1663

Louis Joliet and Jacques Marquette explored the Mississippi River.1665

La Salle explored the Mississippi basin which he named Louisiana, sounds very French.1670

That is because it was actually named after the French Louis XIV, Louisiana.1679

Fur trade, again, very important, something you should definitely remember about French settlements.1692

The local Native American people in the area that we know as New France,1701

will allow the French to trade in their territory, in exchange for protection from their rivals, the famous Iroquois.1709

This is one thing to keep in mind as well, that Native Americans, we have to think about all of these different cultures and meeting.1720

Europeans are coming into contact with Native Americans, how do they deal with one another?1729

Are they going to work together, are they going to have tensions and fight against one another?1737

We are going to see that this is what is going to be at stake with these exchanges.1744

One of the major things to keep in mind during this time period,1750

with early contact between Native Americans and Europeans, is that the native peoples oftentimes will be caught in the middle.1756

They will look to the Europeans to help protect them from their own rivals.1766

The Europeans will use this to their advantage.1770

We are going to see this especially with the case of the tensions between the Hurons and the Iroquois.1774

And then, I'm going to build upon this a little bit later.1781

But keep this in mind because it is an important theme.1783

One thing to keep in mind also is what really distinguishes the French from other European colonizers is that relations tended to be more friendly.1790

French relations with Native Americans, specially with the Hurons than the Spanish.1801

We just talked about how cruel and heavy handed, and sometimes violent that the Spaniards were.1807

Not to say that the French were a 100% peaceful because they were not.1814

They certainly brought disease as well.1820

We are going to see that some of the effects were unintended.1824

Once the French start getting involved in the fur trade, it is going to disrupt the flow for the local Huron people,1829

specially, and their relationship with the Iroquois.1838

French traders and their activities set in motion series of devastating Indian wars over the fur market.1842

This is going to exacerbate the tensions between the different tribal groups.1851

This is going to cause a lot of instability and kill off many Native Americans as a result too, because of disease.1857

Much of the population was wiped out.1867

A very consistent theme as well, when Europeans make contact with Native Americans.1870

The Iroquois definitely felt threatened by the Hurons and eventually they will also feel threatened by the French.1877

But they want to flex their muscles.1887

Beginning in the 1640’s, the New York Iroquois seize control of the fur trade market which forces the Hurons to migrate north and west.1891

Eventually, the Iroquois decide to unify themselves into a confederation of five nations.1903

They have the different tribes unifying, the Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneidas, and Mohawks.1913

They really do this in order to extend control over the territory and to make sure that they really have power.1922

Here is a map that you can see the different Iroquois tribes and how they unified into this one confederation,1931

in order to really keep the monopoly over the fur trade and to unify and strengthen as one.1942

We are also going to see like the Spaniards that they also sought converts.1953

The French had previously been involved in their own religious civil war between Catholics and Protestants.1960

But at this point are primarily of a Catholic nation.1966

They do actually have French priests who do come to the New World.1971

They look to convert the natives to Catholicism.1977

However, unlike the Spanish, French missionaries, these are of the Jesuit order, did not use Indians for forced labor.1984

They did not make that mistake that the Spaniards made, to use such heavy handed force.1995

They also address the needs of the Indians.2001

They worked with them.2004

They were a bit more sensitive to their needs.2005

I think they are more clever and understanding their cultural beliefs, so that they could find common ground,2008

so that they could convert them in a more peaceful way.2019

That is going to be very significant.2023

The French that were settling, especially, in the Northeastern part of North America, had to deal with the harsh conditions,2029

climate conditions, specially in the winters which are pretty harsh.2039

They did not have a lot of settlers.2043

That also changed the dynamic.2046

People were not coming over in droves.2049

There are few colonies, farms, or towns.2052

Ultimately, they posed little threat to the Native American population, specially, in comparison to the Spanish.2055

An important thing to keep in mind, some differences there.2065

Now we are going to move on to the Dutch.2072

The Dutch, keep in mind, that means that they came from, the Dutch are from Holland.2076

The Dutch Republic became independent from Spain.2087

They had previously been ruled by Spain and eventually they are going to become free.2094

They are also going to become the financial commercial capital, that is really of Europe.2103

They are going to flourish and do really well.2111

They start to emphasize commerce, when they began to settle in North America.2114

They are going to be much different than, specially, the Spaniards and to a great extent, the French.2124

Their main emphasis is trade.2131

They are in a good location in Europe which is close to the water.2135

It is right on the water, in fact.2140

They are really looking to expand their global economic opportunities and trade opportunities.2142

That is their priority.2148

They are not looking to spread religion around the world or to convert the locals.2150

They will, to a certain extent, they will bring the Dutch reform church.2155

They will bring a lot of their kind of Protestant beliefs over, but it is not going to be like to the extent2162

that we will see with other Europeans who are trying to settle and convert local Native Americans.2168

There is an important company in 1621 called the Dutch West India Company which was a joint stock company.2178

You should be familiar with this concept.2186

I gave you a nice definition here so you can understand what it means.2190

A joint stock company, this is a company that pull the savings of people of moderate means2194

and supported potentially profitable trading ventures.2202

That is what a joint stock company was back then.2207

Again, various people could invest in it which made it less risky and more people could benefit from it as well.2212

It was a good way to get resources from various people.2222

This also was supported by the government.2228

The goal is really to expand trade opportunities, to create a trade monopoly, not only in West Africa.2232

We talked about triangular trade in the Atlantic System before.2244

Yes, the Dutch want in on that and they really want to dominate it.2248

They want to expand their trade opportunities and have a monopoly in West Africa and Indonesia,2254

over in Southeast Asia, and in Brazil in South America, giving the Dutch control of the Atlantic slave trade.2262

That is extremely profitable and is expanding tremendously in the 1600’s.2272

This brings us to North America.2279

In 1624, they founded the town of New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island.2282

This is in today’s Manhattan in New York City.2290

This was established as the capital of New Netherland.2296

A new colony in a new world being established.2300

To encourage migration, the company granted huge estates along the Hudson River.2306

You may remember Henry Hudson.2313

Henry Hudson was the explorer who explored for the Dutch.2315

In any way, yes, they grant these huge estates to wealthy Dutchmen but it attracted few settlers.2320

They did not continue to come.2329

Some of this is really because things are going well back in Holland and they are investing in these other regions around the world.2333

I will kind of point out where are some of these Dutch settlements which were established.2343

They did not really expand in the long run.2348

Here is an old picture of New Amsterdam.2351

As you can see, certainly not as populated back then as it is today.2358

This is what today’s Canal straight looked like back when the Dutch settled this region.2364

You can see the Dutch style architecture here, horse and buggy.2371

New Amsterdam, some things to keep in mind, it failed as a settler colony but flourished briefly in fur trading.2384

They were also involved in the fur trade, that was very profitable especially in Fort Orange2393

which was the site of present day Albany, which today is the capital of New York.2400

It is also on the Hudson River which I will show you a map in a minute.2406

What else? New Amsterdam was less prosperous and pious, and more rowdy than Puritan New England.2412

We will be talking about the Puritans soon.2420

But the Puritans were very religious devout people.2422

We are going to see that the Dutch settlers, although certainly many of them were Protestant and religious people,2427

for the most part, these settlers were not of the religious type.2436

Yes, this is a funny characteristic.2440

There were more taverns than churches.2444

Putting that into perspective, that is the significant fact because we will see, the Puritans,2450

for instance, and with the Spaniards, very much concerned about religion.2457

And the church is really the center of the village.2464

Not so much the case with the Dutch.2469

The Dutch did seize prime farming land from Native Americans, Algonquians, and took over their trade network.2471

We will see a backlash against that.2482

They responded with force, not a surprise.2484

That is also going to inhibit many settlers from continuing to come to the new world.2487

The West India company largely ignored the floundering settlements.2497

Started to struggle because of these attacks and they also start to have some financial problems to a certain extent.2501

They are not investing in the settlement in New Amsterdam, in New Netherland, overall.2511

They start to concentrate more on the profitable slave trade and the sugar plantations in Brazil.2519

We will also see in the Caribbean, what was known back then as the West Indies.2529

By 1640, we will see that the Dutch gave up their trade monopoly in New Amsterdam.2537

That is going to eventually lead to the British moving in.2546

Another thing to keep in mind about New Amsterdam and the Dutch West India Company,2552

is that they were much more open minded than other civilizations.2564

We will see other settlements, they did not welcome settlers from other nations.2567

And at least 18 languages were spoken in New York.2572

Kind of open minded, a little more pluralistic in their world view, especially in comparison to other European groups at the time.2577

We are going to see eventually the British take over and eventually rename the settlement New York.2590

Because the Dutch lost interest and were somewhat shortsighted and2599

not responding to their inhabitants request for representative government,2602

many of the settlers and those diverse people that I was just talking about, were very loyal to the Dutch.2608

They did not feel that the Dutch government was very responsive to letting them have a voice in their local decision-making.2616

That is going to also kind of leave a power vacuum in many ways that the English are going to look to fill.2625

The English invaded in 1684 and despite Stuyvesant's call to resist, he was the governor of New Amsterdam,2633

the Dutch could not defend their colony against the British.2643

They eventually lost New Netherland to the English during the second Anglo Dutch war in 1664.2649

That meant enter Duke of York, and then New York was named after the Duke of York.2658

He became the overlord of the new English colony.2666

That is going to be a change.2672

Many historians would say that the local people who are living in the former Dutch settlement really welcomed the English,2675

because the English at least were promoters of representative government at this point in time.2685

That was something that was a little more appealing, kind of interesting to keep in mind.2691

Back to the Duke of York, once he is in power, he will initially rule with a mild hand,2698

allowing the Dutch residents to retain their property, legal system, and religious institutions.2705

The Dutch will try to fight back, it is not very successful in 1673.2713

And then, we will see a shift around this time wherein English officials will start to impose their law and customs,2720

and try to instill order in the colony.2729

This is where Albany was, just so you can have a visual here.2738

This was really just the only area where the Dutch had and colonized in today's United States.2744

Here is a nice picture of the Hudson River in the fall.2754

As you could see, this was a very small region that the Dutch had colonized and that2759

they really became interested in the global trade and these other regions around the world.2764

Now the English are in control, the former New Netherland and New Amsterdam.2775

New York was quite a big colony and this actually included today’s New Jersey, at this point in time.2783

What the Duke of York decided to do, he was a generous guy.2791

Yes, he is the future James II.2796

He believed that New York was too large to administer.2798

He gave his two friends some territories, the section of the colony between the Hudson River and Delaware Bay.2802

That is ultimately what will become New Jersey.2811

He divided it between Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret.2813

Their colony was divided into two parts, east and west Jersey.2823

One was Berkeley’s and the other was Carteret’s.2829

To attract settlers, both proprietors, these were the proprietors,2833

made generous land offers and allowed religious freedom and an assembly.2839

Now we are starting to see the wisdom of some of these founders, these proprietors, these land owners.2846

They are the ones overseeing the land.2858

They want to find ways to make their settlement successful.2860

They realized they need to lure people and promise them something, and be generous.2865

That is going to draw in many diverse peoples, specially, a lot of dissenters, religious dissenters,2871

who were not being accepted back home in the old world.2878

Like, we will see the Quakers or other groups, even French Huguenots, French Protestants, who were being persecuted back in Europe.2883

We are going to see that the hands of who is in power in New Jersey actually changed several times.2895

Eventually, we will see that they will sell their proprietary interests to groups of Quakers,2903

which is another group we will be talking about later on, a protestant dissenting group.2911

By 1702, Queen Anne united both Jerseys, east and west Jersey, to make it a royal colony.2919

When a colony becomes under the direct control of the crown.2927

Leaving the locals, they do not have as much autonomy as they had previously.2935

That will also kind of shift the relationship between settlers and the mother country, as we will see.2941

We are actually at the end of the lesson.2954

Hopefully, you have a better idea of some of the similarities and some of the differences amongst the different European powers2957

and how they settled in North America, and think about how successful they were and why, or how unsuccessful they were.2967

What were the greatest problems that these European settlers had, in terms of being able to sustain their settlements in the long run?2976

This part of the lesson, we are going to do some of the questions, in fact.2989

This year’s AP U.S. history exam includes multiple choice questions that are based on,2996

you have to read some type of passage or look at some type of cartoon.3009

In this case, we are going to look at an excerpt from a letter by Francisco Garcia De Loaysa on behalf of King Charles V.3016

What I like to do is give you a chance to read this to yourself, and then, you should press pause.3026

And then, we will go to the next slide, and then, you can answer the question that accompanies this passage.3035

For the multiple choice question, again, first, you read through the passage.3045

I will read this.3053

Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, new governor and captain of the province of Galizia of New Spain.3054

We saw your letter of July 15 of the year prior to 1540.3063

Year prior would be 1539.3069

Which we became aware of the state of things of that province and3072

the things that you have worked on to bring peace to the natives of the land, who remained in revolt for which I thank you.3075

And that you have and have of the pacification and population of the land.3085

Do you see how I’m writing here?3092

And of the good treatment of the natives that reside in the land.3094

If you continue to be in charge of them that we have given to you because we hope that with your good management,3099

you placed the land under my rule and bring its natives to the knowledge of my Holy Catholic faith.3108

We do order you too, with all prudence and good order, work on making sure that the orders and provisions3117

that have been ordered by us and provide what is beneficial to the service of my God.3125

One thing to do, when you are trying to understand an older type of text, specially, is you want to highlight key points, key terms, dates.3133

You want to try to identify who the author is.3144

You want to think about the perspective of the author and what their intention is.3147

Are they trying to persuade, who is their audience?3155

Again, refer to the silkstone handout that you can download on the web site so that you can learn the skills to analyze these examples.3159

Let us look at question number 1.3175

What was one of the reasons given to Coronado to undertake the continued exploration of the American Southwest?3179

Was it A, to protect the rights of Native Americans.3187

B, to put in place Spain’s claim to the land.3190

C, to allow Coronado to decide what he wants to do with the Native Americans.3195

D, to find ample amounts of gold.3201

Now of course you may need to go back to the passage and reread it or glance at your notes,3206

or your highlighted portions to see if you can make sense of this.3212

That would be a good idea.3217

Anyway, you can pause this and then check the answer.3219

And when you come back, here we go, the answer is B.3224

To put in place Spain’s claim to the land.3233

Number 2, Coronado could best be described as?3237

A, a missionary, B, a priest, C, a conquistador, D, a Native American advocate.3242

The answer would be a conquistador.3256

Let us go on to the next one.3261

Here is another excerpt, example 2.3265

I marvel not a little, Richard Hakluyt, the younger wrote in 1582, that since the first discovery of America3269

which is now a full four score and 10 years,3277

after so great conquest and plannings of the Spaniards and Portuguese there,3280

that we of England could never have the grace to set fast footing in such fertile and temperate places.3285

As I left as yet un-possessed by them.3292

We know this is 1582.3298

Four score, four score is 20 years, this is 80 and 10 years.3305

90 years after a conquest plantains of the Spaniards and Portuguese.3312

That we of England, what does it tell you, this is the British perspective,3318

could never have the grace to have such footing in such fertile and temperate places.3322

You have to think to yourself, is this positive, is this negative?3331

As I left as yet un-possessed by them.3335

He is really talking about the Spaniards and the Portuguese, and how they are really ahead of the English,3341

in terms of discovering America and creating settlements.3353

Looking at this question, how do you think you would answer?3359

How would you describe Hakluyt's view of extensive Spanish colonization in the 16th century?3363

Disappointed, encouraging, neutral, joyous?3370

Think about it, pause.3376

The answer is disappointed.3382

In fact, if you know a little bit more about the person who said this, he actually was a huge advocate of English colonization.3387

Sometimes these questions will give you clues, if you know who the author is and3399

you know the context of the quotation, of the excerpt.3404

Our last question for this lesson, our last practice question example.3413

During the time that Hakluyt wrote, which of the following had the most settlements in the new world?3417

This is 1500’s, of these 4 choices, which one would you choose, Holland, England, Spain, or Portugal?3425

The answer is Spain.3437

Thank you for watching www.educator.com, goodbye.3444