AP U.S. History Jackson, The Removal of Native Americans and The Bank Veto

Welcome back to www.educator.com.0000

This lesson is on Jackson, the removal of Native Americans, and the bank veto.0002

Let us get into it.0010

In the last lesson, we had talked about the strengths of the Jackson administration.0012

We also talked about how he was a very controversial president.0017

He certainly helped ordinary people but he was a no friend of the Native Americans, and we will also see, of African-Americans.0022

We are going to talk about primarily in this lesson, Andrew Jackson's policy of removal and his patronizing attitude towards Native Americans.0031

And as a result, we are going to see major resistance movements.0041

And then, we will also see relocation of Native Americans to western lands, what today we would consider the Midwest.0047

We are going to talk about this.0059

And as a result of Indian removal, we are going to talk about the infamous trail of tears.0061

The process when Native Americans were being forced off the land.0068

And then, another resistance movement that broke out in the Seminole war that showed tremendous resistance, especially in Florida.0072

Then, we are going to talk about the controversial banking policies of the Jackson administration and how he vetoed the bank.0082

He really was determined to kill the bank, and then eventually create Pet Banks.0090

He is going to have another strategy called the Specie Circular.0098

And eventually because of the policies of the Jackson administration,0104

we are going to see that the United States is going to fall into a financial panic.0108

And the economy is going to be in a really rough shape.0112

Let us continue on here.0120

The critics of Jackson definitely considered him to really be overstepping his boundaries as president.0124

He was oftentimes named King Jackson.0133

There are a lot of great cartoons that depict him as a despotic monarch who is looking to have all the power, absolute power to himself.0136

Yes, this really was part of his style of government, and his enemies certainly liked to highlight these qualities.0152

As I indicated previously that Jackson had used his presidential power0164

and interpreted the powers of Congress narrowly, thus he ended up vetoing more bills, it was 12.0168

I could not remember the exact number last time but here I have a number for you, 12 times.0176

This was much more than all six of his predecessors combined.0182

That was pretty significant.0190

Thus, he is called King Jackson for abusing his power and pushing the limits of presidential power.0194

His concept of democracy even though he really considered himself as leader in democracy and trying to democratize the voting process,0204

he did pull in more white Americans, those who did not come from elite families, those who did not traditionally have property.0217

Yes, they will have more rights during the age of Jackson.0229

But we will see other minority groups are not going to be included in his definition of democracy and who should be empowered.0233

Yes, obviously at the top of this list would be the Native Americans.0243

He did not sympathize with Native Americans.0247

He was very patronizing, he believed that the best thing for them was to be removed.0250

He had a long history of fighting against Native Americans, and kind of known for his deep prejudices.0258

He sympathy is firmly with the land hungry citizens who wanted Native American lands.0269

They ultimately wanted them pushed off the land.0277

We are going to see Native Americans being pushed farther and farther westward.0280

He believed that the most humane viable solution was to compel Native Americans0285

to leave their traditional homelands and resettle west of the Mississippi.0289

Before I show you the map in a bit, of the various tribes that are going to be affected, this was a famous cartoon.0297

Obviously, they are critical of Andrew Jackson, King Andrew I, born to command, shall he reign over us or shall the people rule.0306

I will read some of these to you.0317

A king who possessing as much power, as his gracious brother William IV, makes a worse use of it.0319

A king who has placed himself above the laws, as he is shown by his contempt of our judges.0325

A king who destroys our currency and substitute old rags payable by no one, no one knows who, and no one knows where, instead of good silver dollars.0332

A king born to command, as he has shown himself by appointing men to office contrary to the will of the people.0344

A king who while he was feeding his favorites out of the public money,0353

denied a pittance to the old soldiers who fought and bled for our independence.0358

A king whose prime minister and heir apparent was thought unfit for the office of the ambassador by the people.0364

In here, born to command, had I been consulted, King Andrew I.0373

This is a veto memonic.0381

You may notice here, that he is actually stepping on the constitution.0384

He has a veto in his hand, and the staff, and the crown.0389

He looks like a king.0395

You can really understand how people were upset with Andrew Jackson's approach to the presidency.0397

Back to Native Americans, Jackson’s attitude, definitely wants them to move so that white Americans can continue westward expansion.0407

He definitely had a very patronizing view.0419

We are going to see this changed throughout U.S. history, that Native Americans were considered noble savages, according to 18th century beliefs.0424

But that starts to change by the 19th century.0434

People became more and more hostile and intolerant, and ultimately want Native Americans to move.0440

In Georgia, in particular, the legislature wanted to get rid of Indian Land holdings in the state0446

in return for its 1802 ceding of western land claims.0453

Ultimately, removal will be the goal for many of the Georgians and the government there.0458

There will be a push from Jackson, as well, for the Indian Removal Act, which did eventually get passed,0468

which provided territory in modern day Oklahoma and Kansas to Native Americans who would give up their ancestral holdings,0475

on the promise that they could live on the new lands in perpetuity.0482

We are going to see in a few slides, this region in the southeastern part of the United States0489

where these so called five civilized tribes are going to be pushed off their land and relocated.0495

Just to tell you a little bit about these tribes.0504

In many ways, they were looked upon, the five civilized tribes were looked upon in a higher regard than most other tribes0508

because they had agricultural societies, they have written constitutions and a written language.0519

In many ways, we are going to see that Native Americans will try to adapt,0528

and in some ways do take on some of the European American ways of life.0534

And in some ways, they try to use this as a justification that they should be able to be sovereign people, and that they should have rights.0542

But we are going to see that there is a double standard, and how sovereignty ultimately is interpreted.0553

The Federal government was troubled by these remaining tribes in the south.0563

Some thought that Cherokees should be allowed to retain their eastern lands,0568

since they had become a civilized society and had given up many of their traditional ways.0574

In other words, they are meeting us halfway, they are trying to assimilate into mainstream U.S. society to a certain extent.0585

Yet, we are going to see some people just do not take into consideration,0593

and ultimately just have a hostile policy and attitude toward Native Americans.0597

Yet, we are going to see attempts by, especially the Cherokee, but some of the other tribes as well,0603

to stand up and assert for the rights.0608

The Federal government did work to negotiate treaties with southern Indians,0611

but again, the push, time and time again will ultimately be to benefit white Americans and push Native Americans off their land.0616

Impatient local whites wanted rapid removal and pressure their governments to support them.0632

Here is the map that I have been promising.0640

You could see this is where the five civilized tribes were relocated originally, in the southeastern part of the United States.0642

Tribes like the Cherokees, the Chikasaws, the Creeks, the Choktaws, you see the Natchez here too.0653

Eventually, the Indian Removal Act of 1830 was passed.0662

The law was signed by Jackson, and it forced the resettlement of many thousands of Native American Indians.0667

By 1835, most eastern tribes had reluctantly complied and moved west.0676

Now we will see a few exceptions, and I will touch upon that later.0682

During this time, the Bureau of Indian affair was also created to assist the resettled tribes,0688

or you can say forcefully accompany them to Oklahoma and Kansas, and so forth.0695

Most politicians supported this policy of removal.0703

They are going to support a lot of state governments such as in Georgia,0708

other states that passed laws requiring Cherokees or other groups to migrate to the west.0713

Now we are going to talk about some of the uprisings and some of the wars that broke out as a result.0724

This is a little farther to the north.0730

Chief Black Hawk and his followers refuse to move from their rich farmland in Western Illinois.0732

Here is Jackson, he is not a friend of Native Americans.0739

He wants them pushed off their land.0742

He sent troops in to expel them.0744

The last battle we will see the Native American groups in this region Illinois, last battle 1831 to 1832,0747

between white settlers in Illinois, in the lines of Sauk and Fox under Black Hawk.0757

This is going to be very significant.0764

Ultimately, we are going to see that these Native American tribes being pushed off their land,0768

and further encroachment by white American settlers.0773

There were continued brutal military efforts that pushed Native Americans westward.0778

And over the next five years, U.S. diplomatic and military powers forced 70 Indian nations0782

to sign treaties and move west of the Mississippi river.0790

Several treaties were forged through.0794

We will see the military taking a much more aggressive action to relocate Native Americans.0798

Which really left a very bitter legacy, I would say, and is certainly even today one of the most unpopular,0807

I would say, chapters in U.S. history.0816

This is a little to the north, but we can see in Michigan and Illinois,0820

these were the areas that were affected, along with the portrait here of Black Hawk.0827

I also want to talk about the role of the Supreme Court.0837

Do keep in mind that Marshall was still in power, and Marshall is still being a federalist, is going to assert his power on the court.0842

We are going to see that Jackson is going to have conflict with the Supreme Court's position on Native American removal,0853

and the way that they are dealing with these land claims, and so forth.0863

We are going to see that the Cherokees will challenge Georgia in the courts.0870

The thing to keep in mind too, there was a desire to dig for, mine for gold, in this region.0877

And there are certainly were those who wanted to expand plantations throughout Georgia, they really wanted this land.0885

But we will see that the Cherokees did know something about the law, and ultimately will take Georgia to court.0892

There was another court case, Cherokee nation vs. Georgia that took place in 1831.0902

Where it was determined by the court, Cherokees were not a nation with the right to sue in a Federal Court.0910

However, we are going to see in the next court case, this is where we do kind of see some discrepancy, I guess you could say.0918

Where we are going to see this is kind of a change.0925

In the Worcester case, the court invalidated Georgia's laws that attempted to regulate access by U.S. citizens to Cherokee country.0928

Basically, against the state.0937

Federal Power, it is always a theme when we talk about the Marshall court.0939

Marshall claimed that only the Federal government could do that, could regulate these exchanges.0946

Native American sovereignty was also more clearly established,0955

that they are distinct political communities having territorial boundaries, within which their authority is exclusive.0959

This is very significant in the Worcester case.0967

Marshall also affirms the rights of tribes to remain free from the authority of state governments.0972

Obviously, he is not saying that Federal government does have a say.0980

But he is definitely arguing against the state.0985

What the issue here was, even though he ruled on behalf of the Cherokees to exist, and against the Georgia state law,0992

the court was essentially powerless to enforce its decision without the President's support.1002

And surprise, do you think that Andrew Jackson supported this?1008

Absolutely not.1013

In fact, his response will be the court has made its decision, now let them enforce it.1015

He basically was sticking his nose up to the court, and saying I'm not going to enforce this law.1021

In essence, that is another example of Jackson viewing himself as above the law.1031

He does disagree with this decision, he was going to do everything in his power to ignore it.1040

He does not enforce the ruling, and removal as a result will continue, and much to the detriment of the Cherokees.1046

I also wanted to include, because I think this connects as well, in earlier court case, the Johnson vs. McIntosh of 1823,1056

even though chronologically it is a little bit off, but fanatically I wanted to pull this in, the Illinois and Piankeshaw tribes sold land.1065

This is what was related or what was involved in this court case.1074

The Illinois and Piankeshaw tribes sold land to white settlers, who had later signed the treaty with the Federal government1080

ceding territory that included those same parcels to the United States.1086

In this court case, we will see that the court decided that Native Americans had a right to their tribal lands,1090

and that only the Federal government could buy or take land from the tribes, not from individuals.1097

Again, very consistent with the last court case.1105

Yet, Andrew Jackson is not going to be going for it.1113

Removal is really going to take place.1117

The areas in green will be the areas that land will be ceded, meaning Native Americans are pushed off those lands,1120

they are forced to give up these lands.1128

The areas in pink will be the new areas called Indian reservations, where all of these different tribes will be forced onto.1132

One thing to keep in mind is, we will also see even further west,1142

Native Americans were oftentimes pushed onto land that was not as desirable, was not as fertile, in some cases.1148

Different tribes were all lumped together in a very insensitive way.1157

This was really very tragic, disregard the different tribal groups in the United States.1164

This was a very painful process, and something that definitely left a very negative, very sad legacy, in our history.1175

In many ways, we still are seeing the effects of this Indian removal policy today.1187

You can see that Indian removal in the southeast, but also in parts of what we call the Midwest today.1196

Here is a picture of what became known as the trail of tears.1208

The idea here is that Native Americans are so sad from being pushed off their land.1212

Sad, angry, demoralized, they had to deal with the elements.1217

Many people died on this trip.1225

Families being uprooted, leaving their land that had been in the families for a very long time.1229

People get sick along the trip, they had to go on foot.1237

This was a very difficult process, a very long journey about 1200 miles.1243

The idea is that they are leaving a trail of tears because they are so sad being uprooted from their homeland.1251

Not a very happy part of the U.S. history.1259

Around the time of 1838, when the deadline passed, we are going to see that this is going to be a process.1266

When only about 2000 of the 17,000 Cherokees abided by the treaty, we will see after Jackson's administration,1275

President Van Buren ordered General Winfield Scott to enforce the treaty.1285

Thousands and thousands of more Native Americans were forced off the land as well, kind of continued.1291

I also must include that there was tremendous resistance, whereas somewhere kind of demoralized,1300

just like we had no choice but to move.1306

We will see some very notable uprisings and resistance movements.1309

The Seminoles are one such case, I would say.1315

Seminoles of Florida managed to resist the pressures to relocate.1321

Even though their success was limited, they agreed under pressure to a settlement1326

and ceded lands to the government and agreed to move to Indian Territory.1332

We are going to see that they resist, they fight on for many years.1337

They really gave the U.S. government a good fight, good run for their money, if you will.1342

We will see that most moved west but a substantial minority under the leadership of Chieftain Osceola,1350

refused to leave and stage an uprising in 1835 to defend their lands.1358

Jackson, eventually, because of their refusal, had to send troops in to Florida.1365

But the Seminoles with their African-American associates were masterful warriors,1370

guerrilla warriors, using hit and run tactics, and so forth.1377

Huge casualties, about 1500 white soldiers died, about $20,000,000 was spent on the struggle.1382

This was pretty substantial.1390

Seminoles remained but the relocation was never complete.1393

A very significant example of resistance to the removal.1399

A picture of Osceola, this was some propaganda.1406

The Indians and Negros massacred the whites in Florida, in January 1836.1413

Of course, the language is very outdated, and we do not use this language anymore, especially when we talk about Native Americans.1419

This was the terminology of the time, and obviously this is supposed to depict that African-Americans and Native Americans as savage people,1428

that they are lying together, they are dangerous, they are a threat.1437

Besides Native Americans being enemies, we will see also African-Americans1444

do not really get the support of the Jackson administration, in particular.1450

It is worth mentioning actually this time, that abolitionist who were very active in the south,1456

that wanting to send out pamphlets, were prevented to do so.1462

And in fact, Andrew Jackson sought legislation, and even supported the idea of having a gag rule to prevent abolitionist from getting their fliers,1467

and abolitionist propaganda, and information out to people to try to make the cause for abolitionism.1479

But he was not a supporter of abolitionism.1489

He is a slave owner himself.1492

Again, something to keep in mind fanatically, was Andrew Jackson, a man of the people,1495

to what extent, and democracy for whom.1502

Again, keep this in mind, when we talk about the diverse peoples of the United States and1506

how policies affect different groups of people in different ways.1513

Back to Native American removal, some of the results.1521

The tribe ceded over 108,000,000 acres of land to the Federal government,1527

and received $68,000,000 and 32,000,000 acres in less hospitable lands of the Mississippi area, west of the Mississippi.1532

And in reservations, these were new territories set aside specifically for Native Americans.1545

Obviously, the issue of what to do with the Native Americans was a controversial one,1552

instead of just wanting them to live where they wanted to live.1558

What were their alternatives?1562

Were all white Americans hostile towards Native American?1565

Certainly not, there were some examples of Native Americans and white groups are living together peacefully.1568

But we are going to see government policy, especially Andrew Jackson, and continuing with Van Buren was pretty hostile and very tense.1575

This is really going to exacerbate tensions between Native American groups and whites, and cause a lot of distrust for years to come.1586

During the trail of tears, awful statistics here as well, nearly 1/3 died of disease or exhaustion along the way.1598

Other effects, many Native Americans were never able to adjust to the prevailing environment from west of the Mississippi River.1607

And again, resistance will continue in Florida until about 1841.1617

Now we are going to move on to the other major topic of this lesson which is Jackson's policy toward the bank.1625

He was very distrustful of moneyed interests, of elitist institutions like the Bank of the United States.1635

He was going to do everything within his power to kill it.1645

Before we get to that, let me give you a little background on the bank.1651

Its headquarters were in Philadelphia, there were 29 branches in other cities.1654

Making it the most powerful financial institution in the nation.1660

By law, it was the only place that the Federal government could deposit its own funds.1665

Nicholas Biddle was the bank president from 1823 on, and did a great deal to make it prosperous.1671

The bank served as a dependable medium of exchange and provided credit to growing enterprises.1679

It is certainly necessary for businesses to grow because they needed money, capital to invest in their businesses.1685

Opposition to the bank was rooted in the conflict between two factions, two political groups,1693

the soft money faction or you could say the political economic groups.1700

The soft money faction which wanted more currency in circulation unsupported by gold and silver.1707

The hard money faction, those who believed that gold and silver were the only basis for money.1713

Two different perspectives on what helps stabilize currency and the economy in the long run.1721

Soft money and hard money.1728

Jackson supported the hard money position.1731

He made it clear that he would not favor renewing the charter that was due to expire in 1836.1738

This is the charter for the bank, Second Bank of the United States.1744

A lot of historians would say, why was he so superstitious almost about the bank, why was he so distrustful?1748

Many would say that it was because of his business failure and debt, as a result of the panic of 1797, that really left a scar on his memory.1759

But nonetheless, he just really did not think that this was good for ordinary people.1773

On top of that, Biddle, the president of the bank, started to grant financial favors to influential man,1780

whom he thought might help him preserve the bank.1788

Here we go, Jackson's foe, Henry Clay, Jackson's chief political opponent, favored the bank.1793

Clay challenged Jackson on the bank issue, persuading majority in Congress to pass a recharter bill of the bank.1803

The bill to renew the bank's charter was up for a vote in 1832, and Jackson vetoed it.1811

Surprise, surprise, calling it a private monopoly that enriched the wealthy and foreigners at the expense of the common people.1819

I should highlight this as well.1835

He is using the claim that this is really on behalf of common people, and that he is really trying to keep the moneyed interests in check.1839

And ultimately, he is going to feel that he is being supported by the people, since they end up reelecting him.1852

That he is the voice of the people, and they are going along with this, and they are distrustful as well.1862

Perhaps, it is because they were as educated about economics.1868

Because what we are going to see is that the United States relied on the bank for stability, and for capital and credit, and so forth.1872

Anyway, Jackson was on a mission to kill it.1883

After his win in the election of 1832, Jackson moves to destroy what he called the monster bank of the United States.1887

When his Secretary of Treasury spoke out against Jackson, who wanted to remove the government's deposits from the bank,1896

the Secretary of the Treasury was fired.1903

This, Jackson is really looking like a tyrant.1908

He is looking like a madman, regarding this issue.1912

There was also a new Secretary of the Treasury, Attorney-General Robert B. Taney,1916

who placed government deposits in what were known as State Pet Banks.1923

In response, Biddle raised the interest rates and started calling in loans.1929

And ultimately, this is what is going to kind of make the economy constrict,1937

and cause huge problems in the economy eventually, resulting in a panic.1944

First a recession, and then eventually a panic.1952

There is a huge battle politically between Jacksonians and Biddle supporters, but Jackson ends up winning.1955

The bank died in 1836, however. Yes, the country ends up losing a valuable flawed financial institution,1962

and was left with a fragmented and chronically unstable banking system that would plague the economy for more than a century.1973

Jackson, what were you thinking?1986

But again, he is very much afraid of these moneyed interests and the bank, and this is very much to the detriment of the economy.1988

This is a very critical cartoon of Jackson’s move to kill the bank, General Jackson slays the many headed monster.2000

Again, the bank is really viewed as the monster.2008

This is a satire on Jackson's campaign to destroy the bank of the United States and his support among state banks.2013

Jackson, Martin Van Buren, and Jack Downing struggle against a snake with heads representing the states.2022

These are all the states here, you can clearly see Van Buren with his famous sideburns.2030

Jackson, who is on the left, raises a cane marked Veto and says, Biddle thou monster avaunt.2038

Avaount I say, or by the Great Eternal I will cleave thee to the earth, aye thee and thy four and twenty satellites.2046

Matty if thou art true, come on, if thou art false, may the venomous monster turn his dire fang upon thee.2054

Van Buren is saying, well done General, Major Jack Downing, Adams, Clay, well done all.2063

I disliked dissentions beyond everything, for it often compels a man to play a double part, were it only for his own safety.2070

Policy, policy is my motto, but intrigues I cannot countenance.2083

Downing, dropping his axe, Over here, now now you nasty varmint, be you imperishable?2089

I swan General that are beats all I reckon, that is the horrible wiper wot vommits venomous heads I guess.2098

The largest of the heads is president of the bank Nicholas Biddle.2107

This one right here, he wears a top hat labeled Penn for Pennsylvania.2113

You may not be able to see that, but if you look closely, you will be able to see it, and $35,000,000.2122

This refers to the rechartering of the bank by the Pennsylvania legislature in defiance of the administration's efforts to destroy it.2127

There is a lot in this cartoon that obviously indicates very critical view, and all the different people,2137

different players involved in the bank.2148

As a result of Jackson's financial policies and feverish speculation in western lands, prices for land and various goods were inflated.2155

And when we have inflation, prices go up, currency is not worth as much.2166

It is really bad for the economy.2171

In response, Jackson will order the Specie Circular that require all future purchases of Federal lands2174

to be made in gold and silver, rather than paper banknotes.2182

And soon afterward, banknotes lost their value and land sales plummeted.2187

This is having a snowball effect in a negative way on the economy.2192

And eventually after he left office, the panic of 1837 broke out, plunging the national economy into a depression.2197

Thank you Andrew Jackson, being sarcastic.2206

Anyway, love him or hate him, he is a controversial president.2211

Some people would actually like to see him removed from the $20.00 bill, what do you think?2217

Many view him as a successful common man's president, others see him as very hostile toward minority groups.2225

And ultimately, one of the worst presidents in the United States.2235

Nonetheless, he is an interesting character, and perhaps had many strengths, many weaknesses.2240

He was a man of this time.2248

Certainly was a self made man but you can decide for yourself your views on Jackson.2250

And that concludes the lesson, and we are going to get into the examples.2258

Example 1, this will be multiple choice.2264

Look, President Andrew Jackson, message vetoing the bank in 1832.2272

It is to be regretted that the rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes.2278

Distinctions in society will always exist under every just government.2286

In a full enjoyment of the gifts of heaven and the fruits of superior industry, economy, and virtue,2291

every man is equally entitled to protection by the law.2297

But when the laws undertake to add to these natural and just advantages, artificial distinctions to make the rich richer,2302

the humble members of society, the farmers, mechanics, and laborers, have a right to complain of the injustices of their government.2312

There are no necessary evils in government.2323

If it would confine itself to equal protection, the rich and the poor, it would be an unqualified blessing.2326

In the act before me, there seems to be a wide and unnecessary departure from these just principles.2333

Based on the passage, which of the following groups was Jackson trying to support?2347

The war veterans, the slaves, landowners, or ordinary common people?2353

The answer.2365

Moving on, which of the following groups provided the greatest support for Jackson's veto of the bank?2368

Manufactures, nativists, southerners, or westerners?2374

The answer is southerners.2383

President Jackson’s veto of the bank would contribute most significantly to,2389

Lower interest rates, financial panic, increased land speculation, Clay’s political support.2394

The answer is financial panic.2405

Here we go, born to command.2411

We have seen this one before.2413

Born to command, had I been consulted, King Andrew I, a veto of memory.2419

He you could see, he was stepping on, this says internal improvement, U.S. bank,2426

constitution of the United States, judicial statutes, I believe this says here.2435

You can see the veto on his hand, staff in the other.2445

This is short answer, explain the point of view reflected in the cartoon above regarding one of the following,2449

presidential powers, American Indians, or states’ rights.2457

I think this one is the most straightforward.2464

You could obviously choose this one, these are all great options but I’m going to go with the first one, for example.2468

The cartoon depicts Andrew Jackson as a despotic monarch who overstepped his boundaries as president and abused his power.2478

His critics believed that his excessive vetoing as president reflects his kinglike approach to governing.2486

Thus, he abused his presidential powers, something along those lines, overstepped the boundaries.2500

Let us look at B, explain how one element of the cartoon expresses the point of view you identified in part A.2507

Jackson is stepping on the constitution and holds a veto in his left hand.2518

And the messages around the borders such as born to command and had I been consulted,2522

exemplify his kinglike approach to governments.2529

Part C, explain how the point of view you identified in part A2536

helped to shape one specific U.S. government action between 1824 and 1844.2540

Here is my answer, Jackson was criticized for the 1833 removal of Federal deposits2557

from the Bank of the United States without Congressional approval.2563

As a result of removing those Federal deposits, he put those deposits in Pet banks,2572

and eventually a depression resulted from his poor financial decisions as president.2578

That can be something specific.2588

Obviously, if you went with the Native Americans, you could talk about the Indian Removal Act,2591

trail of tears, and so forth, that could obviously tie in as well.2596

There are a lot of different examples you could use, but I think that one was the most straightforward.2602

You should probably go with the most simple examples that you could pull in a lot of information that seem the most logical.2607

I think with that, we are done with our lesson on Jackson and the bank, and Native American removal.2618

Thank you for watching www.educator.com.2626