AP U.S. History Interactions of Europeans, Native Americans and Africans

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This lesson is about interactions.0003

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Welcome back to www.educator.com.0041

This lesson is about interactions of Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans.0043

In this lesson, we are going to talk about how Europeans are going to encounter Africans and Native Americans.0052

How the median of these three worlds is ultimately going to impact global history, and certainly what will happen throughout U.S. history.0059

As we are going to see, these different people coming together, exchanging, trading,0069

and then also in some cases, subjugating one another.0074

We are going to talk about background of these different peoples including European societies, African societies,0080

and really build upon what we learned in the first lesson on the different Native American societies.0087

We are also going to talk about the age of exploration, its importance,0094

and all the other movements that eventually led to European traders looking to expand their trade opportunities.0097

They are looking for a new and better trade routes.0106

We will also talk about the role of religion, specifically Catholicism with the Spaniards and0109

how they wanted to spread religion throughout the Americas.0114

And that, this will lead to exploration of the Americas and eventually, colonization.0118

We will talk about the overarching effects of these interactions and how this will really provide the foundation for what is to come.0123

We will see three cultures clashing.0132

This will cause problems for some groups more than others, to put it lately.0136

We will also talk about the impact of what becomes known as the Columbian exchange where we will see people migrating.0144

We will see different foods being brought to the different parts of the worlds.0152

This is ultimately going to impact people's diet all around the world.0155

We will see the impact of disease and so forth.0159

We will also talk about how trade and eventually mercantilism will grow0162

and have a huge impact on what is to come, not only in the 1400’s, 1500’s, 1600’s, and 1700’s.0168

First, a little background about European societies.0177

What is really important in understanding this background is keeping in mind that0180

the way that these societies are structured, the cultural practices, the spiritual beliefs.0186

All of these different characteristics are going to have an impact on how they view each other and how they interact.0193

They are going to bring also a lot of those qualities to the new civilizations.0202

We will also see these diverse ideas blending together in some cases, accommodating, and adapting as well.0207

Something to keep in mind.0215

Also think about similarities and differences amongst these different groups.0217

A little background on Europeans, in general.0223

Again, a bit hard to over generalize but to just really pinpoint some of the major highlights here.0226

We know that before the industrial revolution really hit Europe, for the most part, we are going to see more of a feudal type of society.0235

Europe was actually primarily agricultural.0245

There a few large cities in Europe before 1450 and 90% were peasants who lived in small rural communities.0249

And in fact, people were not very educated.0261

Most yearn to be Yeomen or small farm owners.0264

There are high mortality rates because of disease and lack of knowledge on how to cure those diseases.0269

People were quite isolated.0276

The society was very hierarchical, authority came from above.0280

This is really the legacy of feudalism.0284

We will also see a patriarchal influence that was ultimately justified by Christian teachings.0288

Hierarchy will be a huge influence in European societies and that will inform the way that they create,0295

that influence will also impact what they bring to what will become known as the United States,0308

the colonies, and so forth, that legacy.0314

Here we can see an example of that hierarchy and the different classes involved.0315

These are at or below poverty level.0323

This is the affluent or clearly above the poverty line.0326

Moving along, inheritance and religious influences, in which women could receive a dower.0332

1/3 of the family's property for her to use during her lifetime.0339

The practice of primogeniture or the right of the first born to inherit the land.0344

However, that will force many younger children into poverty, as really there are lack of opportunities for land, for most people.0350

We will also see the influence of the Roman Catholic Church that served as a major unifying force within Western society.0361

Although, the pervasive authority and discipline through Christian dogma and churches in every village,0369

the Latin language, it has its pros and cons.0377

It definitely brings people together but will also lend itself to, eventually, the protestant reformation.0379

As we are going to see reformers who are looking for more freedoms, ultimately, a fairer type of system.0385

Where people start to question a lot of these dogmas, I guess you could say,0396

and practices that were prominent in the Catholic Church.0400

The importance of religious history is quite profound.0407

Do keep that in mind that most European peasants originally were pagans.0411

They did actually see spirituality in the natural world and many of them were animist.0417

There is a common point where you see Native Americans, for instance, who are animist,0424

with a lot of the early European peasants.0428

They were attacked by the church.0432

They were viewed as heretics and they were punished as such.0433

There are a few highlights where we see a lot of persecution, ultimately, because of religious motives,0440

such as the crusades which occurred in the 11th century to 13th century, from 1096 to 1291,0448

when Christian armies targeted Muslims, as well as pagans.0457

We see very Christian centric perspective here and lack of toleration for other cultural/religious ideas or primarily religious beliefs.0461

Christian identity of Europeans broaden the privilege classes, intellectual, and economic horizons.0476

Trade and learning will become increasingly important.0485

We will also see that with travel and with trade, this will definitely help knowledge to spread such as from the Arabian peninsula.0488

There were extensive knowledge of astronomy, mathematics, in fact,0500

that will definitely spread to Europe and have a huge influence that will have certainly encourage many Europeans to learn more.0506

Ultimately, expand their trade opportunities.0515

As we will see, from Constantinople, as it was named at the time,0520

today’s Istanbul to Beijing, from the Mediterranean sea to the eastern Indian seas.0523

They want to get part in on the trade routes that were very well established in what today is the Middle East.0532

Also, we will see in Asia and throughout Europe.0540

Feudalism, again, was predominant in the middle ages.0546

We will see by the time we get to, first of all, before I get to renaissance,0550

after the black death that destroyed about a third of the population, Europe was obviously decimated from this.0557

It was a very dark time, it was a very depressing time.0564

But eventually, Europe will pullout of this very dark period in its history.0567

Europe experienced a rebirth of learning economic development and cultural life.0574

This is known as the renaissance.0580

Perhaps, you have studied this in world history class.0581

This rebirth will draw from early Greek Roman civilizations.0586

There is a flourishing of learning of the art, music, culture, in general.0592

There is wealth so people can spend their leisure time bettering themselves, etc.0603

We see that trade is going to become increasingly important.0610

The new ruling class of merchants, bankers, and business owners have a higher status, and are also having more access to information.0615

Civic humanism and the concept of the republic emerged or you could say reemerged, because again, it was drawn from the past.0623

In many ways, republican ideals are going to be continued on and emphasized.0633

We know that in the United States, eventually, a Republic will be created.0639

The idea of being a good citizen and participating in government in the democratic process.0644

That is an important value that really comes out of this period.0651

Mercantilism, kind of tying into the rise of this middle class that is emerging will be very important.0655

Tying into this, we will see the importance of building not only trade opportunities that it is ultimately tied to improve technologies,0664

that will allow different explorers and traders to explore the world and trade, and to travel to these different regions.0672

We are going to see major improvements with this excess wealth and this desire to increase knowledge.0685

Spain and Portugal, close to Italy, in the Mediterranean region, did have the opportunity0694

and were very much inspired to lead the way in Europe's first age of overseas expansion.0701

The man who really laddered this age of exploration was Prince Henry the navigator.0711

He was the third son of King Joao, the Joao of Portugal, and his English wife Philippa of Lancaster.0718

In 1420, he founded the center for oceanic navigation and astronomical observation at Southern Portugal.0728

He started a school, basically for potential travelers, for potential mapmakers,0737

for people who are looking to travel the world, ultimately, and explore.0749

A lot of efforts and a lot of research is going to improve mapmaking and the development of new technologies for the ships at the time,0758

the development of caravel, a three masted ship with two regular cells and one triangular cell.0772

We will also see, because Europeans had access to gunpowder, gunpowder had been around all the way back to early Chinese civilization.0780

But it is going to be utilized at an even grander scale.0789

And that will ultimately give Europeans a huge edge in their exploration exploits abroad.0794

There is a great film and book, the book actually came first, called Guns, Germs, and Steel,0802

that really gets into the major reasons why, specially, superior guns, the germs,0809

as well as steel weapons, that will ultimately help give the Europeans an advantage in their colonization pursuits0816

and in conquering different Native American tribes and civilizations, as well as in Africa.0826

Which brings us to West Africa,which we are going to focus on for the most part.0835

Portugal is really going to be at the forefront of the age of exploration.0840

A very small country, really right here, that bordering there in the Mediterranean region.0844

In the Atlantic, we are going to see that there is a huge desire to foster exploration.0858

He urged his captains to find a way around Cape of Bojador in North Africa and to explore the feared sea of darkness to the South.0868

Could you imagine going out on a sailboat and having limited technologies, would you do it?0876

Would you really want to go out to the unknown?0884

They eventually discovered and colonized the Madeira and Azores Islands,0888

discovered for the Europeans that were people who lived there.0894

From there, the sub-Saharan African coast.0896

By 1435, the Portuguese reached Sierra Leone where they exchanged salt, wine, and fish, for African ivory and gold.0900

By the 1440’s, Yeomens as well, this will really set the foundation for an expansive slate trade.0909

Portuguese are really the ones who are at the forefront of this.0920

Trade routes had already been well established.0924

We could see in sub-Saharan region in Sahara.0927

We will also see that, this is one particular trade route that had been established already, and also, in this region as well.0932

The silk road which should been around for quite a long time.0943

There was history of this, and knowledge of this trade route.0948

Again, during the age of exploration there is this huge impetus to expand trade opportunities and0952

to expand knowledge about the globe and geography, in general.0959

Do keep in mind that in West Africa there were, you can see the breakdown here,0964

the grain coast where grains were being traded.0972

The gold coast where gold was being traded.0975

The slaves coast where slaves were being traded.0978

The ivory coast where ivory was being traded.0981

Ivory is illegal to trade today, was traded so extensively that it did eventually lead to governments having to intervene,0983

to really protect elephants from being harvested, ultimately.0994

Anyway, we are going to see Europeans are going to look to tap into these opportunities, trade wise.0999

And then, here is a global picture.1006

We can see that by 1500, really up to 1500, that there were extensive trade routes1008

that were pretty well-known in some of the European explorers had already started to venture out to the Americas.1016

They thought they were, specially when we get to Christopher Columbus,1025

he thought he was going to Asia but did not really account for another continent on route.1028

There had already been trading zones here in the Americas.1038

The Aztec empire, the Inca empire, of course, throughout the world.1043

Take a look at that.1049

We are going to go back to Africa.1050

Do keep in mind in West Africa, it was a vast and diverse,1054

and it is always very difficult to concisely get background such a huge continent, even just the region of West Africa.1058

But it is very important to realize that, specially when we are talking about U.S. history,1066

that the ancestors of African-Americans primarily come from this region.1071

Although in some cases, and there is a lot of interesting studies happening now with DNA testing, so forth,1077

where we are seeing other parts of Africa but primarily from West Africa.1083

But again, to acknowledge that the diversity of these different societies that were very advanced,1088

very civilized, and they had been well established for many years.1097

The West African region stretches along the coast from present day Senegal to Angola.1102

In the 1400’s, tropical rainforests covered much of the coast with a series of great rivers, the Senegal, Gambia, Welta, Niger, and the Congo, providing access to the interior.1109

Whereby, most people lived.1121

There were few coastal cities because there was little seaborne trade, but that will eventually change.1124

Most plant small plots and lived with extended families in small villages that specialized in certain crops.1130

Ranging from mullet and cotton to livestock, yams and oil rich palm nuts.1137

They traded both raw and manufactured goods with one another.1143

Including rare items which is salt, iron, gold, textiles, and ivory.1147

That is when we are talking about the ivory coast, the gold coast, etc.1152

Hierarchical societies were common as well.1155

That is a commonality with the European societies.1159

The West Atlantic speakers such as the fulani and wolof peoples were the most numerous in this region.1163

The mande speakers in the upper Niger region included the malinke and the bambara peoples.1170

The Yoruba and Igbo of southern Nigeria spoke varieties of the kwa language, the moses.1177

Again, just to illustrate all of the different groups, the moses and the voltaic speakers inhabited the area along the upper volta river.1183

In terms of spirituality, beliefs vary greatly.1194

With most West Africans recognizing a variety of deities.1198

West Africans who lived immediately South of the Sahara learned about Islam from arab merchants and missionaries.1202

There we will see Islam will become very influential in North Africa and West Africa as well.1209

At first, in terms of European exchanges, Europeans had a positive impact on West African peoples.1216

Before they got involved in the slave trade, they did introduce new plants, animals, and metal products,1224

which will obviously open up opportunities and trade goods, ultimately.1230

This will expand African trade networks.1236

But once Europeans engaged in the slave trade, it is obviously going to have a detrimental effect on Africa, as a whole.1239

As we are going to see major drain of human resources and obviously very disruptive to the overall stability of the continent.1249

As Europeans will continue to try to penetrate and eventually colonize the entire, for the most part,1261

except for a few exceptions like Ethiopia and Iberia, and Sierra Leone, to a certain extent.1266

You probably have learned about that in Global studies or World History class.1275

Europeans and Africans trade.1280

We talked about this, some of the goods that were traded by 1502, Vasco De Gama’s ships did outgun the Arab fleets.1285

The Portuguese start to tap into that trade route, especially in North Africa.1293

Portuguese government built trading post on the coast and opened trade routes from Africa to Indonesia,1302

and up the coast of Asia to China and Japan.1311

Tons of opportunities for the Portuguese to get their foot in the door, so to speak.1314

Portuguese traders joined African states and Arab merchants in the slave trade.1320

To also highlight that different peoples were very much tied up in the slave trade.1326

Africans traded other Africans,1332

bonded labor in the form of slavery, serfdom.1335

Indentured servitude was really the norm in pre-modern societies,1340

something that we really think as horrific.1345

Of course, we know that slavery, unfortunately, is still around today, even in the United States, whether we like to admit it or not.1347

It is obviously illegal but it is much more underground than it was back then, and now it is accepted, but it still exists.1355

This was really the norm during these times.1371

In Africa, we will see it took the form of slavery.1373

But we will talk about, particularly in the U.S. history class, primarily slavery, not as much about serfdom but indentured servitude.1377

As we will see many Europeans will come to actually North America as indentured servants.1387

A small portion of West Africans were trade slaves who were war captives and criminals sold from one kingdom to another.1396

I do not know what this really refers to.1410

I’m just going to erase it because it is confusing me.1414

The idea is that that was a way to punish a warring tribe and they end up being sold to other Africans,1417

in some cases we will see, to Europeans.1428

One thing that was different that we will see that the Americans are going to eventually establish is that, people were not born into slavery and1430

it was not primarily based on race, as we are going to see in the United States.1440

This was really more because of born traditions and so forth.1445

Some carried slaves over land.1453

In different parts of Africa, in other words, slaves were traded.1456

In caravans, we will see slaves will be brought by Arab traders to the Mediterranean region.1461

To exploit trade, Portuguese merchants established ports at small port cities.1470

First is at Elmina, in 1492.1476

Later at Foree, Mpinda, and Loango, this one is probably the most famous, where they ended up having these gigantic ports where.1479

Eventually, these prisons, ultimately, where they were to keep the slaves in captivity.1490

These various port cities were very crucial for the various things that were traded such as gold, slaves from African princes and warlords.1502

Initially, the Portuguese carried a few thousand Africans each year1514

to work on sugar plantations in the Cape Verde islands, the Azores, and the Madeira.1517

But we are going to see that the slave trade will gradually expand, and then even on a grander scale.1524

Into the 1600’s, 1700’s, and the slave trade will continue through the 1800’s.1531

In fact, it does not stop in Brazil until the late 1880’s.1539

Portuguese also sold slaves in Lisbon, back in Portugal, which soon had a black population about 9000.1549

After 1550, other Europeans soon joined the West Africa’s longest trade in humans.1557

By 1700, European’s shipped hundreds of thousands of slaves to new American sugar plantations in Brazil and in the West Indies.1565

Europeans will become very wealthy off the backs of these enslaved peoples.1576

Explorers like King Ferdinand of Aragon and Queen Isabel of Castile,1586

Spanish monarchs will become very interested in overseas exploration and expanding their empire.1594

They will be very much instrumental in helping to discover the western hemisphere for Europeans.1604

These two were married in an arranged marriage to combine their Christian kingdoms.1613

They had political reasons for this marriage, was very consistent.1618

This is very consistent during this time with other examples, with other monarchs, in other words.1625

The young rulers completed the centuries long reconquista.1633

The Spanish wanted to reclaim and reconquer the lands that were taken and dominated by the Moro’s.1637

They want to expand Catholic influence ultimately and kick out the Muslims, kick out other non Christian groups, ultimately.1644

In 1492, there are news of capture of Granada, the Islamic state in Western Europe.1654

They were ultimately on a mission to fund and find explorers who are looking to spread Spanish influence around the world.1660

Ferdinand and Isabela, I like to call them or nickname them Ferdy and Issy.1674

They sought trade and empire and most of the services of Christopher Columbus, was a Christian man, a very religious devout man, from Genoa, from Italy.1679

Despite Columbus' theory of world geography, his trip was financed by the court and merchants.1692

He actually had a pretty limited understanding of geography and was quite naïve.1699

But ultimately, the two goals of this expedition would include spreading Christianity and finding of route to Western Asia.1705

Again, he was really looking for a better, more improved trade route.1714

He set sail in August of 1492, hoping he would had to the Indies, the East Indies, but in fact, ends up in the Americas, as we see here.1721

This is a very regal type of image of the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria, and the other travelers along with Christopher Columbus.1734

We will see that the Native inhabitants in the Caribbean islands were named or labeled Indians, as he thought he was in the Indies.1750

The name is stuck.1759

The people actually were more than likely taino, arawak, and carib people.1762

Caribbean named after the Carib people.1769

He did not find gold, that was another major goal for the monarchs is to acquire gold.1772

This is oftentimes what I call the first gold rush in pre-U.S. history.1780

The monarchs sent three more expeditions over the next 12 years.1787

Ultimately, they are looking to expand their empire, las Indias, the Indies.1792

We will see the establishment eventually the West Indies under Spanish control.1798

Other European groups, other European monarchs will also look to expand their opportunities abroad too.1803

Again, Spain is going to follow the Portuguese lead, in terms of the exploration.1813

Back to Columbus, during the expeditions, Columbus began the colonization of the West Indies,1823

by transporting more that a thousand Spanish male settlers and hundreds of domestic animals.1827

Eventually, we are going to see this is going to be very well developed1834

in what becomes known as the Columbian exchange, which I have a map in a few slides, stay tuned.1838

Again, we talked about this before that Amerigo Vespucci was an explorer in the Americas1845

and is really attributed for the name Nuevo mundo, a new world, also for the naming of America.1853

Besides Christopher Columbus, other Spanish adventurers will look to spend opportunities for Spain.1865

They are extremely harsh.1875

They ruled with an iron hand.1876

There were rumors of rich Indian kingdoms lead to the reconquista.1879

Many of what we call conquerors or conquistadors, or conquistadores, in Spanish,1886

will start to get involved in the colonization of the Americas.1893

Hernan Cortez who was a member of the Spanish gentry class and his fellow Spanish conquistadors landed on the Mexican Coast1898

and began a conquest of the Aztec empire, which we know was a rich civilization.1905

Moctezuma, who was the Aztec ruler at the time, believed that Cortez might be a returning God and allowed him to enter without a challenge.1911

This was supposed to depict that exchange.1922

He was a bit naïve, sad for him and his people.1926

Superior European military technology, the whole gun, germs, and steel theory is really important here.1932

We will see that the superior weaponry will definitely give Spaniards a huge advantage.1939

There are also internal problems, internal divisions, within the Aztec empire, power struggles, etc.1946

The assistance of a female Native interpreter named Malinchae also contributed to Spanish victory,1953

as there was ultimately a lot of miscommunication that took place.1961

Disease, more than weaponry, steel weaponry, for instance,1967

ended up really being the biggest weapon of the Spaniards, and perhaps not even an intended weapon.1974

Smallpox, measles, and influenza, eventually facilitated the Aztec collapse.1981

This is going to be a huge thing throughout this early period where Native American peoples1987

just did not have the immunity against these European diseases that were being brought in to the Americas.1993

They have been isolated from them, very vulnerable.2000

Many of them got sick very quickly and ended up dying.2005

In South America, Francisco Pizarro overthrew the Inca empire in Peru.2010

The Incas were also preyed because of internal fighting over the throne and also disease.2017

Conquistadors, these kind of cruel conquerors who are looking to plunder and dominate the Americas,2024

they remained very powerful because of their well grant, that they have a whole,2034

new feudal system that they are imposing on the Americas, that will give them legal control of the Native population.2038

Ultimately, Spaniards, Spanish explorers, settlers, colonizers, will be given land as well as some Native people as well.2048

Ultimately, they will start to exploit Native peoples to work the land.2058

There are really the racist ideas, as well, that helped to justify this mistreatment of the Native population.2066

This Encomienda system was very rigid, very hierarchal, and very powerful.2076

This took place principally in plantations and livestock ranches that their goal is ultimately2083

to grow different goods and to export those goods to Europe.2090

Once we see widespread Spanish settlement and trade starts to pick up quite a bit,2095

this phenomenon is going to become known as the Columbian exchange.2104

As Spaniards and other Europeans, but at this point, we are just talking about Columbus and his colleagues from Spain.2109

Columbus was originally from Italy but he was working for Spain.2120

We see the exchange of various goods that were Native from the Americas like pumpkins,2123

sweet potatoes, corn, corn bean, and squash, remember the three sisters.2132

Cacao, very trendy and yummy, this day and age.2136

We also see diseases, livestock.2142

In fact, Native peoples in the Americas did not know what a horse was.2144

They were afraid of them.2150

A lot of these animals, in fact, bring diseases as well.2153

Different grains were brought to the Americas.2157

This becomes known as the Columbian exchange.2159

Some of these things will be very good.2163

They will improve the diets in some regions.2166

Obviously, some of these are not as positive and will change the environment,2169

and have more impact on the population such as various diseases.2174

We have a definition here of the Columbian exchange, will have a huge effect on European life, the Americas, and Africa.2182

We will see that the Columbian exchange will start to broaden out and also become more inclusive.2190

We will go upon this and talk about the triangular trade system.2196

This will ultimately have set the foundation for global trade, ultimately.2202

The gold and silver from the Aztecs that was acquired through the exploitation of Native American mover,2208

was now used to guild the Catholic Churches of Europe.2217

That made the monarchs proud.2220

It also flowed into that the count houses of Spain making that nation the richest and most powerful in Europe.2224

This helped to fund even more expeditions to the Americas.2231

Look at the numbers, they speak for themselves.2240

Between 1500 and 1650, around 35,000 Spaniards migrated to Mesoamerica,2242

middle America, Central America, and Western South America.2249

75% of them were men, that is another important point which means when the cat is away, the mice will play,2253

which really means that the Spanish men will also have sexual relations with Native peoples in the Americas.2262

That will actually lead to the growth in the Mestizo population.2270

With this, we will see an elaborate caste system develop, that is based on race, ultimately, and lineage.2277

The more European, in this case, the more Spanish one was, the more status one had.2290

We are going to see this society was divided along relatively rigid lines, based primarily on birth.2298

Catholicism will be imposed on Native peoples very forcefully, in many cases.2305

Some of the effects, we have talked about this, horses and pigs.2314

Pigs are really going to change the landscape.2318

They are going to eat up a lot of the flora and fauna.2321

That will become a huge challenge for human beings in the Americas.2324

Steel weapons and other advanced weaponry aided the Spanish conquest.2329

It also changed the nature of warfare for years to come.2333

Smallpox, that is obviously going to be the worst weapon of all.2338

Ultimately will decimate Native populations.2341

There are estimates that approximately 20 million people may have died in the years following European invasion.2346

Up to 95% of the population of the Americas was actually eradicated because of disease.2353

Very profound.2363

Most Europeans, because of their world view, because of the different influences, the ideologies, the religious beliefs,2366

believed that Native Americans, were for the most part, inferior, and they could be exploited.2373

They were used.2383

They were viewed as pagans.2387

They were viewed as uncivilized.2388

They were religious reasons.2390

Some perspectives were a little bit more benevolent than others.2391

Others were patronizing and some people were just downright cruel and completely Eurocentric biased and anti-Christian, ultimately.2397

This is ultimately going to impact the approach that Europeans, for the most part.2413

Of course, not all, as we are going to see some exceptions to the rule.2418

But generally speaking, we are going to see that the Spanish policy toward Native Americans was harsh by using forced labor2423

and forced conversion in the missions where they will hold people captive.2432

They would smash their idols and really punish them for practicing their Native beliefs.2438

Many Native Americans were captured and taken to Europe as slaves.2445

That will even set the foundation for the slave trade later on,2450

as we will ultimately see many Native Americans starts fighting back against this system.2455

We will also see a rigid social class system emerge based on racial and ethnic identities.2460

On the next slide, I will actually show you what this looks like.2467

There is certainly will be those who descended, as I was saying, cannot completely generalize.2471

Although, the general trend tended to be quite negative.2475

There are some examples such as Bartolome de Las Casas, who was very much dissenter,2480

who was very much against this harsh treatment, for the most part of Native Americans.2488

Here I have an example of the different categories.2493

From the top, these are the people who have the most power.2496

The pensulanies actually from the Iberian Peninsula.2499

To the Creoles who are of European descent that lived or really were born in the Americas.2503

Mixture of, we will see mestizos or mulatos.2510

It could be African-American, African and European not American.2516

Indio, which would be a mix just or primarily Indians, negro-Africans.2524

And then slaves, the lowest on the social ladder.2532

Here is the whole relationship in that hierarchy.2537

Again, close to the end here.2545

Here is a picture of Bartolome de Las Casas.2547

He is going to write extensively from 16th century, Spanish Dominican priest, writer, and first resident bishop of Chiapas.2551

He is going to become a very instrumental advocate for Native American peoples.2560

He championed for them, devoting his lifetime to improving the conditions in the West Indies, Peru, and Guatemala.2567

Here we could see European missionaries creating South Americans, as they hoped to convert them in the 16th century.2576

This will help provide the religious rationale for European influence.2585

Here you could see a note of in defense of the Indians, where he starts to write actually to the monarchs about the unfair treatment of Native Americans.2591

As hopeful as he wrote here, these Indians can bring near the redemption.2605

If we treat them humanely in the world and convert them to Christianity,2609

we are preparing for the redemption of the Western world in the mezoimic era.2613

Their conversion is up in deed, as I'm convinced the Indians originate in ancient Israel.2618

Indeed, I can bring proofs from the Bible that they are the lost tribes.2624

We have a co-reference.2631

He also seems to be quite empathetic and sympathetic to their situation.2632

Against enslaving the Native Americans, but eventually changed his stance.2638

Oftentimes, this is not highlighted and advocated for the enslavement of Africans.2643

And trying to help Native Americans but boo for really looking to move in that direction and slave another group of people.2649

He later recanted and advocated for Africans.2658

He is kind of all over the place, regarding that issue, definitely thinking critically for a man of his time.2662

With that, we are actually going to move into the assessment section of the lesson.2671

Here, we have an excerpt.2677

This will be followed by a few multiple choice questions.2680

Example 1, and this is from a historian David E. Stanard, a historian of American holocaust.2685

That is pretty strong word, holocaust.2693

Columbus in the conquest of the New World, 1892.2695

Here it goes, apart from his navigational skills, what most set Columbus apart from other Europeans of his day were not the things that he believed2702

but the intensity with which he believed in them and the determination which he acted upon those beliefs.2713

Columbus was in most respects nearly and especially active and dramatic embodiment of the European, and especially the Mediterranean.2721

Mind and soul of his time.2729

A religious fanatic obsessed with the conversion, conquest, or liquidation of all non-Christians.2731

A latter day crusader in search of personal wealth and fame, who expected the enormous and mysterious world2739

he had found to be filled with monstrous races, inhabiting wild forest, and with golden people living in Eden.2747

Number 1, which of the European countries who at least likely share the quality, standard uses in his description of Columbus?2765

This one, you may not have a lot of background on, but I will tell you this.2777

These three are primarily Catholic countries.2783

This country tended to be more protestant minded.2787

The answer to this is actually A, that is the primary reason because Columbus is tied to the Catholic tradition.2798

Which of the following is a reason historians are most likely to criticize the view of Columbus expressed in his excerpt?2809

It ignores the period in which Columbus lived.2816

It displays Columbus is biased against Christians.2819

It skips over the progress brought by Columbus during the age of exploration.2822

It uses highly charged language.2826

The answer to this is actually D, that it uses highly charged language.2831

The monstrous, for instance.2838

The monstrous races inhabiting wild forest with golden people living in Eden.2842

Let us see, a religious fanatic obsessed with the conversion, conquest, or liquidation of Christians.2848

Sometimes with multiple choice, you may say this is open to interpretation a bit.2854

If we had to really choose from these four choices, I will go with D.2861

Number 2, briefly explain how two of the following, here is a great example of how we have an A and B but two answers within part A.2867

Two of the following factors came together in Europe in the early 16th century.2868

Both the motivation and means to explore and colonize land across the seas.2884

Religion, trade, and technology.2889

I’m going to choose religion and I’m also going to choose technology.2899

Here it goes, Protestants and Catholics were fervently trying to spread their religious beliefs around the world, specially in the New World.2912

Spanish Christian missionaries look to convert Native American to Catholicism.2920

Due to the renaissance and scientific revolution, new technologies would advance such as the sailing compass,2926

the caravel, mapmaking, and the printing press.2931

Religious motives for exploration and colonization added to economic and political motives,2935

as nations like Spain, Holland, and England, had at the time.2941

I was able to fuse in those two into my response.2949

B, briefly explain how one of the three factors listed above2954

became either more or less important in colonization by the end of the 16th century.2958

Those are the key things you need to make sure that you address.2966

Here it goes, trade increasingly became a major focus by the end of the 16th century,2971

as nations like England, Holland, and France, looked to claim territory and establish colonies in the Americas.2976

The colonies became settlements and colonists became involved in the trading of raw materials with European countries.2983

Here we go, let us move on.2996

Here we have another round of short answers, Christopher Columbus.2998

I want the Natives to develop a friendly attitude towards us3004

because I know that they are people who can be made free and converted to our holy faith, more by love than by force.3010

I therefore gave red caps to some and glass beads to others.3018

They hung their beads around their necks along with some other things of slight value that I gave them.3022

I warned my men to take nothing from the people without giving something in exchange, Christopher Columbus.3027

He is in the excerpt, answer A, B, and C.3040

Briefly explain the point of view expressed by Columbus in this excerpt.3044

Columbus wanted his men to treat the Natives fairly so that they would be more apt to convert to Christianity.3050

Simple, one sentence, B.3061

Briefly explain what powerful group in Spain other than the monarchy, Columbus would be appealing to in the above passage.3063

Who was he appealing to, to whom?3073

Columbus was appealing to the Catholic Church leaders to show his dedication3075

to spreading the Catholic faith and willingness to convert the Indians to Christianity, to Catholicism.3079

C, provide an example of contact between Europeans and the first inhabitants of America that is not consistent with the above passage.3090

Here we go, the techniques used by the conquistadors were very harsh.3116

The Spaniards put into place the Encomienda system that set up a system of land grants3121

that were given to the Spaniards and Indians.3127

Native inhabitants were exploited and had to work in mines,3129

while the Spaniards rip the buckets extracting gold and silver from the Americas.3133

Lastly, map, it looks like, ultimately, Columbian exchange.3141

We are also even seeing more global trade happening.3154

Here we go, short answer.3160

Identify and briefly explain one import from Europe and you can certainly refer to this map,3164

that has a significant impact on the Native American population in the 15th and 16th centuries.3169

One import from Europe to the Americas that had a significant impact on3177

the Native American population in the 15th to 16th centuries was disease such as smallpox.3180

Native Americans did not have immunity against European diseases, so huge numbers of the Native population perished.3186

Identify and briefly explain one import from the Americans to Europe that have a significant impact on the European population.3197

B, corn, beans, and squash were brought to Europe and consumed by Europeans from the Americas.3207

Europeans became increasingly dependent on corn as a major staple food and it changed their diet.3216

C, identify and briefly explain one element of the Columbian exchange that had a significant impact on Africa in the 15th and 16th centuries.3224

Africans traded sugar with the Europeans and Europeans began cultivating sugar in the Americas3236

such as in the Caribbean islands because of the optimal climate.3241

Eventually, slaves will be imported to work on the sugar plantations in the Americas.3245

This will negatively impact Africa.3250

With that, we are actually done with our lesson on Africans, Europeans,3259

and Native American interactions during the age of exploration and leading us to eventually the colonization of the Americas.3264

In the next lesson, we will get into the global competition amongst different European imperial colonial powers3278

that will look to establish various settlements for various reasons.3288

Religious, economic, and other reasons as well.3292

With that, thank you for watching www.educator.com.3297